RTRMF – BSN LEVEL III BATCH TOPAZ

NCM 116 (MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING II) LECTURER: MRS. IVY ROSALES

REVIEW ON THE ANATOMY AND MAJOR ACTION AND SOURCE OF SELECTED HORMONES

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
TOPIC OUTLINE
1. Hormones
2. Glands of the Endocrine System
 Pituitary gland
 Thyroid gland
 Parathyroid gland
 Adrenal glands
 Pancreatic islets
 Ovaries
 Testes
3. Major Hormone-Secreting Glands of the Endocrine System
4. Disorders and Syndromes of the Anterior Pituitary Gland
 Cushing Syndrome
 Acromegaly
 Dwarfism
 Panhypopituitarism
5. Deficiencies of Hormones in the Posterior Pituitary Gland
 Diabetes Insipidus
 SIADH
6. Function of Thyroid Hormones

HORMONES
- regulate and integrate body functions by acting on local
or distant target sites
- generally produced by the endocrine glands but may also
be produced by specialized tissues such as those in the
gastrointestinal (GI) system, the kidney, and white blood
cells
GLANDS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

1. Pituitary gland
2. Thyroid gland
3. Parathyroid glands These hormones have different functions. They regulate different
4. Adrenal glands organs and have different mechanisms. They also influence different
5. Pancreatic islets parts of the body. So, it is important to know the different functions of
6. Ovaries these hormones – where they are from, their source and their function.
7. Testes Negative Feedback Mechanism
- occurs when hormones must be inactivated continuously so
MAJOR HORMONE-SECRETING GLANDS OF THE ENDOCRINE that when the hormone concentration increases, further
SYSTEM production of that hormone is inhibited

- conversely, when the hormone concentration decreases, the

rate of the production of that hormone increases

If there is a decreased hormone, there will be increased secretion of

hormones in certain target organs. If there is an increased hormone,
there will be decreased secretion of hormones.

Q: What is the function of our TSH?

Stimulates the release and secretion of thyroid horomes
Q: What are these thyroid hormones?
Triiodothyronine (T3) – Triiodothyronine is a thyroid
hormone that plays vital roles in the body’s metabolic rate,
heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain
development
Thyroxine (T4) – main hormone secreted into the
bloodstream by the thyroid gland. It plays vital roles in
digestion, heart and muscle function, brain development and
maintenance of bones.

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RTRMF – BSN LEVEL III BATCH TOPAZ
NCM 116 (MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING II) LECTURER: MRS. IVY ROSALES

Calcitonin – Calcitonin is a hormone that your thyroid gland
makes and releases to help regulate calcium levels in your blood
by decreasing it. Calcitonin opposes the actions
of the parathyroid hormone, which is a hormone that
increases your blood calcium levels.
Thyroid hormones are the hormones that’s mainly responsible for
controlling the speed of your body’s metabolism.
POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
Hormones found in the posterior pituitary gland:
Vasopressin / Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
- this controls the excretion of water by the kidneys.
- Its secretion is stimulated by an increase in the osmolality of
the blood or by a decrease in blood pressure.

Paracrine Action Oxytocin

- hormonal action that act locally in the area where hormones
are released (e.g. the effect of sex hormones
on the ovaries).
Autocrine Action
- hormonal action that acts on the actual cells from which they
were released (e.g. the effect of insulin from pancreatic beta
cells on those cells)
- stimulated during pregnancy and at childbirth
- facilitates milk ejection and during lactation
- increases the force of uterine contractions during labor and
delivery
DEFICIENCIES OF HORMONES IN THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY
GLAND

PITUITARY GLAND 1) Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

- aka Hypophysis and Master Gland - deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- controlled by the Hypothalamus - most common disorder related to posterior lobe dysfunction
- excessive thirst (polydipsia)
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND - large volumes of diluted urine as a result of deficient
Hormones of Secretion: production of vasopressin
1. FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) May occur secondary to:
2. LH (Luteinizing Hormone)  Head trauma
3. ACH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)  Brain tumor
4. TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)  Surgical ablation
5. Prolactin – stimulated production of milk in the breast  Irradiation of the pituitary gland
6. Growth Hormone/Somatotropin – considered to be the May also occur with infections of the CNS:
most abundant hormone; regulates growth in children,  Meningitis
energy and metabolism in adults  Encephalitis
 Tuberculosis
- The release of all six (6) of these hormones is controlled by Or with tumors:
releasing factors secreted by the hypothalamus. These  Metastatic disease
releasing factors reach the anterior pituitary by the way of  Lymphoma of the breast or lung
bloodstream in a special circulation called the pituitary Failure of the renal tubes to respond to ADH
blood system This nephrogenic form may be related to:
- The main function of TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH is the  Hypokalemia
release of hormones from other endocrine glands.  Hypercalcemia
 Variety of medications (lithium, demeclocycline
DISORDERS AND SYNDROMES OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY (Declomycin))
GLAND Management:
Deficiency/Excess of the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary Desmopressin (DDVAP, 1-deamino-8 D-arginine
gland produces different syndromes: vasopressin) a synthetic form of vasopressin kay diba
kulang man hin ADH or vasopressin, synthetic meaning man
1) Cushing Syndrome made form hiya.
- very common syndrome. This is because of dysfunction of
the adrenocorticotropic hormone 2) Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
Characteristics: - Non-endocrine origin
 Moon face - Excessive ADH secretion from the pituitary gland even in
 Buffalo hump the face of subnormal serum osmolality
 Truncal/Central obesity - Cannot excrete a dilute urine, retain fluids
- Develops sodium deficiency known as dilutional
2) Acromegaly (GH) hyponatremia
- excess growth hormone - Results from bronchogenic carcinoma, lung disorder
(pneumonia, bronchospasm, COPD, etc.)
3) Dwarfism Management:
- deficiency in growth hormone Restrict fluid intake – because retained water is excreted
slowly and the serum sodium concentration gradually
4) Panhypopituitarism increases toward normal
- under secretion commonly involves all the anterior pituitary Diuretics: Furosemide (Lasix) – may be used along with
hormones fluid restriction if severe hyponatremia is present.
- in this condition, the thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, and the
gonads atrophy or shrink because of loss of the tropic-
stimulating hormones

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RTRMF – BSN LEVEL III BATCH TOPAZ
NCM 116 (MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING II) LECTURER: MRS. IVY ROSALES

THYROID GLAND - Increased secretion results in increased calcium absorption

- Largest endocrine gland from the kidney, intestine and bones which raises increased
- Butterfly shaped organ in the lower neck serum calcium level
- Very high blood flow (5x in the liver) injury could make a - It also lowers blood phosphorus level
patient die, highly vascular - Some presence of Vitamin D, increases some actions
3 hormones: - Increase serum calcium results in decreased parathormone
 Thyroxine (T4) secretion (negative feedback system)
 Triiodothyronine (T3) - If there is increased calcium in the blood there is decreased
 Calcitonin secretion of the hormone

T3 AND T4 HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
- Hormones, amino acids containing iodine molecules bound - Overproduction of parathormone
to amino acid structure - Bone decalcification
- Iodine: synthesis of thyroid gland hormones most important - Renal calculi (kidney stones) containing calcium
component Characteristics of a person with Hyperparathyroidism includes:
- Secretion controlled by TSH (thyrotropin) from anterior Apathy
pituitary gland Fatigue
- TRH/Thyroid Releasing Hormone stimulates pituitary gland Muscle weakness
to secrete TSH Nausea
- TSH stimulates thyroid to produce T3 and T4 Vomiting
Constipation
FUNCTION OF THYROID HORMONES Cardiac dysrhythmias
Control cellular metabolic activity T4: HYPORPARATHYROIDISM
relatively weak hormone -Slow production of parathyroid hormones
T3: about five times as potent as T4 and has a more rapid -Caused by abnormal parathyroid development, destruction of the
metabolic action parathyroid glands and Vitamin D deficiency
-Near total removal of thyroid gland (most common cause)
T3 is five times as potent than T4. T3 is more influential than T4. Both
influences cell production and brain development. These are essential -Increased blood phosphate and decreased blood calcium levels
for normal growth and brain development. -Since there is decreased blood calcium level we call this
Hypocalcemia, and its effect is:
Deficiency may lead to: Tetany: general muscle hypertonia, tremor, spasm, uncoordinated
Intellectual disability contractions (related to muscles)
Stunted growth Latent Tetany: numbness, tingling, extremities cramps,
stiffness hands and feet.
HYPOTHYROIDISM Over Tetany: bronchospasms, laryngospasm, capopedal
Slow spasm, dysphagia, photophobia, cardiac dysrhythmias and
Lethargy
seizures
Mental retardation
Weight gain
Constipation
Cold intolerance
Decrease T4 levels
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Everything is fast
Goiter
Bulging Eyes
Irritable
Highly Active
Tachycardic
Weight loss
Heat Intolerance
Elevated T4 levels

Normal Levels:
Serum Free T4 – direct measurement of free thyroxine.
Normal values: 0.9 – 1.7 ng/dL
Serum T3 – more accurate indicator of hyperthyroidism.
Normal value: 80 – 200 ng/dL
CALCITONIN
- Also known as Thyrocalcitonin
- Secreted in response to high plasma levels calcium
- Reduces plasma levels of calcium by increasing its bone
deposition so from the blood/plasma it puts it in the bone
PARATHYROID HORMONE
- Regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
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