A STITCH IN TIME SAVES NINE

The proverb “A stitch in time saves nine”, means that if we take a

Very little care to stitch out clothes, when they are torn, it will prevent further damage. If we
want to mould iron into the required shape we have to strike it while it is red hot. If we delay
doing things and when occasion arises we suffer later. We should never postpone doing good
acts. A student, who neglects his studies in the beginning, will suffer later. The ants and bees
collect their food in summer and preserve it for winter. Every moment in the present, is
becoming the past and the pas can never be recalled.

WHERE THERE IS A WILL THERE IS A WAY

The proverb “Where there is a will there is a way”, means that if you are
determined to do a thing, however difficult it may be, you will find a way. The cause of failure
is often the absence of strong desire. A feeble stream of water will be stopped by every small
obstacle. But rushing flood water simply sweeps rocks, trees and banks out of its way and
moves forward.
Yekalavya learnt the art of archery by placing his idol Guru made of earth before him.
Alexander Graham Bell, an ordinary person for winning the hand his love, studied Electricity
and invented Telephone in a span of twenty years. Many men who became famous as
scholars or artists or inventors had a similar struggle for their objectives. Their strong
determination only brought them success. Napoleon said that the word “impossible” was not
found in his dictionary.

THERE IS NO ROSE BUT HAS A THORN

Everybody knows that every rose has thorns. But the inner meaning of the proverb is that as
every rose has thorns every person will have some weakness also. That is the reason of
saying, “No man is perfect and to err is human.”
Many great scholars are absent-minded. Nehru was sometimes becoming furious and
could not control his fits of anger. Indira Gandhi, the best lady politician lost her power
because of her love towards her son. A small leak will sink a great ship. Robert Lynd, a well
known critic and essayist regretted very much in his old age for not cultivating the habit of
order and discipline in his life.
 DISTANT HILL LOOK GREENER/ALL THAT GLITTERS IS NOT GOLD/
APPEARANCES ARE OFTEN DECEPTIVE.
The proverb is a warning to us. It means that several things that appear as
white as milk are not milk. We should not be guided, away by the outward appearances. A
person may be ugly but he may be virtuous. Some persons may be handsome but they may
be immoral. A crooked tree will give more shelter to us than a straight one. In choosing their
life partners people take a wrong selection only because of outward appearance. Roldgold
which appears as gold is not so valuable and long standing as Gold. The distant hills appear
to be plain and a nearby hill appears to be very rough. But when we go nearer to the former
they also seem to be rough. Therefore we should not be missed by the outward appearance.

FAILURES ARE THE STEPPING STONES TO VICTORY/ADVERSITY IS THE

TOUCHSTONE OF CHARACTER/SWEET ARE THE USES OF ADVERSITY.
The proverb means that as the “Touchstone tests the quality of Gold. Misfortune tests
the character of person. Character is one’s real moral condition while reputation is how he
appears to be to others. Good character is a valuable possession. It lasts beyond the grave.

In poverty and difficulties many men stoop down to meanness and corruption. Driven
by hunger beggars become pick-pockets. Expecting failure in examinations, students resort
to copying. Chased by wants middle class people go for loans and debts. But there are also
people who resist temptation and stand upright even in difficulties. Harischandra did not lie
to the last when he was subjected to many difficulties by Viswamitra. Hence we can say that
man’s character has to be judged only when he is in misfortune. It is the adversity that brings
out all that is best in a man.

EMPTY VESSELS MAKE MUCH NOICE/GREAT TALKERS ARE NEVER GREAT

DOERS/BARKING DOGS SELDOM BITE/ STILL WATERS RUN DEEP.
The meaning of the proverb is that men of action do not speak much about
themselves and their achievements. A person with half-knowledge will be proud, creates a
show and boasts of what he has done. Of course he does nothing. When real test arises he
cuts a poor figure before others. But people of worthy and action prove worthy of what they
are. They think that what they knew and learnt is only a drop in the ocean. Bhatruhari in his
slokam said that he was proud with half-knowledge like a wild elephant. But after learning a
little before pundits he was sublime as he thought that the little he had learnt was only like
an ant before a mountain. Similarly empty vessels when put together make much noise. But
vessels full of water do not make a noise. Dogs that bark will not bite and dogs that bite will
not bark. Where boasting ends there dignity begins.

NO PAINS – NO GAINS/ROME WAS NOT BUILT IN A DAY

This proverb explains the importance of industry for progress. As we sow so
we reap. We cannot with laurels over night. Many countries achieved independence after a
great struggle and blood-shed. The magnificent Rome was built up for several hundreds of
years. All of a sudden a student cannot score good marks. It is possible only when he studies
right from the beginning. Even in business a merchant cannot become a Millionaire in two or
three years. To have a good living one must have a planned life for him and work hard with
patience and vigour. He should not see himself against failure. He should go on trying to
reach target. Here we can cite the example of King Robert and the spider from the story. So
success can be achieved only at the cost if hard work. No idle man is ever said to be achieved
anything in the world.

A ROLLING STONE GATHERS NO MOSS

If a stone lies at a place there is a scope of gathering moss or water-plant in the rainy
season. But if it rolls from place to place it cannot gather any moss. In the same way a person
who changes his occupation very frequently will never prosper. Such a fickle minded person
cannot achieve any success in life. Even a business man who does business in various fields
cannot get perfection in anything. A Jack-of-all-trades will be a master of none. Suppose a
family head is performing the marriage of his daughter. He has to supervise many things at a
time. If he does not entrust separate branches of work to separate people he cannot
concentrate on any one of them and finally if becomes a fuss. Therefore concentration in a
particular job or work is quite essential for success.
SLOW AND STEADY WINS THE RACE/MORE HASTE – LESS SPEED/HASTE MAKES
WASTE.
 The proverb reminds us of the story of the hare and the tortoise. The wise tortoise
with its slow and steady planning wins the running race against the hasty and proud hare. A
student who neglects his studies till the day of examination can never succeed even though
he devotes himself to the studies all the time during the examination days. Hastiness brings
waste. A clever student may lose first class because of his hastiness and an average student,
may secure it because of his perseverance and steady application. A genius may not achieve
anything in his life because of his proud and lazy behaviour. An average man with ordinary
gifts may do much service to the society. The proverb is also a warning against impatience
and eagerness to get a thing done quickly. It is a great mistake to make important decisions
in hurry. We must think twice before we leap. Second thoughts are the best. If we act hastily
we regret for our wrong decision throughout the years of out life.

NECESSITY IS THE MOTHER OF INVENTION

Since our wants and necessities are not satisfied by nature, we are going on inventing
many things. We thus satisfy our desires. The necessity of negotiating with one another led
people to the invention of languages. The necessity of keeping record of the great writings
and its circulation led people to invent printing press.
For hunting and to get food man invented weapons. As the population increased
many ploughing materials and pesticides are discovered. To cross the seas and to find the
unknown countries we invented ships. To catch fish and to carry cargo we invented boats.
To work, read and write in old age we invented spectacles. We discovered medicine for the
cure of diseases and vaccination for their prevention. We discovered wool and cotton for the
protection of our bodies against winds and weather.
Thus we observe that all the inventions and discoveries are due to sheer necessity.
Hence it is well said that necessity is the mother of invention.

All that glitters is not gold. Appearances are often deceptive. Empty vessels
make louder noises. The leaf with no food items flutters a lot. Beauty is skin
deep. Imitation goods shine brighter than the genuine ones. Thieves start
shouting first. “Thief, thief, catch.” Devils recite Vedas. Real gold never boasts
of its value. The virtuous never aim at showing them off. Only those who lack
in real values pretend to have possessed them. Appearances have the tendency
to mislead and deceive. Therefore go by t he soul, not by the surface.
Something may shine outwardly. But what counts really is the inner stuff. Be
careful about the glittering goods.

Slow and steady wins the race. Speed thrills but kills too. Haste makes waste.
Speed may help sometimes. But steady performance succeeds always. The hare
was fast but it was inconsistent. The tortoise was slow. But it was steady.
Therefore the slow moving tortoise beat the fast running hare. The deciding
factor was the tortoise’s steady movement. Similarly one who works fast now
and then is less likely to succeed. A student who works slowly but regularly is
bound to win. Everyone should make it a point to study all through the year.
Working fast and longer hours only before exams leads to anxiety, not
achievement. Remember that slow and steady alone wins the race.

PRECIS WRITING

Over-eating is one of the most wasteful practices among those who think they
can afford it. In fact, authorities say that nearly all who can get as much as they
desire, overeat to their disadvantage. This class of people could save a great
deal more food than they can save by missing one lone meal per week and at
the same time do much to improve their health. A heavy meat at night, the so
called dinner, is the fashion with many and often it is taken shortly before
retiring. It is largely wasted and could be fore-gone, not only once a week but
daily without loss of strength. From three to five hours are needed to digest
food. While sleeping, this food not being required to give energy for work, is in
many cases converted into excess fat giving rise to over-weight and obesity. The
evening meal should be a light repast, taken three or four hours before retiring.
This plan prevents over-eating; conserves energy and reduces food costs.
Millions of people following such a plan would save a great deal more food than
can be saved by missing one meal per week, and they would at the same time
improve their health.
First count the number of words: (204)

STEP: 1

Main Points
1. Over-eating is a wasteful practice.
2. A heavy meal taken just before going to bed is wasteful.
3. A heavy meat at night, the so called dinner, is the fashion with many.
4. It can be avoided daily without loss of energy.
5. Evening meals should be light.
6. It is not required to convert energy as we will go sleep but not to work.
7. It should be taken three or four hours before retiring.
8. This advice, if followed, saves food and improves health.

STEP: 2

ROUGH DRAFT

Over-eating is a wasteful practice. A heavy meal taken just before going to bed
is wasteful. A heavy meat at night, the so called dinner, is the fashion with
many. It can be avoided daily without loss of energy. Evening meals should be
light. It is not required to convert energy as we will go sleep but not to work.
It should be taken three or four hours before retiring. This advice, if followed,
saves food and improves health.

STEP: 3

SELECT A TITLE AND PUT IT AS HEADING

FAIR DRAFT

OVER-EATING
Over eating is a wasteful practice. A heavy dinner just before going to bed is
healthy. It can be easily avoided; not only once a week but every day without
causing loss of strength. The dinner should be light and must be taken a few
hours before going to bed. The system, if followed, shall save much food and
this shall also improve the health of people.

Total number of words of the original Passage: 204

Total number of words of the original Precis: 67

THE JUDICIARY SYSTEM AND LAW COURTS UNDER THE RULE OF EAST INDIA COMPANY

Before the establishment of the British Government - no codes and no regular courts - Hindu
Mohammedan law books - Petty crimes - village headman or panchayats.

There were multiplicities of judicial authorities - In Calcutta - five kinds of judicial authorities: (i) The
Nawab capital offences; (ii) the Naib Dewan quarrels, frays etc; (iii) the Faujdar for all cases except
capital ones; (iv) the Mohtesil drunkenness, selling spirituous liquors etc; and (v) the Kotwal
maintaining peace in the night.

Early in the 18th century Mayor Courts - in three Presidency towns of Madras, Bombay and Calcutta.
Warren Hastings revised the Judicial System. In1772, he established - in each district - The Muffasil
Diwani Adalats (Civil Courts) by the District Collectors whereas Indian Judges assisted the Muftis and
Qazis decided cases in the Muffasil Faujdari Adalats (Crimina Courts). Appeals from the adalats could
be made to Sadar Diwani Adalat (the Supreme Civil Court) and Sadar Nizamat Adalat (the Supreme
Criminal) at Calcutta.

Hindu law was codified in Sanskrit and it was translated by Halhed into English. Muslim law codified
by Aurangazeb was made use of in the courts.

After the Regulating Act, 1773 came into effect; a Supreme Court was established at Calcutta with a
Chief Justice and three other Judges, who were appointed by the Crown. The Barristers of England
or Ireland with five years experience were eligible for appointment as Judges of the Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court held its proceedings on the basis of English law.
Lord Cornwallis removed the defects and improved on the lines of the European system of judicial
organisation. The Judicial powers of Collectors were taken away. Revenue Courts were abolished.
Civil and Criminal courts were established.

Cornwallis reconstituted the Civil Courts in the country into four kinds.

Small courts Munsif Courts to settle petty cases - by Indian officers - decide disputes upto Rs.50.

Above them courts of Registrars by European officers which tried cases upto 200 rupees.

Appeals from both - to District or city Courts by District Judges, (British), heard these appeals.

Above them Provincial Courts or Courts of Circuit at Calcutta, Patna, Murshidabad and Dacca by three
English Judges and had two types of Jurisdiction, one appeals in suits involving disputes upto 100
rupees and the other appeals from the districts.

The highest court of appeal Sadar Diwani Adalat (Supreme Civil Court) by Governor General and his
council. appeals from provincial courts over 1000 rupees - appeals involving more than 50,000
rupees were sent to the king-in-council.

organisation of criminal justice

District Courts by the British judges - petty cases within the district - arrest of criminals and violators
of peace.

Circuit Courts which exercised jurisdiction over the District Courts of a specific area.

Above these- the provincial circuit - as the court of appeal.

Sadar Nizamat Adalat, highest court of appeal for criminal case Governor-General enjoyed the
overall power of pardon and commutation of punishment.

For guidance of courts, a code of rules and regulations by George Barlow (Cornwallis Code) It upheld
principles of civil liberty, rule of law and separation of revenue from judiciary. barbarous

Lord William Bentinck re-modelled judicial administration. Removed evils of delay expenses and
uncertainty in Judiciary, abolished Provincial and Circuit Courts by Cornwallis and appointed
Commissioners of revenue and circuit

He set up two courts, Sadar Diwani Adalat and Sadar Nizamat Adalat at Allahabad for North-Western
Province. He introduced the Jury system in Bengal. He recruited many Indians to higher posts such
as Deputy Magistrate, Subordinate Judge - these Indians were not empowered to deal with the cases
of the Europeans. Vernacular languages