VILLAMOR COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ARTS, INC.

Please note that this module is strictly for students officially enrolled in Villamor College of Business and
Arts. Re-printing, re-distribution, or re-selling of the module is strictly prohibited by the institution.

SUBJECT CODE CRIM 2

SUBJECT DESCRIPTION Theories of Crime Causation

MODULE DESCRIPTION Module No. 5

OBJECTIVE OF THIS 1. For students to classify criminals according Garofalo
MODULE:

DURATION One week

A. LESSON PROPER

Opportunism is a conscious policy and practice of taking advantage of

circumstances – with little regard for principles, or with what the consequences are for
others. Opportunist actions are expedient actions guided primarily by self-interested motives.
The term can be applied to individual humans and living organisms, groups, organizations,
styles, behaviors, and trends. A person who exploits circumstances to gain immediate

advantage rather than being guided by consistent principles or plans.

Team Thieves
Team means a group of people with a full set of complementary skills required to
complete a task, job, or project. Team members (1) operate with a high degree of
interdependence, (2) share authority and responsibility for self-management, (3) are
accountable for the collective performance, and (4) work toward a common goal and shared
reward(s).
Theft is the illegal taking of another person’s property or services without that
person’s permission or consent with the intent to deprive the rightful owner of it. These
criminals usually work in twosomes; one will distract you whilst the other quickly steals
whatever they can. Most common targets: someone who is alone, elderly and those who
appear vulnerable.
 The Professional
Crimes committed by persons for whom criminally punishable acts are a permanent
occupation and the primary source of money. Persons who engage in professional crime
have the skills and means necessary for criminal activity and specialize in some particular
type of crime, such as theft or swindling. Professional crime has its own psychology and
customs.
In capitalist countries, professional crime occupies significant place in the structure of
crime and shows a tendency to outstrip of the types of crime. Associations of professional
criminals, known as syndicates, are growing and becoming more influential. They are
monopolizing various sphere of criminal business, such as narcotics traffic, kidnapping for
ransom, extortion, stealing works of art, smuggling, and operating dens of vice. The activities
of the syndicates extend over an entire country or even group of countries.
These criminals know what they are doing. They know when to strike. Most common
targets: home those that are empty during holiday seasons as well as any home with poor
security measure. There are many different types of crimes, from crimes against persons to
victimless crimes and violent crimes to white collar crimes. The study of crime and deviance
is a large subfield within sociology, with much attention paid to whom commits which types of
crimes and why.

Crimes Against Persons

Crimes against people are a category of crime that consists of offenses that usually
involved causing or attempting to cause bodily harm or a threat of bodily harm. These

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VILLAMOR COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ARTS, INC. Please note that this module is strictly for
students officially enrolled in Villamor College of Business and Arts. Re-printing, re-distribution, or re-selling
of the module is strictly prohibited by the institution.

actions are taken without the consent of the individual the crime is committed against, or the
victim. These types of crimes do not have to result in actual harm – the fact that bodily harm
could have resulted and that the victim is put in fear for his/her safety is sufficient. Crimes
against persons, also called personal crimes.
1. Destruction of Life
 2. Physical Injuries
a. Mutilation
b. Serious
c. Less Serious
d. Slight
3. Rape
a. Simple
b. Qualified

Crimes Against Property

Property crime is a category of crime that includes, among other crimes, burglary,
larceny, theft, motor vehicle theft, arson, shoplifting, and vandalism. Property crime is a
crime to obtain money, property, or some other benefit. This may involve force, or the threat
of force, in cases like robbery or extortion. Since these crimes are committed in order to
enrich the perpetrator they are considered property crimes. Crimes against property are
divided into two groups: destroyed property and stolen property. When property is destroyed,
it could be called arson or vandalism. Examples of the act of stealing property are robbery or
 embezzlement.

Hate Crimes
Hate crimes are crimes against persons or property that are committed while invoking
prejudices of race, gender or gender identity, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or
ethnicity.
A hate crime is a traditional offense like murder, arson, or vandalism with an added
element of bias. For the purposes of collecting statistics, the FBI has defined a hate crime as
a “criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or in part by an offender’s
bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, or gender
identity.” Hate itself is not a crime – and the FBI is mindful of protecting freedom of speech
and other civil liberties. These efforts serve as a backstop for investigations by state and
local authorities, which handle the vast majority of hate crime cases throughout the country.

Thrill-seeking
These hate crimes are often driven by an immature itch for excitement and drama.
Think bored and drunk young men marauding through neighborhoods, mayhem on their
minds.

Defensive

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VILLAMOR COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ARTS, INC. Please note that this module is strictly for
students officially enrolled in Villamor College of Business and Arts. Re-printing, re-distribution, or re-selling
of the module is strictly prohibited by the institution.

In these hate crimes, the attackers sees themselves as “defending” their turf: their
neighborhood, their workplace, their religion or their country.

Retaliatory
 These hate crimes are often seen as revenge, whether in response to personal
slights, other hate crimes or terrorism. The “avengers”, who often act alone, target members

of the racial, ethnic or religious group who they believe committed the original crime even if
the victims had nothing to do with it. They care only about revenge, and they will travel to the
victim’s territory to enact it.

Mission Offenders
These are the deadliest and rarest types of hate crimes. They are committed by
people who consider themselves “crusaders,” often for a racial or religious cause. Their
mission: total war against members of a rival race or religion. They are often linked to groups
that share their racist views.

Crimes Against Morality

It is a category of crime that is considered victimless because there is no specific victim,
especially when committed against consenting adults. Morality is defined as a descriptive
account of social and personal values about the ways people in society should behave. This
type of crime generally offends those values, or ‘code of conduct.’ This type of crime includes
prostitution, bigamy, pornography, illegal gambling, and illegal drug use.
 White-collar Crimes
Are crimes committed by people of high social status who commit their crimes in the
context of their occupation. This includes embezzling (stealing money from one’s employer),
insider trading, tax evasion, and other violations of income tax laws.
White collar crimes generally generate less concern in the public mind than other
types of crime, however, in terms of total dollars; white-collar crimes are even more
consequential for society.

Organized Crime
Organized crime is committed by structured groups typically involving the distribution
and sale of illegal goods and services. Many people think of the Mafia when they think of
organized crime, but the term can refer to any group that exercises control overlarge illegal
enterprises (such as the drug trade, illegal gambling, prostitution, weapons smuggling, or
money laundering).

Inchoate Crime
Inchoate crimes refer to those crimes that were initiated but not completed, and acts
that assist in the commission of another crime. Inchoate crimes require more than a person
simply intending or hoping to commit a crime. Rather, individual must take a “substantial
step” towards the completion of the crime in order to be found guilty. Inchoate crime include

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VILLAMOR COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ARTS, INC. Please note that this module is strictly for
students officially enrolled in Villamor College of Business and Arts. Re-printing, re-distribution, or re-selling
of the module is strictly prohibited by the institution.

aiding and abetting attempt, and conspiracy. In some cases, inchoate crimes can be
punished to the same degree that the underlying crime would be punished, while in other
cases, the punishment might be less severe.

Statutory Crime
 Statutory crimes include those crimes, in addition to the crimes discussed above,
which are prescribed by statue. Three significant types of statutory crimes are alcohol related
crimes, drug crimes, and traffic offenses, and financial/white-collar crimes. These crimes are
specifically prohibited by statue because society hopes to deter individuals from engaging in
them.

B. ASSESSMENT
Assessment will be in live class.

C. INQUIRY AND ANNOUNCEMENTS

If you have questions regarding this lesson, you may reach me through my
email (kmompad@gmail.com) Video call consultations via skype can be
scheduled (limited in our class hours only). Thank you.
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