Compression Compressors chap 2.

5-8
According to Lakshminarayana
l l l l

Compressor Fan, incompressible flow Blower, i.e. furnace Pump, when used for vacuum

Today name given by first use in the past

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Compressors
Axial
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Axial compressor split

Because
l

Centrifugal
l l l l l l

Higher efficiency, (today) Small front area Easy stage stacking Well known theory

Robust Not sensitive to tolerance or disturbances High per stage Large stacking loss Same weight as axial More real (unknown) flow effects

poor performance
n n

change in velocity change in density

NOTHING! l about efficiency l about pressure ratio l about matching l about ...

Exactly the same theory! But all formulas differ!

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Euler equation
h o 2 h o1 = U 2 C u 2 U 1C u 1
l l l l

Good marks to recon

Compressor
l

Turbine
l

always valid steady in relative frame no body forces no heat transfer

surface shear work

The pressure side is leading the rotation

The suction side is leading the rotation

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Compressor blades
l l l

Supersonic flow cascades

l l l

NACA 65 thickness C4 thickness Circular arc

DCA n MCA
n

Controlled diffusion blade

n n

Note especially l Acc - dec on pressure side l Min pressure on suction side l Slope, BL growth on suction side (?)
l

Good control of turning -> eliminate shocks Started cascade -> supersonic flow inlet Un-started cascade -> entrance shock subsonic flow

l l

Thin blades not true Choking is big problem

no shock minimum BL

Check off-design behaviour

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Wing theory
l

Reaction
R= static change of rotor total chan ge of stage R= static change of rotor static change of stage

CL and CD if small turning

n n

F = m turn
turn = 0 n m = infinite
n

wind mills propellers

R=

hs2 hs1 ho 2 ho 1

R=

p s2 ps1 po 3 p o 1

Check useful force and direction of it at these occasions!!!!

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Dont use lift and drag!!!!?

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preferred

R=

most used

p s2 p s1 p s3 p s1

old steam turbine practise

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Performance map

Euler with de Haller limit

With the de Haller number we get the pressure ratio
To 2 M 2 2 1 = ( 1) M ou 1 RR om 1 tan 1 + To1 M ou1
DH = C2 C1

2 2 2 M M 2 2 M 1) M ou1 RR Av2r om 1 + DH om 1 + 1 om 1 tan 1 1 M ou 1 M ou 1 M ou 1

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Diffusion
V

Rotating stall
l

de Haller

DH = V2 /V1

Dloc
c

l l l

Lieblein diffusion

DF = 1

r V rV V2 + 2 u 2 1 u1 V1 (c / s )V1 (r2 + r1 )

Koch

L c / 2 A1 h2 = g2 s sin / 2 A2 h1 cos 1
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One blade stall Stall on suction side blade Destall on pressure side blade (Improving for downstream stage)

Surge
l l l l

One blade stall Overload on upstream blade All compressor stall Measured from vibration

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Rotating stall
l l l

Surge
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Part span stall # stall cells Development in map

Low aspect ratio improvement

Not accepted Violent surge Mild surge Hang stall

SM = SM = psurge pop 1
consN

Energy flow
n n

Static stability Dynamic stability

Note difference in blade stall and endwall stall and corner stall

Frequencies, due to downstream volume

psurge 1 pop consm &

Active damping of instability

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Sub-, Trans-, Super- Sonic Machine

l l l l l l l

Transonic stage development

Supersonic leading edge > detached shock > sharp leading edge l Suction surface shock > BL separation > low Mach number > straight suction surface l Reduce shock strength > S-blade l Choking > DCA profile = good compromise l Shocks become oblique > reduced loss
l
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All subsonic Mach 1 on blade suction surface Relative tip inlet supersonic All l.e. supersonic Relative tip outflow supersonic All rotor supersonic Absolute flow supersonic

Shock Problems, losses and separation, influence areas

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Transonic compressor stage

l l l l l l

Trends
Higher speeds l Higher pressure ratio per spool l Higher aero loading l Low aspect high solidity l New profiles customised l Loss prediction, control of loss sources
l

leading edge, sharp nose BL separation due to shock inception strong radial pressure gradient local choking redistribution , 3D shocks depend on downstream unique incidence and unique deviation

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Propfan
Because
l l l l l l l l l

Centrifugal
l

flight speed flight distance flight altitude max useful transport cycle efficiency

Tractor type (trad) Pusher type (old) Counter rotation because Swept blades because ...

lower efficiency because

Coriolis BL growth n secondary flow n ...
n n

no vaned diffuser because

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Centrifugal analysis
l l l l l

Slip-factor and # blades

C Cu2 = u2 = C 'u 2 Wu 2 + U2 Cu2 = C m 2 sin 2 + U2
optimal number z = 2 / 3 of blades D2 + D1 z = 6 ,5 sinm D2 D1 2 sinm z= , K = 0,35- 0,45 K ln( D2 / D1 )

No diffusion needed in impeller! Simple! Inducer and radial impeller gives complicated flow geometry (do not analyse) Inducer inlet flow distribution problem Use general theory Very flat speed line (good or bad?)

= 1

1 ,98 z

=1

cos '2 z 0 ,7

= 1

( / z ) cos 2' 1 (Wr 2 / U 2 ) tan 2'

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only for radial blades 2=0

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A note
A word of caution is in order in the use of the relation. The empirical correlation are derived for a certain class of machine and circumstances, like incompressible 2D-flow straight blades etc. Caution should be exercised in using these relations.
Be careful!!
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Diffusers
l l l

Concentration of problem to diffusers, i.e. exclude it (pumps) Special diagrams (VKI) Surprisingly little done, pipe diffuser good

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Pumps
l l l l

Cavitation performance
Drop in performance Steeper for radial machines (RE variation) l No good parameter, Thoma, Suction specific speed,
l l

As compressors but gH not p o/ Instead of shocks cavitation Easy to get energy exchange, i.e. no high speeds needed Pumps, maybe, the most common machine

Material damage, erosion Noise l Vibration

l l
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Velocity diagram
max Mach number cavitation suction side flow separation large area for large load

Max pressure ratio

Possible comressor presure ratio
8

M axpressure rat io

Outflow choking if is 1, C m design constant 1.4 0.9 Mout 1.0

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

flow channel and flow

0.3 0.35 0.4

Inlet axial Mach number

0.45

0.5

0.55

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