DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, BANGALORE NORTH

CLASS:X NATIONALISM IN INDIA

Note Book Questions:

1.Explain the new economic and political situations created during the I World war.

The war created a new economic and political situation.

It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure by war loans and increasing taxes.
Custom duties were raised and income tax introduced.
Increase in prices led to extreme hardship for the common people.
Forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.
Crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortage of food. This was
accompanied by an influenza epidemic.

2. Explain the meaning of Satyagraha as advocated by Mahatma Gandhi.

It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical

Force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.

Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through

non-violence.

This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.

Gandhiji believed that truth was bound to ultimately triumph.

He believed that the dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.

3. Mention three main proposals with reference to noncooperation movement as suggested by

Gandhiji.
Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages.

*It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded.

*Boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods.

*In case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched

4. Describe any three problems faced by the peasants of Awadh ?

Peasants had to do begar and work at landlords’ farms without any payment. As tenants they had no
security of tenure.

The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of oppressive
landlords.

5.How did the non-cooperation movement spread in cities across the country? Explain its effects on
the economic front.
 The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement was started by the Congress party in January

1921. Initially, this movement started with middle class participation in the cities.

Thousands of students, teachers and lawyers gave up their institutions and profession

and joined the movement. This movement began in different cities across the country.

The Non-Cooperation Movement dramatically affected the economy of British India.

The economic effects of Non-Cooperation Movement were as fallows
(i) As foreign goods and foreign clothes were boycotted, the import of foreign clothes halved between 1921
and 1922, and its value dropping from 102 crore to 57 crore rupees.
(ii) In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or invest in foreign trade.
(iii) As people discarded imported clothes and started to use Indian clothes, production of Indian textile
mills and handlooms went up. In this way, the Non-Cooperation Movement helped boost the Indian
economy.

6.Explain why the non-cooperation movement slowed down in cities and towns?

Movement in the cities gradually slowed down for a variety of reasons.

*Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to
buy it.

*Similarly the boycott of British institutions posed a problem. For the movement to be successful,
alternative Indian institutions had to be set up so that they could be used in place of the British ones. These
were slow to come up.

*So students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers joined back work in
government courts

7. How did the plantation workers interpreted the term Swaraj?

For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space
in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.

Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens
without permission, and in fact they were rarely given such permission.

When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the
plantations and headed home.

They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages. They,
however, never reached their destination. Stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike, they were
caught by the police and brutally beaten up.

They interpreted the term swaraj in their own ways, imagining it to be a time when all suffering and all troubles
would be over. Yet, when the tribals chanted Gandhiji’s name and raised slogans demanding ‘Swatantra
Bharat’, they were also emotionally relating to an all-India agitation.

When they acted in the name of Mahatma Gandhi, or linked their movement to that of the Congress, they were
identifying with a movement which went beyond the limits of their immediate locality

5. Why did Gandhiji decided to withdraw the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’ in 1922? Explain any
three reasons.

At Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent clash with the police.
Hearing of the incident, Mahatma Gandhi called a halt to the Non-Cooperation Movement.

He felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before
they would be ready for mass struggles
Within the Congress, some leaders were by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in elections to
the provincial councils

8.How did salt march become an effective tool of resistance against colonialism? Explain.
Salt was found as a powerful symbol that could unite the nation according to Mahatma Gandhi with a smart
political move against the unjustified tax .This demand were quite wide ranging which brought all the classes of
Indian society can identify and walk together in a united campaign.

So Gandhiji demanded 11 demands which were of general interest to public in a letter to viceroy Irwin .but
when these demands were not fulfilled ,he started civil disobedience movement.

-Salt was a symbol of satyagraha

-Salt was the most essential item of food which was consumed by both poor and rich alike.
-To reveal the most oppressive face of British by demanding abolition of salt tax which charge high price on
salt.
-Breaking the colonial law and refusing cooperation to fight against high revenues imposed that restricted
business activities.
-Salt march lead to large scale participation of women with their symbolic presence in the movement..

9.Why did the rich peasants take part in the Civil Disobedience movement? Why were they disappointed?

i. The rich peasant communities- like Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh- were active in the
movement.

ii. They were the producers of commercial crops, they were depressed by the trade depression and falling prices.

iii. As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the govt. revenue’s demand .

iv. The refusal of the govt. to reduce the revenue demand led to widespread resentment.

v. Thus , these rich peasants became supporters of the civil disobedience movement.

But they were deeply disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931 without the revenue rates being
revised.

10.Explain the main reasons for relaunching of Civil Disobedience movement.

In December 1931, Gandhiji went to London for the conference, but the negotiations broke down and he
returned disappointed.

*Back in India, he discovered that the government had begun a new cycle of repression.

*Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were both in jail.

*The Congress had been declared illegal

*A series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts.

With great apprehension, Mahatma Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement

11. How did the sense of collective belonging and nationalism develop in India?
IMAGE OF BHARAT MATA

It was in the twentieth century, with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India came to be visually
associated with the image of Bharat Mata.

*The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. In the 1870s he wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a
hymn to the motherland.

*Later it was included in his novel Anandamath and widely sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal.

REVIVAL OF FOLKLORES

Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata.

In this painting Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual.

In subsequent years, the image of Bharat Mata acquired many different forms, as it circulated in popular prints,
and was painted by different artists (see Fig. 14). Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of
one’s nationalism.

REVIVAL OF FOLKLORES

In late-nineteenth-century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to
gather folk songs and legends.

These tales, they believed, gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by
outside forces. It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover one’s national identity and
restore a sense of pride in one’s past.

In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths, and led the
movement for folk revival. In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk
tales, The Folklore of Southern India.

ICONS AND SYMBOLS

During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed. It had eight
lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.

By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It was again a tricolour (red, green and white) and had a
spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.

RE INTERPRETATION OF HISTORY

By the end of the nineteenth century many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation,
Indian history had to be thought about differently.

The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing themselves. In response, Indians
began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements.

They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and
mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished.

These nationalist histories urged the readers to take pride in India’s great achievements in the past and struggle
to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.

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 Extra textbook Questions:
1.How did the various social groups participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain with examples.

The Rich Peasants - i. The rich peasant communities- like Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh-
were active in the movement. ii. They were the producers of commercial crops, they were depressed by the
trade depression and falling prices. iii. As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the
govt. revenue’s demand . iv. The refusal of the govt. to reduce the revenue demand led to widespread
resentment. v. Thus , these rich peasants became supporters of the civil disobedience movement.

The poor Peasants – i. the Poor peasants were small tenants cultivating land they had rented from landlords.
ii. As the depression continued and their incomes fell, they found it difficult to pay the rent. iii. For them, the
fight for swaraj was a struggle against v. The congress was unwilling to support ‘no rentcampaigns’ because
they felt that it might upset the rich peasants and landlords.So the relationship between the poor peasants
and the congress remained uncertain.

The Business Classes. During the First World War, Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits
and become powerful. ii. They were keen on expanding their business , so they wanted protection against
imports of foreign goods.

iii. To organize business interests, they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress and the
Federation of the Indian Chamber of commerce and Industries (FICCI) iv. PurushottamdasThakurdas and
G.D.Birla , the industrialist attacked colonial control over the Indian economy and supported the Civil
Disobedience Movement. v. They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.

The Industrial working class. They did not participate in the Civil disobedience movement. ii. As the
Industrialist came closer to the Congress, workers stayed aloof. iii. Some workers did participate in the Civil
Disobedience movement, selectively adopting some of the ideas of the Gandhian Programme, like boycott of
foreign goods. iv. Their movement was against low wages and poor working condition. v. Their were strikes by
railway workers and dockworkers. vi. In Chotanagpur tin mines , workers wore Gandhi caps and participated in
protest rallies and boycott campaigns. vii. The congress was not interest in including worker’s demand as part
of its programme of struggle because they knew that such issues might upset the businessmen.

women: Thousand of women came out of their homes to listen Gandhiji and participated in Salt March. ii.
They went to jail. iii. These women were from high-caste families in urban areas. iv. In rural areas they came
from rich peasant households. v The Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority,
it was keen only on their symbolic presence.they picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.

2. Explain the reasons for the lukewarm response of some Muslim organisations to the Civil Disobedience
Movement.

 The failure of Non-cooperation –Khilafat movement led to a large number of Muslims to wave out
from the nationalist struggle.
 The Congress was more closely associated with the Hindu nationalist groups like the Hindu
Mahasabha, which distanced Muslims from the nationalist activities.
 Negotiation over the question of Muslim representation in proportion to population in the Muslim
dominated provinces continued,all hope of resolving the issue at the All Paties Conference in 1928
disappeared when M.R.Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts at compromise.
 The relationship between the Hindus and the Muslims worsened when the two began organising
religious processions with military fervour.
  Each community began to provoke other community leading to communal clashes and riots. This
further increased differences between the two communities.
 Muslim leaders and intellectuals were concerned about their minority status in India and feared that
their culture and identity would be suppressed by the domination of Hindu majority.
 They feared that the culture and identity of minorities would be submerged under the domination of
a Hindu majority.

3. Explain the new economic and political situations created during the I World war.

The war created a new economic and political situation. it led to a huge increase in defence expenditure
by war loans and increasing taxes.
Custom duties were raised and income tax introduced.
Increase in prices led to extreme hardship for the common people.
Forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.
Crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortage of food. This was accompanied by an
influenza epidemic.

4. Explain the issue behind the Khilafat movement.

The Khilafat movement (1919–1924) initiated by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali was a mass movement
against the reduction of temporal powers of Caliph after defeat of Ottoman-Turkey in the First World War.

(ii) To defend Khalifa’s temporal powers, Khilafat Committee was formed in 1919 as he was considered as the
spiritual head of Muslims.

(iii) Gandhiji supported it because he saw it as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified
National Movement.

5.Highlight the effects of Non Cooperation movement on the economy of India.

Ans.The effect of non co-operation on the economic front was more dramatic. Foreign
goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfire.
The import of foreign cloths halved between 1921 and 1922 its value dropping from Rs
102 crore to Rs 57 crore. In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in
foreign goods or finance foreign trade. As the boycott movement spread, and people
began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian
textiles mills and handlooms went up.

6. Why was Gandhiji decided to call off the Rowlett Satyagraha?

Ans.A. Gandhiji in 1919 decided to l aunch a nationwide satyagraha against Rowlett Act(1919)
B. On 13 April the famous Jallianwala Bagh incident took place. As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowd
took to the streets in many north Indian towns.
C. There were strikes, classes with the police and attacks on government buildings.

D. The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorize people.
E. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets, and do salute to all sahibs.
F. People were flogged and village around Gujranwala in Punjab now in Pakistan were bombed.
G. Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called of the movement

7.How did the revival of Indians folklore develop the ideas of Nationalism among
Indians? Explain.
Ans.A. Idea of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore.
B. In late nineteenth century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured
villages to gather folk songs and legends.
C. These tales they believed gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by
outside forces.
D. It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover one’s national identity and restore a sense
of pride in one’s past.
E. In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballades, nursery rhymes In madras Natesa Shastri
published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk
tales, the Folklore of Southern India.
f. He believed that folklore was national literature;
g. It was most trustworthy manifestation of people’s real thought and characteristics and myths and the
movement for folk revival.

8.Elaborate the contribution of Alluri Sita Ram Raju in the nationalist movement of India.
Ans. A. Alluri Sita Ram Raju claimed that he had a variety of special powers: he could make
correct astrological predictions and heal people, and he could survive even bullet
shots.
B. Captivated by Raju, the rebels proclaimed that he was an incarnation of God. Raju
talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi, said he was inspired by the Non
Cooperation Movement, and persuaded people to wear Khadi and giving up
drinking.
C. But at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not nonviolence.
D. The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and
carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj. Raju was captured and executed
in 1924, and over the time became a folk hero.

9. Explain the contribution of Gandhiji to uplift the position of Untouchables in the

society?
Ans.A. Gandhiji declared that swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated.
B. He called the untouchables Harijans children of God,
C. He organized satyagraha to secure them entry into temples and to assess to public wells, tanks, roads and schools,
D. He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of Bhangi (the Sweepers).
E. He persuaded the upper castes to change their heart and give up the sin of untouchability.

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