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رأس المال الفكري في منظمات الأعمال (مفهومه، قياسه، آثاره، وتنميته
رأس المال الفكري في منظمات الأعمال (مفهومه، قياسه، آثاره، وتنميته
Abstract:
Islamic countries, except few, face great challenges resulting from huge
intellectual and technological gap that are formulated in the set back of its
productive channels that render their products unable to stand competition
in the international markets. Consequently, this gap is negatively reflected
on economic and social development programs. Hence, intellectual capital
must be granted due important to pre-qualify the Islamic countries to
promote its privilege possession among advanced countries.
In addition, the research explores the reasons and impacts of this gap, the
methods of bridging the same so that these countries may be able to keep
pace with international exchanges in this context and to move from being
consumers of third party products to producers and competitors within
international commercial exchange. Further, the research analyzes the
intellectual capital in some leading Islamic countries in this regard.
Furthermore, the research work explores the concept, importance and
measurement of the intellectual capital, the mechanism of implementing
the concept of intellectual capital in the companies in addition to the
relationship between the intellectual capital and the performance of
business organizations as well as the impact of applying the intellectual
capital in the investment sector and financial services in the State of
Kuwait. The research work concludes number of results and
recommendations that give particular interest to intellectual capital on the
large scale, particularly in business sector.
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ﻤﺠﻠﺔ "ﺍﻷﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ" ﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺴﻌﺩ ﺩﺤﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻴﺩﺓ -ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ) 04ﺩﻴﺴﻤﺒﺭ (2010
ﻤﻠﺨﺹ:
ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ـ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ـ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻓﺠﻭﺓ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ ،ﺘﺘﺠﺴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺨﻠﻑ ﻗﻨﻭﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﻌل ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺠﺯﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ .ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻭﺓ ﺴﻠﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ .ﻭﻤﻥ
ﻫﻨﺎ ﺘﻜﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻴﻼﺀ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻪ ﻴﺅﻫل ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺭﺘﻘﺎﺀ
ﺒﻤﻜﺎﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻤﻭﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ.
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺴﺘﺸﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻭﺓ ،ﻭﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺴﺩﻫﺎ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻥ ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﺘﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﻥ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ،ﻤﻊ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ
ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺌﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل.
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ،ﻭﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل
ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ،ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ،ﻭﺃﺜﺭ
ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ .ﻭﻴﺨﻠﺹ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻭﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻷﺨﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل.
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ:
ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻓﺭﺯﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻡ
ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻤﺅﺨﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﺜل :ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ،
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﺸﺭ ﺒﻔﺠﺭ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﺓ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﻟﺠﺄﺕ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺴﺎﺌل
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ.
ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻠﻕ ،ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ،ﻭﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﺜﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ،ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺠﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ
ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ
ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺌﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل )ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺯﻴﺎ ،ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ ،ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ(.
.4ﺇﻥ ﺇﻫﻤﺎل ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻟﻠﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺇﻴﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ
ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺠﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ؛
.5ﻭﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻀﺎﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ.
-ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ:
ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ـ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ـ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻓﺠﻭﺓ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ ،ﺘﺘﺠﺴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺨﻠﻑ ﻗﻨﻭﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﻌل ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺠﺯﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ .ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻭﺓ ﺴﻠﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ .ﻭﻤﻥ
ﻫﻨﺎ ﺘﻜﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻴﻼﺀ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻪ ﻴﺅﻫل ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺭﺘﻘﺎﺀ
ﺒﻤﻜﺎﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻤﻭﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ.
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻭﺓ ،ﻭﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺴﺩﻫﺎ ،ﺤﺘﻰ
ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻥ
ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﺘﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﻥ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ،ﻤﻊ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل
ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺌﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل.
-ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ:
ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ:
.1ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ،ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ،ﻭﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﻭﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ؛
.2ﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل؛
.3ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺌﺩﺓ؛
.4ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺴﺒل ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻭﺽ ﺒﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ.
-ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ:
ﻴﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻔﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻀﻌﻔﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل
ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭﻩ ﻟﺩﻯ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ.
-ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ:
-ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ) 1(Michel, Nourﺒﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﺩﻓﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﻴﺎﻥ
ﺍﺜﺭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﻗﻭﻩ ﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﻲ .ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﺕ
ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﹰﺎ ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﻲ ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﻫﻲ:
ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﻭﻨﻤﻭﻩ ،ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻻﺘﺨﺎﺫ
ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ،ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ .ﻭﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﻫﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﻴﻘﺘﺭﺡ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ
ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ
ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻷﺼﻌﺩﺓ.
-ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻴﻨﻭ 2ﺭﻜﺯﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻜﺄﺼل ﻤﻬﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ
ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺤﻭﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ .ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺒﺭﺯ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ،ﻫﻭ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ
ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻟﻺﺴﻬﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺤﻭﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ.
-ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻐﺎﻓﻭﺭﻴﺔ ،3ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻷﻱ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ
ﺭﺅﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺤﻴﻭﻱ ﻟﻨﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺹ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﻜﻤﺔ ﻭﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل
ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ .ﻭﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺤﻭﻜﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ.
-ﺃﻤﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ٍ ،4Kate Gray, Estelle Sunﻓﻘﺩ ﻫﺩﻓﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻭﺇﺒﺭﺍﺯ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل
ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﻕ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺇﺴﻬﺎﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﹼﻅﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ .ﻭﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻤﻥ ﺃﺒﺭﺯﻫﺎ :ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل
ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻷﻱ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ.
-ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ،Skyrme (2003) 5ﻫﺩﻓﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺄﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل
ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺍﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ
ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻀﻠﻠﺔ ،ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺩﺍﺒﻴﺭ ﻜﻔﺅﺓ ﻭﻻﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ
ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺭﺅىﺎﻟﺤﻭﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﺭﺃﺱ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ .ﻭﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺴﺔ ﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﺜﺭ
ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻤﻭﺭﺩﹰﺍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻠﻤﻭﺱ.
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺭﻜﺯﺕ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻭﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﻤﻭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ ﻭﻟﻡ ﺘﺸﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ
ﻼ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻤ ﹰﺎ ﻭﺸﺎﻤ ﹰ
ﻼ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ. ﺘﻘﺩﻤﻪ ﻫﻭ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺢ ﻤﻭﺠﺯ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺸﺎﻤ ﹰ
ﻭﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﺕ ،ﺍﺭﺘﺄﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻌﻨﺎ ﺤﺼﺭﻩ ﻭﺇﺜﺒﺎﺘﻪ ،ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ،ﺒﺤﺴﺏ
ﻤﺎ ﻏﻁﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ.
-1ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ :ﻭﻜﺘﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ Romerﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺘﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻓﻲ
ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ
ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ،ﻭﺘﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ :ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ،ﻭﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل،
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤل ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ؛
-2ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ :ﻜﺘﺏ ) (Chen and Dahlman, 2005ﻋﻥ ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﺒﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ) KAM: Knowledge Assessment
(Methodologyﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺘﺏ ) Griliches,
(1990ﻋﻥ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺭﺍﻉ ﻜﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ .ﻭ) Pavitt and
(Patel, 1994ﻋﻥ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ .ﻭ) Sveiby,
(1998ﻋﻥ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ ﻜﺭﺃﺱ ﻤﺎل؛
-3ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ،ﻭﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ،ﻭﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ :ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ
ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ،ﻭﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ،ﻭﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ،ﻭﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ،ﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻤﺜل (Foray, 1991) :ﻭ) (Bentley, 1998ﻭ) (Foley, 2004ﻭ) xford
(and Seddon, 2006ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ؛
-4ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻤﺎﺕ :ﻭﻜﺘﺏ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺩ ﻜل ﻤﻥ
) (Pavitt and Patel 1994ﻭ) (Cooke, 2001ﻭ)(Meyer, 2006؛
-5ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ :ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺹ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻨﺸﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ
ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ )" (1989) (ISESCOﺇﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ"؛
-6ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ :ﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ
ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻴﺔ (Milner, 2000) ،ﻭ)(Burke and Cooper, 2004
ﻭ).(Kermally, 2002
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﺫﻟﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﻜﺯﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ
ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ،ﻭﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ،ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ
ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻫﻥ ،ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﺭﺼﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻲ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻏﻁﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ %80
ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻨﺸﺎﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ .ﻭﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ،ﻟﻡ ﺘﺸﺭ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ
ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻻ ﻋﻥ ﺴﺒل ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻭﺽ
ﺒﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻼﺌﻡ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ
ﺒﺨﺼﻭﺼﻴﺎﺘﻪ.
ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎل - .ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﺒﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ - .ﻴﺘﺼﻑ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل
ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﺒﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ؛
ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ :ﻭﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ: -
.1ﻴﻤﻴل ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ؛
.2ﻴﺤﺒﺫ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺴﻡ ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ؛
.3ﻴﺒﺎﺩﺭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀﺓ؛
.4ﻭﻴﺘﺴﻡ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل :ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻡ – ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺎﺀ –
ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺱ – ﺍﻻﻨﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ – ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﺒﺭﺓ – ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻔﺱ – ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ.
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻟﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ،ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﻤﻜﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﻭﺴﻠﺴﺔ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﻫﻲ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ .ﻭﻨﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ
ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﻴﺱ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ
ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻌﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻠﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ .ﻓﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ
ﻼ ﻤﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻋﻁﺎﺀﻩ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻐﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄﺓﺃﻥ ﺘﻐﺵ ﻤﺤﻠ ﹰ
ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﺒﺩﹰﺍ )ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺏ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ( ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻐﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺄﺭﻗﺎﻡ
ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ...
-3ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ :ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻴﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺎﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ
ﻭﻴﺯﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﺒﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﻅﺭ ﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﺤﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺃﻓﻀل ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ.
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺸﺭﺡ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ
ﺘﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﻭﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﻜﻴﻤﻴﻜﺎل ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﻌﺽ
ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﻜﻭﻨﺴﺎﻟﺘﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻴﺩﻴﺔ.
ﻟﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻭﻴﻘﻲ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄﺓ – ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻜﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﻘﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻜﺔ.
Source : " intellectual capital accounts : reporting and managing intellectual capital " , The
Danish Trade and industry Development council , Copenhagen memorandum , May 1997.
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ
ﺨﻼل :ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺀ ﻭﻫﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻴﻬﺘﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻭﻴﺴﻌﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺒﻪ ،ﺍﻷﺜﺭ
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻬﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺒﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ،ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺇﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ
ﺘﻔﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ.
Source: Danish Trade and Industry Development Council , 1997 , "Intellectual Capital Accounts:
Reporting And Managing Intellectual Capital" The Danish Trade and Industry Development Council,
Copenhagen Memorandum, May, P.91 .
ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺨل ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺯﺍﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﻋﺎﺩ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺼﻭل ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﺼﻭل ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻤﻭﺴﺔ ﻭﻴﻘﺎﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻤﺎل ﺘﺴﻭﻴﻘﻲ،
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻙ ،ﻭﺭﺃﺱ ﻤﺎل ﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻭﺭﻀﺎﺀﻫﻡ،
ﻭﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﻭﻴﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ
ﻓﻬﻭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ.
ﻭﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄﺓ.
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﺤﺜﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ،
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ:
.1ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻁﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﺎﺡ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ؛
.2ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻁﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺼﻭل ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ
ﺃﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺼﻭل ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ؛
.3ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻁﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺃﺨﺘﻠﻑ
ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ؛
.4ﻭﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻓﺼﺎﺡ ﻋﻥ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻓﺼﺎﺡ ﻋﻥ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل
ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻷﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻓﻌﺎل ،ﻭﺇﻟﻰ
ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻓﺼﺎﺡ ﻋﻥ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻲ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ.
ﻭﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ،ﺃﻥ ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺯﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺭﻗﻡ ) (40ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ،
ﻭﺘﺘﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ 6.23ﻤﻥ ،10ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺯﻴﺎ
ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻋﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺭﻓﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻋﺸﺭ ) (13ﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻥ
) (53ﻋﺎﻡ 1995ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﻴﻥ ) (40ﻋﺎﻡ ،2007ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺩل ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ
ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺯﻴﺎ ﻗﺩ ﺒﺫﻟﺕ ﺠﻬﻭﺩﹰﺍ ﺠﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﺎﺭ.
ﻭﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺯﻴﺎ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻗﻁﺭ ﻭﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﺘﺤﺘﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ) (2ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ )(3
ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﻴﻥ ) (42ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﻴﻥ ) (46ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ،2007ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻤﺘﺎ ﺒﺜﻤﺎﻥ ) (8ﻭﺨﻤﺱ ) (5ﻤﺭﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ
.1995ﺜﻡ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ) (4ﺇﺴﻼﻤﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ
ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﻴﻥ ) (49ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ ﺒﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ 5.78ﻤﻥ .10ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﺤﺘﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ) (5ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻥ ) (52ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺒﻤﺅﺸﺭ
ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ 5.58ﻤﻥ .10ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺘل ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ) (6ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ،
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻥ ) (53ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ 5.56ﻤﻥ ،10ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﺒﺴﺒﻌﺔ ) (7ﻤﺭﺍﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﺘﻴﻥ
) (60ﻋﺎﻡ .1995
ﻭﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﻌﺔ 9ﺩﻭل ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ
ﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ 5ﻤﻥ ،10ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ، ﺃﻭ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ
ﺒل ﺇﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺅﺨﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺒﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ 3ﻤﻥ .10ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ
ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ.
ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺭ ) (17ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ،ﺴﺒﻊ ) (7ﺩﻭل ﻓﻘﻁ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ )5
ﻤﻥ ،(10ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭ ) (10ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﻘل ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ .ﻭﺨﻤﺱ ) (5ﺩﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ ) (7ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ،ﻫﻲ ﺩﻭل ﺨﻠﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻁ ،ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻻ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ
6.20ﻤﻥ ،10ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻨﻁﺒﺎﻋ ﹰﺎ ﺴﺭﻴﻌ ﹰﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻀﻌﻑ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻲ ﻟﺩﻯ
ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻁ ﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺕ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ
ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺌﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ،ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺯﻴﺎ ،ﻜﻤﺎ
ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺘﺤﺘل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﻴﻥ ) (40ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻭﺘﺘﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺅﺸﺭ
ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﻩ 6.23ﻤﻥ ،10ﻭﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﺒﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻋﺸﺭ ) (13ﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ .1995
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﺘﺤﺘل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﻴﻥ ) (49ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ) (3ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﻩ 5.62ﻤﻥ ،10
ﻭﻓﺎﻗﺩﺓ ﻟﺘﺴﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﺘﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ .1995ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻥ ) (53ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺴﺔ ) (6ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﺒﻤﺅﺸﺭ
ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﻩ 5.29ﻤﻥ ،10ﻭﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺴﺒﻊ ) (7ﻤﺭﺍﺘﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ .1995ﺃﻤﺎ
ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻥ ) (69ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺸﺭ ) (10ﺇﺴﻼﻤﻴﺎ ﺒﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ
ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﻩ 5.62ﻤﻥ .10
ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﺌﺯ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ )ﺭﻜﻴﺯﺓ ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ،ﻭﺭﻜﻴﺯﺓ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ،ﻭﺭﻜﻴﺯﺓ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺭﻜﻴﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺯ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﻲ( ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭل
ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺌﺩﺓ ،ﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ،ﺃﻥ ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺯﻴﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﺌﺯ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ
ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺘل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺯﻴﺎ ﻭﻗﺒل
ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ )ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺯﻴﺎ،
ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ( ،ﻭﻤﺅﺸﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﻱ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ
ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻗل ﺒﻘﻠﻴل ﻋﻥ ﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺯﻴﺎ .ﻭﻓﻲ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺹ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﻱ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺯ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ
ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﻲ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺯﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ.
ﻭﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ) (%8.1ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺌﺩﺓ ) %4.5ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ
ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺯﻴﺎ ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ ،ﻭ %4ﻟﻠﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ( .ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ) 6.67ﻤﻥ
(10ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻘﻔﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻴﻥ ﺴﻥ 15ﻭﻤﺎ ﻓﻭﻕ ،ﻓﻨﺠﺩ
ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺠﺩ ﻀﺌﻴﻠﺔ ) (%6ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒـ ) (%88.7ﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺯﻴﺎ ،ﻭ) (%87.4ﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ،
ﻭ) (%79.4ﻟﻠﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ %60ﻤﻥ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ
ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭل ﻓﻘﻴﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﻴﺔ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﺤﻘﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ ) (%63.8ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺯﻴﺎ ) (%75.8ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ
) (%79.2ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ) ،(%87.6ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻔﺴﺭ ﻀﻌﻑ ﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺭﻜﻴﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ
ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺸﺭﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ.
ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻨﻅﺭﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺘﻑ ﻟﻜل 1000ﺸﺨﺹ ،ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺘﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻜل 1000
ﺸﺨﺹ ،ﻭﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﻊ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻭل
ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ )ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺯﻴﺎ ،ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ( ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻔﺴﺭ ﺴﺭ ﻋﻠﻭ ﺭﻜﻴﺯﺓ ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ
ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻟﺩﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ.
ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻨﻅﺭﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ،ﺃﻭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ،ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺯﻴﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﻗﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﻴﻥ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺯﻴﺎ ﺘﻘﺩﺭ ﺒـ (%17.73) :ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒـ (%10.93) :ﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ
ﻭ) (%12.2ﻟﻠﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ) (%0ﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎل
ﺘﻘﺩﺭ ﺒـ (%35.8) :ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺯﻴﺎ ،ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒـ (%26.4) :ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ ،ﻭ) (%15.2ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ
ﻭ) (%13.4ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ.
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻟﺭﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ،
ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻡ
ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺩﻱ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺼﻬﺎ.
ﺴﺎﺩﺴ ﹰﺎ :ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﺒﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ:
ﺘﻠﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺘﻲ ،ﻓﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻤﺭﺨﺼﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل
ﺒﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ،ﻭﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻵﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ 100ﺸﺭﻜﺔ
ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺒﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ،ﻤﻨﻬﺎ 33ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻭﻕ
ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻟﻸﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻨﻭﻓﻤﺒﺭ 2009ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ %16.1ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ،
ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ 205ﺒﻨﻭﻙ ﻭﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ .ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺃﻤﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ ﺨﻼل ﻨﻭﻓﻤﺒﺭ 1.8ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩ.ﻙ ) %18ﻤﻥ
ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ 10.2ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩ.ﻙ ،ﻭﻨﺤﻭ %42.6ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺃﻤﻭﺍل ﻗﻁﺎﻉ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ( ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺃﻤﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺘﺤﺎﺩ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ 1.5ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ
ﺩ.ﻙ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﺘﻪ ) %14.7ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ ﻭ %34.8ﻤﻥ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ
ﻤﺜﻠﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻨﺤﻭ %81.6ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺃﻤﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ،
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺃﻤﻭﺍل ﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ 1.9ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩ.ﻙ .ﺸﻜﻠﺕ
ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺃﻤﻭﺍل ﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ﻤﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﺘﻪ %18ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ
ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺃﻤﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ "ﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻜﻭﻴﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻜﻭﻴﺘﻴﺔ" ﻭﻨﺤﻭ %20.9ﻤﻥ
ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺃﻤﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ "ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺘﻴﺔ" ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ ،ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻤﺜﻠﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ
ﺃﻤﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ "ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺘﺤﺎﺩ" ﻨﺤﻭ %14.7ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ ،ﻭﻨﺤﻭ %17ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ
ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ .ﺒﻠﻎ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻷﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺘﺤﺎﺩ ﻨﺤﻭ
9.7ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ
ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ ﻨﺤﻭ 15.9ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﺭ ﻜﻭﻴﺘﻲ.
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻨﻤﻭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ
ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ .ﻭﻟﻨﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﺴﻨﻌﻤﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ
ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﺒﺩﻗﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻘﺕ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ،ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻤل ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ
ﻼ ﻴﻌﻘﺩ ﻭﻴﻁﻴل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻔﺼل ﻴﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﺩﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺭﺅﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺒﻤﺼﺩﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﻌ ﹰ
ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ .ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﺭﺘﺄﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻭﻫﻭ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ .ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ
ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﹰﺍ ﻫﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺘﻴﺔ.
ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺘﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺎﻤل ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺭﺓ
) 2001ـ .(2006
ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ ):(3
ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺘﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺘﻴﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ – 2001
2007
ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺘﻴﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ
ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻜﻜل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ
ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺒﺤﻲ ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺘﻴﺔ .ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل
ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺒﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ 2007ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ
ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻓﻲ ﻭﺒﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺒﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺸﻲ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺠﺩﺍ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻭﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺀ ﺃﺸﺩ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﻀﻭﺤﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻓﻲ،
ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻤﻴﻥ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻷﻗل ﺘﻁﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺒﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ،ﻤﻤﺎ
ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻭﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺘﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ :2007 - 2000
ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅﹰﺎ ﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻟﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺘﻴﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺨﺎﺹ .ﻭﻨﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ
ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﺤﺩﺙ ﻨﻘﻠﺔ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺭﻗﻲ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤﻼﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ
ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺨﺎﺹ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺃﺜﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ.
ﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ:
ﺘﻌﺭﻀﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ،ﻭﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ
ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ،ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ
ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ،ﻭﺃﺜﺭ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ.
ﻭﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺠﻪ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ
ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻵﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺩﺍﺭﻙ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺴﻪ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﻠﻌﺏ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻫﻡ
ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺘﻀﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻴﺤﺘل ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ
ﺍﻵﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﻪ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺴﻪ ﺤﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻠﺤﻕ ﺒﺭﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ.
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺇﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ
ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺴﻌﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻴﻪ؛
.1ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻜﻠﻴﻔﻬﻡ ﺒﻤﻬﻤﺎﺕ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﺘﺴﻡ
ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ؛
.2ﺍﺴﺘﻘﻁﺎﺏ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﺱ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻤﻤﻥ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﻫﺏ ﻓﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ؛
.3ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺘﻪ ﻟﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻬﻤﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻲ
ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺩﻋﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺘﻴﺵ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺤﺭﻴﻜﻬﺎ
ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﺔ ،ﻭﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ؛
.4ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻷﻱ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﻤﺠﺎل
ﻟﻠﻤﻭﻅﻔﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻹﺒﺩﺍﺀ ﺃﺭﺍﺌﻬﻡ ﻭﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺤﻭل ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ،ﻤﻊ ﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ
ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺇﻨﻀﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﻋﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ
ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻘﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻅﻔﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺇﻁﻼﻕ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻫﻡ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ
ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ؛
.5ﻭﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺩﺭﻙ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺹ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﻜﻠﻪ ﺭﺃﺱ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺭﺩ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻩ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻟﺨﻠﻕ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ
ﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘﻬﺎ.
ﻭﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺩﺭﺘﻪ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩ ،ﻴﻤﻜﻥ
ﻼ ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﺯ ﺠﻬﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺃﺼ ﹰ
ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﺘﻌﻅﻴﻡ ﻋﺎﺌﺩﺍﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﻌﻅﻴﻡ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ.
ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﻤﺵ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ:
1
Michel Nour, «Through Knowledge Management And Intellectual Capital
developing Competitive Advantage», 2007.
2
Aino, «How to Generate Intellectual Capital» ,2005.
3
Concept of Intellectual Capital, 2004 Singapore Administrative University,
4
Kate Gray & Estelle Sun, «Importance of Intellectual Capital», 2004 .
5
Skyrme, «Samples to measure the intellectual capital», 2003.
6ﻋﺎﺩل ﺤﺭﺤﻭﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺠﻲ & ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ» ،ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ :ﻁﺭﻕ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻪ ﻭﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ
ﻋﻠﻴﻪ« ،ﻁ .ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ،2003 ،ﺹ .18
7ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ» ،ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ« ،ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ .2007 /10 /21 – 5123
8ﺠﺭﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ .2007 /6 /6 - 12669
9ﻜﺭﻴﺴﺘﻴﻥ ﺸﻠﻭﻏل» ،ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ :ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﻤﺩﺍﺨل« ،ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ
.net.www.arabcin
10ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ» ،ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ« ،ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ .2007 /10 /21 – 5123
11ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺘﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﺴﺒﻴﻥ .1997
12ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺭﻋﻲ ﻤﺭﻋﻲ» ،ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻤﻪ«،
. www.aljamal.com
13
Danish Trade and industry Development Council, «Intellectual Capital Accounts
Reporting and Managing intellectual capital», 1997, p. 38.
14ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻴﻤﻥ» ،ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻹﻓﺼﺎﺡ ﻋﻥ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺘﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺍﺌﻡ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ« ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ .2007 ،