Derivative

Derivative of a function

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 Derivative Tangent line

Tangent line to y = f (x) at P (x0 , f (x0 ))

points: P (x0 , f (x0 )), Q(x, f (x))
change of argument

x=x x0

change of function value

f = f (x) f (x0 )

average rate of change of f on

[x0 , x]

f f (x) f (x0 )
=
x x x0
slope of the secant line, ms

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 Derivative Tangent line

Tangent line to y = f (x) at P (x0 , f (x0 ))

slope of the secant line

f f (x) f (x0 )
=
x x x0

slope of the tangent line

f f (x) f (x0 )
m = lim = lim
x!x0 x x!x 0 x x0

equation of the tanget line at P

y f (x0 ) = m · (x x0 )

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 Derivative Wprowadzenie do pojÍcia pochodnej

Physics

s(t) position of a body at time t

average velocity at time interval [t0 , t1 ]

s(t0 ) s(t1 ) s
vavg = =
t1 t0 t

instantaneous velocity at t0
s
vch = lim vavg = lim
t1 !t0 t!0 t

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 Derivative Wprowadzenie do pojÍcia pochodnej

Chemistry

C(t) concentration of a substance in time t

average speed of chemical reaction in [t0 , t1 ]

C(t1 ) C(t0 ) C
ravg = =
t1 t0 t

speed of chemical reation at time t0

C
rrz = lim ravg = lim
t!0 t!0 t

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 Derivative Wprowadzenie do pojÍcia pochodnej

Economy

K(w) total production cost of w units of some good

average change of production costs
K
Kavg =
w

marginal cost
K
KM = lim Kavg = lim
t!0 t!0 w

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 Derivative Wprowadzenie do pojÍcia pochodnej

Biology

n(t) size of a population at time t

average rate of growth of the population
n
vavg =
t
instantaneous growth rate
n
vch = lim vavg = lim
t!0 t!0 t

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 Derivative Wprowadzenie do pojÍcia pochodnej

Computer Science: Speed of internet connection

Geography: Rate of change of the population density with the
distance from the center of the city
Meteorology: Rate of change of the barometric pressure with
increasing height
Psychology: Rate of forgetting the information
Sociology Speed of spread of a gossip.
...

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 Derivative Wprowadzenie do pojÍcia pochodnej

Mathematics

average rate of change of the value of f (x) with respect to change

in x
f f (x0 + x) f (x0 )
=
x x

instantaneous rate of change of the value of the function with

respect to x

f f (x0 + x) f (x0 )
lim = lim
x!0 x x!0 x
that is, the measure of how fast the function f increases (or
decreases) at a given point (moment).

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 Derivative Wprowadzenie do pojÍcia pochodnej

One object - many interpretations

In physics: speed, density, power, current; in chemistyr: speed of

reaction, compresibility; in biology: growth rate of a population,
blood flow; in economicsw: marginal cost, profit; in geology: heat flow;
in psychology: rate of increase of learning abiliteis; in sociology: speed
of spread of information ...

rate of change of f (x) with respect to x

DERIVATIVE OF THE FUNCTION

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 Derivative Definition

Definition
Let f be defined at and near the point x = x0 .
The derivative of a function y = f (x) at the point x0 , denoted
by f 0 (x0 ), is the limit

f (x0 + h) f (x0 ) f (x) f (x0 )

f 0 (x0 ) = lim = lim
h!0 h x!x0 x x0
provided the limit exists. If it exists, we say that f is diÄerentiable
at x0 . If f is diÄerentiable at every point of an interval I, then we say
that it is diÄerentiable on the interval I.

If f is defined only on one side of x0 then we consider only left or

right derivative, denoted f 0 (x0 ) or f+0 (x0 ), respectively.

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 Derivative Existence

Examples
Evaluate the derivatives at the given points.
1
f (x) = 1+x at x = 2
g(x) = |x| at x = 0
p
p(x) = 3 x at x = 0
(
1
,x  1
q(x) = x 2 at x = 1
x2 + x 3 ,x > 1
(
1
,x  1
r(x) = x 2 at x = 1
x2 3x + 1 ,x > 1
(
1
,x  1
s(x) = x 2 at x = 1
x2 3x ,x > 1

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 Derivative Existence

Derivative doesn’t always exist

Theorem (necessary condition)

If f is diÄerentiable at x = x0 then f is continuous at x = x0 .

Important !!!
Converse theorem: ”If f is continuous then it is diÄerentiable” is not
true.

Contrapositive Theorem
If f is NOT continuous at x = x0 then f is NOT diÄerentiable at
x = x0 .

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 Derivative Existence

Derivative doesn’t always exist

f 0 (x0 ) 6= f+0 (x0 ) discontinuity f 0 (x0 ) = 1

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 Derivative Derivative function

Derivative function

f 0 (x0 ) can be evaluated at every x0 2 X ⇢ Df

so f 0 is also a function of x

Definition
The derivative function is a function given by

f (x + h) f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim
h!0 h
defined on the set X ⇢ Df

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 Derivative Derivative function

Other notations
df dy d
f 0 (x) = y 0 (x) = = = (f (x))
dx dx dx

df dy
f 0 (a) = y 0 (a) = =
dx x=a dx x=a

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 Derivative Graphs

Graphs of derivatives

derivative is a function ) we can graph it

Example
The graph of f (x) is given, sketch the graph of f 0 (x)

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 Derivative Graphs

Graphs of derivatives
derivative is a function ) we can graph it

Example
The graph of f (x) is given, sketch the graph of f 0 (x)

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 Derivative Formulas

DiÄerentiation formulas

d
dx (c) = 0
d 1
d
(x↵ ) = ↵ x↵ 1 dx (tg x) = cos2 x
dx
d
d
(ex ) = ex dx (ctg x) = sin12 x
dx
d
d
(ax ) = ax ln a dx (arc sin x) = p11 x2
dx
d
d
dx (ln |x|) = 1
x dx (arc cos x) = p11 x2
d 1
dx (loga |x|) = x ln a
d
(arc tg x) = 1+x 1
2
dx
d
dx (sin x) = cos x d
(arc ctg x) = 1+x 1
2
dx
d
dx (cos x) = sin x

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 Derivative Formulas

Derivative of Sum, DiÄerence, Product, Quotient

If f and g are diÄerentiable at x0 , then
(f ± g)0 (x0 ) = f 0 (x0 ) ± g 0 (x0 )
(c · f )0 (x0 ) = c · f 0 (x0 )
(f · g)0 (x0 ) = f 0 (x0 ) · g(x0 ) + f (x0 ) · g 0 (x0 )
✓ ◆0
f f 0 (x0 ) · g(x0 ) f (x0 ) · g 0 (x0 )
(x0 ) =
g g(x0 )2

Note !
(f · g)0 (x0 ) 6= f 0 (x0 ) · g 0 (x0 )

✓ ◆0
f f 0 (x0 )
(x0 ) 6= 0
g g (x0 )

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 Derivative Formulas

Chain Rule
Let f (x) = (h g)(x) = h(g(x)) = h(u). Then,

df dh du
= ·
dx du dx
or

(h g)0 (x) = h0 (g(x)) · g 0 (x)

Derivative of the inverse function

If f 0 (x0 ) 6= 0 and f 1 exists in some at and near x0 , then the
derivative of f 1 at y0 = f (x0 ) exists and is given by

1 0 1
(f ) (y0 ) =
f 0 (x 0)

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 Derivative Higher order derivatives

Higher order derivatives

If f 0 is diÄerentiable at x0 , then it is calledthe second order

derivative (or second derivative) and is denoted by f 00 (x0 )
derivative of the second derivative is the third derivative,
f 000 (x0 )
derivative of the third derivative is the fourth derivative,
f (4) (x0 )
...

f 0 (x), f 00 (x), f 000 (x), f (4) (x), . . . f (n) (x)

df d2 f d3 f d4 f dn f
, , , , . . .
dx dx2 dx3 dx4 dxn

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 Derivative Higher order derivatives

Notations

Leibniz
df d2 f d3 f
, ,
dx dx2 dx3
Lagrange

f 0 (x), f 00 (x), f (2) (x), f 000 (x), f (3) (x)

Newton
ẏ, ÿ
Euler
Df (x), D2 f (x), D3 f (x)

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