Consistency Analysis of Mudood rules in the Holy
Quran
Karim Aly Mohammad
Systems and Biomedical Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering, Cairo university
Giza, Egypt
karimaly08@gmail.com
Ahmed M. EL-Bialy
Systems and Biomedical Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering, Cairo university
Giza, Egypt
line 5: email address or ORCID
Abstract— A consistency analysis performed for one of the
famous Tajweed rules in the Holy Quran – Mudood rules -and
tested on records of one of the famous reference reciters –
Sheikh El-Hosary – trying to find a consistent boundaries to
evaluate other new recitation learners, a vowel detection
algorithm used to detect the lengthening time of the detected
Mudood, which applied on a dataset of 105 minutes of Quran
records of Sheikh El-Hosary. The consistency result is normally
distributed around the mean lengthening time as all human
activities with standard division of 58.2 msec and minimum
consistency of 84.6% for 68% of the detected Mudood.
Keywords—Consistency analysis, Mudood rules, Vowel
detection.
I. INTRODUCTION
It’s important for Quran readers to recite it with proper
rules, these recitation rules called Tajweed rules, Tajweed
means articulating every letter from its articulation point and
giving the letter its rights and dues of characteristics [1]. There
are some of these rules repeated a lot through the Quran
verses, one of these famous rules is the Mudood rules
(Lengthening). Mudood means lengthening the sound with a
letter of medd letters [1].
There are three of medd letters in the Arabic language; alif
Sakinah preceded by fathah (‫) َقال‬, ya’ Sakinah preceded by
kasrah (‫ )قِيل‬and wow Sakinah preceded by dhammah (‫[ )هُو‬1].
The lengthening time change according to the position of the
medd letter between other adjacent letters, which it’s may be
lengthened two, four, five and six counts. The time of each
count depends on the reciter speed but in the same time the
reciter should be consistent in his recitation with the same
count time [1]. The syllables in Arabic language classified to
5 combinations of consonant(C), vowels(V) and long vowels
(V:) as follow: CV, CV:, CVC, CV: C and CVCC. [2], The
Medd represents the long vowel part of these syllables.
In this work, we test the Mudood rules consistency level
of Sheikh El-Hosary; one of accredited reciters in the Islamic
community to be as a reference level for new Quran learners.
This paper is organized as follows; Section 2 describes the
used segmentation technique, Section 3 presents the
consistency computation System description, Section 4
presents the system results and discussion, Section 5 presents
the conclusion of this work.
XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE
Ahmed H. Kandil
Systems and Biomedical Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering, Cairo university
Giza, Egypt
line 5: email address or ORCID
Dr. Sahar Ali Fawzi
Systems and Biomedical Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering, Cairo university
Giza, Egypt
line 5: email address or ORCID
II. SEGMENTATION TECHNIQUES
The core of this work is how to segment the medd pattern
from the speech signal of the Quranic utterance, there are
many segmentation techniques addressed by AE Sakran [3] on
a review paper of segmentation techniques, the segmentation
approaches are different based on the speech features that used
to identify the segmentation boundaries such; short-time
signal energy, short-time average zero crossing, spectral
centroid, spectral flux and so on [4] [5] [6].
The speech features used in this work are the Mel-
Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC), short time energy,
and time duration of the detected pattern. The MFCC is one of
the main speech features in the frequency domain, which it
scales the frequency in order to match more closely what the
human ear can hear [7], and the short time energy is one of the
main speech features in the time domain [7].
A mean square error function used to compare the MFCC
and the short time energy between the vowels speech files and
the target Aya sound file; which the minimum result of the
mean square error function presents the best matching
similarity. The time duration of the matching patterns presents
a good feature to neglect many matching patterns that have
time duration less than certain time threshold related to the
medd lengthening time of the reciter.
III. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM
A vowel detection methodology applied to spot the
lengthening rules. The system block diagram explained in
Figure 1, which;
Verses
sound
files
Database Mudood Mudood
of Verses detection spotting
Consistency
analysis
texts algorithm algorithm
Vowels
sound
files
Fig. 1. System block diagram
 Database of Verses texts: is a dataset of the Quranic
Verses in Arabic text format, every row in the database
contains the Verse text, Surah number and Aya number.
Mudood detection block: is an algorithm compare a set
of Mudood rules with the Quranic Verse text to detect the
number of Mudood rules and define its lengthening by vowels
count unit.
Mudood spotting algorithm: is an algorithm compare a
set of features between the reference vowel sound files and the
target verse sound file to detect the lengthening vowels in it.
set is Records of Sheikh El-Hosary of this part of the Qur’an,
which includes Surat Qaf, Adh-Dhariyat, Al-Tur, An-Najm,
Al-Qamar, Ar-Rahman, Al-Waqi’ah and Al-Hadid. The total
time durations of the tested sound files are about 105 minutes.
The model takes the average of the detected unit times of
the spotted rules and then calculates the consistency level as
follow:
(𝑑𝑒𝑡.𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 −𝑟𝑒𝑓.𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = ∗ 100 (1)
𝑟𝑒𝑓. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

Quranic Verses sound file database: contains the sound

files of each Verse alone of Sheikh El-Hosary. which if the
Quranic target Verse contains a silent pattern in the middle of
the recitation, it’s stored in two separated sound files every
one contains a complete sound pattern without silence
patterns.
Vowels sound files database: contains a set of manually
segmented vowels of Sheikh El-Hosary as a reference speech
pattern.
Consistency Analysis: statistical analysis of the collected
results to calculate the consistency level.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this work chapter 27 and Surat Qaf of the Holy Quran
were chosen to apply the consistency analysis on it, the data
The model calculates the mean, standard deviation (std)
and variance of the collected data, then a consistency level
calculated at three critical points; in the edge of the mean –
std, mean – 2std and mean – 3std, assuming the distribution is
normal distribution the consistency represents the worst
consistency for 68%, 95% and 99.7% respectively of the
collected data [8].
The results calculated separately with each vowel and
finally with all vowels together as follow:
Table 1 represents the consistency analysis results of medd
of a: (‫)المد باأللف‬

TABLE 1. consistency analysis of medd of a: (‫)المد باأللف‬

consistency consistency consistency

Number of Number of Mean vowel
std variance at std at 2std at 3std
Sura name Quranic detected count time
(mSec) (mSec) (68% of (95% of (99.7% of
verses Mudood )mSec(
data) data) data)
‫ق‬ 61 18 392 39.7 1.58 89.9% 79.7% 69.6%
‫الذاريات‬ 71 14 408 37.7 1.42 90.8% 81.5% 72.3%
‫الطور‬ 62 8 395 65.7 4.31 83.4% 66.8% 50.1%
‫النجم‬ 73 16 362 34.1 1.17 90.6% 81.1% 71.7%
‫القمر‬ 63 21 381 47.4 2.25 87.5% 75.1% 62.6%
‫الرحمن‬ 82 113 407 53.2 2.83 86.9% 73.9% 60.8%
‫الواقعة‬ 97 24 388 46.9 2.20 87.9% 75.8% 63.7%
‫الحديد‬ 69 20 382 45.1 2.04 88.2% 76.4% 64.6%
‫من ق إلى الحديد‬ 578 234 396 50.0 2.52 87.3% 74.6% 61.9%

Figure 2 represents the consistency histogram of medd of

a: (‫)المد باأللف‬.
As explained in the figure 2 the consistency histogram is
almost normally distributed around the mean unit time of the
medd, and 68% of the spotted medd data have a consistency
level higher than 87.3%
Table 2 represents the consistency analysis results of the
medd of i: (‫)المد بالياء‬

Fig. 2. Consistency histogram of vowel a: (‫)مد باأللف‬

 TABLE 2. consistency analysis of medd of i: (‫)المد بالياء‬

consistency consistency consistency

Number of Number of Mean vowel
std variance at std at 2std at 3std
Sura name Quranic detected count time
(mSec) (mSec) (68% of (95% of (99.7% of
verses Mudood )mSec(
data) data) data)
‫ق‬ 61 38 380 43.7 1.91 88.5% 77.0% 65.5%
‫الذاريات‬ 71 28 357 69.7 4.86 80.5% 61.0% 41.4%
‫الطور‬ 62 15 349 41.3 1.71 88.2% 76.3% 64.5%
‫النجم‬ 73 1 341 0.0 0.00 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
‫القمر‬ 63 1 341 0.0 0.00 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
‫الرحمن‬ 82 1 341 0.0 0.00 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
‫الواقعة‬ 97 36 352 44.8 2.01 87.3% 74.6% 61.8%
‫الحديد‬ 69 23 366 60.3 3.64 83.5% 67.0% 50.5%
‫من ق إلى الحديد‬ 578 143 362 52.8 2.79 85.4% 70.8% 56.2%

Figure 3 represents the consistency histogram of medd of
i: (‫ )المد بالياء‬results.
As explained in the figure 3 the consistency histogram is
almost normally distributed around the mean unit time of the
medd, and 68% of the spotted medd data have a consistency
level higher than 85.4%
Table 3 represents the consistency analysis results of the
medd of u: (‫)المد بالواو‬

TABLE 3. consistency analysis of medd of u: (‫)المد بالواو‬

consistency consistency consistency

Number of Number of Mean vowel
std variance at std at 2std at 3std
Sura name Quranic detected count time
(mSec) (mSec) (68% of (95% of (99.7% of
verses Mudood )mSec(
data) data) data)
‫ق‬ 61 12 447 87.9 7.72 80.3% 60.7% 41.0%
‫الذاريات‬ 71 29 372 61.1 3.73 83.6% 67.2% 50.7%
‫الطور‬ 62 36 364 54.6 2.98 85.0% 70.0% 55.0%
‫النجم‬ 73 4 347 34.0 1.15 90.2% 80.4% 70.6%
‫القمر‬ 63 4 372 16.8 0.28 95.5% 91.0% 86.5%
‫الرحمن‬ 82 1 375 0.0 0.00 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
‫الواقعة‬ 97 43 342 51.8 2.68 84.9% 69.7% 54.6%
‫الحديد‬ 69 16 389 93.8 8.80 75.9% 51.8% 27.7%
‫من ق إلى الحديد‬ 578 145 368 67.5 4.56 81.7% 63.3% 45.0%

Fig. 3. Consistency histogram of vowel a: (‫)مد بالياء‬ Fig. 4. Consistency histogram of vowel u: (‫)مد بالواو‬
Figure 4 represents the consistency histogram of medd of
u: (‫ )المد بالواو‬results.
 As explained in the figure 4 the consistency histogram is Table 4 represents the consistency analysis results of all
almost normally distributed around the mean unit time of the medd types.
medd, and 68% of the spotted medd data have a consistency
level higher than 81.7%.
TABLE 4. consistency analysis of all medd types

consistency consistency consistency

Number of Number of Mean vowel
std variance at std at 2std at 3std
Sura name Quranic detected count time
(mSec) (mSec) (68% of (95% of (99.7% of
verses Mudood )mSec(
data) data) data)
‫ق‬ 61 68 395 57.8 3.34 85.4% 70.8% 56.1%
‫الذاريات‬ 71 71 373 63.1 3.98 83.1% 66.2% 49.3%
‫الطور‬ 62 59 364 54.0 2.92 85.2% 70.3% 55.5%
‫النجم‬ 73 21 358 33.2 1.10 90.7% 81.5% 72.2%
‫القمر‬ 63 26 378 43.6 1.90 88.5% 76.9% 65.4%
‫الرحمن‬ 82 115 406 53.1 2.82 86.9% 73.8% 60.8%
‫الواقعة‬ 97 103 356 51.2 2.62 85.6% 71.3% 56.9%
‫الحديد‬ 69 59 378 66.5 4.42 82.4% 64.8% 47.2%
‫من ق إلى الحديد‬ 578 522 379 58.2 3.39 84.6% 69.3% 53.9%

As explained in the figure 5 and table 4 The consistency is [4] A. Hossain, N. Nahid, N. N. Khan, D. C. Gomes, and S. M. Mugab,
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of one lengthening count of 397 msec and a standard division Engineering and Computer Science, vol. 1. Citeseer, 2010, pp. 20–22.
of 58.2 msec, a worst consistency of about 84.6% calculated [6] M. Kalamani, S. Valarmathy, and S. Anitha, “Hybrid speech
at the boundary of mean – std, which represents a worst segmentation algorithm for continuous speech recognition.”,
consistency of 68% of the detected Mudood patterns, a International Journal on Applications of Information and
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Pages:39-46
2std, which represents a worst consistency of 95% of the
[7] L. R. Rabiner and R. W. Schafer, Theory and Applications of Digital
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[8] Wikipedia contributors. "Normal distribution." Wikipedia, The Free
consistency of 99.7% of the detected Mudood patterns. Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 10 Jul. 2021. Web.
The consistency is larger in the case of Vowel a: ( ‫المد‬ 10 Jul. 2021.
‫ )باأللف‬than Vowel i: (‫ )المد بالياء‬and Vowel u: ()‫)المد بالواو‬, which
represents minimum consistency of 87.3% at mean – std, and
the consistency is larger in the case of Vowel i: (‫ )المد بالياء‬than
Vowel u: (‫)المد بالواو‬, which represents minimum consistency
of 85.4% at mean – std.
V. CONCLUSION
The time duration of one lengthening count is variable and
it’s an expected result because it’s represents a human activity,
which has a mean and standard division, but the main result is
that we can define a confidence boundary to the variability of
this time related to a reference reciter like Sheikh El-Hosary,
which represent a judgement boundary to the this rule for new
learners.
The worst confidence scores for Sheikh El-Hosary are
84.6%, 69.3% and 53.9% at the boundary of 68%, 95% and
99.7% of the detected lengthening patterns respectively.

REFERENCES Fig. 4. Consistency histogram of all vowel

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Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, 2004.
[3] Sakran, A. E., Abdou, S.M., Hamid, S.E. and Rashwan, M., “A
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Computer Science