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European Codes & Guidelines for the Application of Advanced Grid

Support Functions of Inverters

Conference Paper · May 2014

DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4808.8964

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AIT Austrian Institute of Technology
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European codes & guidelines for the application
of advanced grid support functions of inverters

Roland Bründlinger
Senior Engineer
AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria

PV Distribution System Modeling Workshop, Santa Clara, May 6, 2014

13.05.2014 1
Contents
 Background – Development and challenges of grid connected PV in Europe

 Overview of current grid codes and requirements in Europe

 Outlook on the new ENTSO-E Network Code

 Summary & recommendations

13/05/2014
13.05.2014 2
Contents
 Background – Development and challenges of grid connected PV in Europe

 Overview of current grid codes and requirements in Europe

 Outlook on the new ENTSO-E Network Code

 Summary & recommendations

13/05/2014
13.05.2014 3
 Source: EPIA, ” IEA-PVPS Task 14, Transition from Consumption to Supply Grids , to be published
Evolution of European cumulative installed PV capacity

For comparison:
Total installed generation capacity in
EU27 2011 approx. 850 GW (eurelectric figures)
 Source: EPIA, ESTELA, EU-OEA, EWEA, Platts PowerVision, PV CYCLE
Net power generation capacity added in the EU28 in 2013

 PV now covers 3% of the overall and 6% of the

peak electricity demand
 PV has been the top newly-added generation
capacity together with wind for the 3rd year.
 Within growing share of RES in the generation
mix, grid and market/system integration
challenges are becoming more and more
important for the future PV deployment.
MW
Spatial distribution of installed capacity (W/per inhabitant)

 Some key facts about PV grid

connection in Europe (end
2013)
 About 80 GW installed in
EU27
Bavaria:
>800 W/inhabitant  95% of the capacity is
connected at the
distribution levels
 Numerous regions/DSOs
already coping with High
PV penetration (>100%)
Italy: >6% of
 PV has become a game
electricity demand
changer in the European
electricity market

Source: EPIA, ”Global Market Outlook 2017”, May 2013

 The role of PV in the European national electricity systems

 Key Challenges
 Increased variability and
uncertainty
 Increasing share of non-rotating
generation
 Increasing share of distribution
system connected generation
 Provision of grid support services
by RES?
 Penetration levels in some regions
and countries have reached levels
where full PV grid integration
becomes critical to guarantee
operational stability
 Coordinated development of Grid Code
Source: EPIA 2013, Reservices Project 2014 requirements for PV and DG needed.
7
Contents
 Background – Development and challenges of grid connected PV in Europe

 Overview of current grid codes and requirements in Europe

 Outlook on the new ENTSO-E Network Code

 Summary & recommendations

13/05/2014
13.05.2014 8
Framework for PV/DG interconnection in Europe
Country specific grid codes and standards
 Up to now no EU wide directive on DER/PV grid
interconnection
 Country specific grid codes, standards, DSO
guidelines…
 Different legal and administrative levels
 Fundamental differences between the countries
 Generally complex, intransparent situation
 Issues for manufacturers and project developers
 Specific product settings for each country/market
 Interpretation of the requirements and application in
practice
 Increased costs and reduced competiveness
 Critical issues for power system operation
 Lack of coordination and compatibility
 Risk of losing system security during critical events
due to undefined behavior of DER
5/13/2014 9
Current requirements for advanced grid support by PV
Connection to LV distribution grids
 Full set of advanced grid support
requirements mandatory for :
 DE: Systems >16 A (2012)
 AT: Systems >16 A (2013)
 IT: Units >3 kVA (2012)
 DK: Systems >16 A (2013)

 Main functions:
 Reactive power control (typ.
PF(P) characteristic
 Frequency control P(f)
 No trip at low frequency
 Remote limitation of P output
(DE, AT, IT)
5/13/2014 10
Current requirements for advanced grid support by PV
Connection to MV distribution grids

Full set of advanced grid support

requirements:
 DE (2008), IT (2011), AT (2013),
DK (2013), FR (2008)
Selected requirements:
 ES, PT, UK, CZ, BE…
 Typically for MW scale
generators
Main functions:
 Reactive power control
 Voltage control PF(U)
 Frequency control P(f)
 Remote power limitation
 FRT (=LVRT)
5/13/2014 11
Contents
 Background – Development and challenges of grid connected PV in Europe

 Overview of current grid codes and requirements in Europe

 Outlook on the new ENTSO-E Network Code

 Summary & recommendations

13/05/2014
13.05.2014 12
Framework for PV/DG interconnection in Europe
The new ENTSO-E Network Codes
 2009: European Agency for the Cooperation of
Energy Regulators (ACER) issued an official
mandate to ENTSO-E (European Network of
Electricity TSOs) to develop draft “Network Codes”
 A set of rules applying to one aspect of the

Source: ENTSO-E
energy sector
 Developed by ACER, ENTSO-E & market
participants (transparent process)
 Become legally binding (comitology process)
 Ultimately have the same status as a
European Regulation
 Goal: Strengthen the European internal electricity
market

5/13/2014 13
Framework for PV/DG interconnection in Europe
The new ENTSO-E Network Code RfG
 Network Code on “Requirements for Grid Connection applicable to all
Generators (RfG)” is one of the first projects, aiming at
 Establishing legally binding EU wide harmonization of grid
interconnection requirements
 Ensuring and increasing the system security with a growing share of
RES and variable generation
 Avoiding future regret and costly retrofits to ensure security of supply

Source: ENTSO-E
5/13/2014 14
Framework for PV/DG interconnection in Europe
ENTSO-E RfG Network Code
 Basic approach
 Applicable to all generators >0.8 kW
 Balance European settings and regional specifics
 Proportional approach from smallest generation to
largest plants
 Application for (all) new generators in order to
 ensure system security in a changing environment
 accommodate evolution in the generation portfolio
 reduce costs through standardization.
 Application for existing generators (retrofit) only if
 technically justifiable,
 benefits demonstrated by Cost Benefit Analysis
 approved by National Regulatory Authority

5/13/2014 https://www.entsoe.eu/major-projects/network-code-development/requirements-for-generators/ 15
Framework for PV/DG interconnection in Europe
ENTSO-E RfG Network Code
 Standardized definition of generator types and
associated functionalities/ requirements depending on
 transmission grid region
 connection level (voltage)
 generator capacity and technology (synchronous or converter based)

• Wide-scale network operation and stability

Type D • Balancing services
• Stable and controllable dynamic response
Type C • covering all operational network states
• Automated dynamic response and resilience to events
Type B • System operator control
• Basic capabilities to withstand wide-scale critical events
Type A • Limited automated response and control

5/13/2014 16
Framework for PV/DG interconnection in Europe
ENTSO-E RfG Network Code

5/13/2014 17
Framework for PV/DG interconnection in Europe
ENTSO-E RfG Network Code
 Overview of aspects and requirements addressed by the RfG
Addressed system Requirement Type Type Type
aspect A B C/D
Frequency stability Operating frequency ranges X X X
RoCoF withstand capability X X X
Limited Frequency Sensitive Mode - Overfrequency X X X
Constant active power output regardless of changes in X X X
Frequency
Limitation of power reduction at underfrequency X X X
Automatic connection X X X
Remote ON/OFF X X
Active power reduction remote control X
Additional requirements related to frequency control X
Provision of synthetic inertia X

5/13/2014 18
Framework for PV/DG interconnection in Europe
ENTSO-E RfG Network Code
 Overview of aspects and requirements addressed by the RfG
Addressed system Requirement Type Type Type
aspect A B C/D
Robustness of Fault-ride-through X X
power generating
Post-fault active power recovery X X
modules
System restoration Coordinated reconnection X X
General system Control schemes and settings X X
management
Electrical protection and control schemes and settings X X
Priority ranking of protection and control X X
Information exchange X X
Additional requirements to monitoring X
Voltage stability Reactive power capability X X
Fast reacting reactive power injection X X
Additional requirements for reactive power capability X
5/13/2014 and control modes 19
Framework for PV/DG interconnection in Europe
ENTSO-E RfG Network Code
 Some further aspects related to the RfG
 Eventually, the RfG will have the character of a EU directive  Later
amendments will be very difficult
 Definitions in RfG leave wide room for variation/interpretation by the local
TSOs/NRAs
 After its implementation the RfG will
 Define system relevant minimum requirements for all generators
 Provide a basis for national codes and standards
 However, the RfG will not
 Provide a true harmonization of the requirements across Europe
 Provide “product specifications” which can be easily be implemented by
manufacturers
 Provide harmonized certification, type testing or modeling procedures
 Provide requirements related to communication protocols or technologies
(e.g. IEC 61850, DNP3)

5/13/2014 20
Framework for PV/DG interconnection in Europe
ENTSO-E RfG Network Code
 Recent steps
 Jan-March 2012: Open public consultation with all stakeholders
 July 2012 – March 2013: Review of RfG draft by ACER
 October 2013: Implementation Guideline published
 European Commission comitology procedure started in January 2014
 Further implementation of the code at national level via existing processes
 Definition of detailed local requirements and conditions by national
TSOs in collaboration with NRAs
 Amendments/ modifications to existing national guidelines
 Planned to be legally binding from 2017

5/13/2014 21
Framework for PV/DG interconnection in Europe
ENTSO-E RfG Network Code
 Resources
 RfG webpage:
https://www.entsoe.eu/major-projects/network-code-
development/requirements-for-generators/

 Final version of RfG Network code:

https://www.entsoe.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/_library/resources/RfG/13
0308_Final_Version_NC_RfG.pdf

 Implementation Guideline:
https://www.entsoe.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/_library/resources/RfG/13
1016_-_NC_RfG_implementation_guideline.pdf

5/13/2014 22
Contents
 Background – Development and challenges of grid connected PV in Europe

 Overview of current grid codes and requirements in Europe

 Outlook on the new ENTSO-E Network Code

 Summary & recommendations

13/05/2014
13.05.2014 23
Summary and key conclusions

 In Europe the role of PV has changed from a marginal technology to a

visible player in the electricity market
 PV and grid parity  further massive deployment in short and near term
 In particular Germany acts as show-case for high-penetration PV and
provision of grid support (voltage, frequency…) by decentralised PV
 Coordinated approach for integrating PV on high penetration levels is crucial
to ensure system stability and security
 Addressed by upcoming ENTSO-E network code “Requirements for
Generators”
 Open collaboration between TSOs, DSOs and PV industry necessary
 Redefinition of the interaction between DSOs and TSOs needed
 The development in some European regions and countries shows that large-
scale integration of PV is technically feasible without threatening security of
supply.
5/13/2014 24
PV&RES grid integration
A brief overview of current RTD&D projects in Europe

 ECOGRID EU www.eu-ecogrid.net

 metaPV www.metapv.eu

 PV GRID http://www.pvgrid.eu

 REserviceS www.reservices-project.eu

 IGREENGrid www.igreengrid-fp7.eu

 PV PARITY www.pvparity.eu

 And numerous other national projects/demonstrators

13.05.2014 25
Thank you very much for your attention!

Roland Bründlinger
AIT Austrian Institute of Technology
Giefinggasse 2, 1210 Wien, Austria
roland.bruendlinger@ait.ac.at

13.05.2014 26

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