semiconductor ke conductivity ko control kiya jaa sakta hai

this is the general band theory in this band

diagram we have not represented any
semiconductor, conductor, or insulator

there is a bandwidth or band gap between the minimum energy of a free

electron and the maximum energy of a bonded electron

loosely bounded electrons have maximum energy

so, jo electrons band mein neeche hai, unki energy Kam hai and woh zyada stable
hai
as, the number of free electrons
is very high so, in a very small
amount of time any free
electron will fill the hole to
become more stable
the bonded electrons are very heavily bonded
so they require more amount of energy to
become free that's why a large amount of
temperature needs to be given to make them
free, but very few electrons will become free,
which will increase the conductivity to a very
very small extent that it is not significant
enough to conduct electricity
 fermi energy is only
defined at 0 kelvin, the no of holes=no
maximum energy level up of free electrons
only at 0 kelvin
to which electrons can go
at 0 kelvin is called the
fermi energy level
hole jiss direction mein jaata hai uss direction mein hi uska current hota hai and hole positive hota hai isiliye woh hamesha negative terminal ke taraf hi jaata hai

hole ka movemement free electron ke comparison mein kam hota hai

number of number of
electrons per unit holes per unit
volume volume
number of the donors is slightly less
than the number of free electrons
jitna electron-hole pair banega utna hi battery se energy aayega aur uss pair ko tod dega and
electron ko positive terminal apne taraf attract karega aur tab negative terminal se phir ek
electron n side par chala jaayega aur phir se pair banega and yeh process chalte rahega jiss
se electricity ka continuous flow bana rahe
forward bais mein p ko zyada and n ko kam potential dete hai
and reverse bais mein n ko zyada and p ko kam dete hai