KARLA

NCM EUNICE
103 D. GONZALES OF NURSING PRACTICE
– FUNDAMENTALS BS NURSING - 1ST YEAR (SECOND SEMESTER)

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY – THE NATIONAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY

CHAPTER I “The act of dynamic caring, helping relationship,

in which the nurse assists the clients to achieve
HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY
and obtain optimal health. “(CANADIAN
NURSING PRACTICE
NURSES ASSOCIATION)
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
“The diagnosis and treatment of human responses
 Known during the Crimean war as the to actual or potential health problems.”
“Lady with the Lamp.” (AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION)
 Recognized as nursing’s first scientist-
theorist for her work “Notes on Nursing: OTHER THEMES COMMON TO
What it is, and What it is not.” DEFINITIONS OF NURSING:
 Also considered as the “Founder of
 Nursing is CARING.
Modern Nursing” due to her influential
developments in nursing education,  Nursing is an ART.
practice, and administration.”  Nursing is a SCIENCE.
 Nursing is CLIENT-CENTERED.
CLARA BARTON  Nursing is HOLISTIC.
 School teacher who volunteered as a nurse  Nursing is ADAPTIVE.
during the American civil war.  Nursing is concerned with HEALTH
 Noted in her role in establishing American PROMOTION, HEALTH
Red Cross. MAINTENANCE & HEALTH
RESTORATION.
 Pursued to ratify the Treaty of Geneva.
 Nursing is a HELPING PROFESSION.
LILIAN WALD

 Considered the “Founder of Public Health RECIPIENTS OF NURSING

Nursing.” Consumers – individual, group of people, or
 Founded the Henry Street Settlement and community that uses a service or commodity.
Visiting Nurse Service
Patient - from the Latin word patiens meaning to
LAVINIA L. DOCK “suffer or to bear”.
 Was a feminist, prolific writer, political - traditionally known as someone
activist, and suffragette receiving health care.
 Campaigned for legislation to allow
nurses to control their profession. Client – a person who engages in the advice or
services of another who is qualified to provide this
MARGARET HIGGINS SANGER service.
 A school nurse activist.
 The founder of Planned Parenthood. SCOPE OF NURSING
 Opened the first birth-control clinic in 1. Promoting health and wellness
Baltimore in 1916
2. Preventing illness
MARY BRECKINRIDGE
3. Restoring health
 A notable pioneer nurse who established
the Frontier Nursing Service. 4. Care of the dying
 Started one of the first midwifery training
schools in the US. STANDARDS OF CLINICAL NURSING
PRACTICE
DEFINITIONS OF NURSING I. Standards of Care
“The act of utilizing the environment to assist the a. Assessment
patient in his/her recovery.” (FLORENCE
NIGHTINGALE). b. Diagnosis

“To assist the individual, sick or well, in the c. Outcome Identification

performance of activities contributing to health or d. Planning
its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would
perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, e. Implementation
will, or knowledge, and to do this in such a way as
f. Evaluation
to help him gain independence as rapidly as
possible.” (VIRGINIA HENDERSON) II. Standards of Professional Performance
a. Quality of care
 b. Performance appraisal CHAPTER 2
c. Education NURSING EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
d. Collegiality TYPES OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS IN
NURSING
e. Ethics
Licensed practical (vocational) nursing
f. Collaboration
programs
g. Research
 Usually, it last 9 to 12 months and provide
h. Resource utilization both classroom and clinical experiences.
 At the end of the program, the graduate
ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF A NURSE takes the NCLEX-PN to obtain a license
as a practical or vocational nurse.
 Caregiver
Registered nursing programs
 Communicator
 Teacher  A diploma program is usually 3 years in
 Client advocate duration.
 Counsellor  With longer hospital-based educational
 Change Agent programs that provide a rich clinical
 Leader experience for nursing students.
 Manager
Associate nursing programs
 Case manager
 Research consumer  In the US, it is a 2-yr. education program
for nursing students in community
NURSING AS A PROFESSION colleges.
Profession – an occupation that requires extensive  At the end of 2 years, the student was to
education or a calling that requires special K.S.P. be awarded an associate degree in nursing
It is highly distinguished from any other kind of and be eligible to take the state board
occupation because: examination for nurse licensure.
 The degree awarded is ADN.
a. Its requirement of prolonged specialized
training is pertinent to the role to be performed Baccalaureate nursing programs

b. Orientation of an individual towards service,  4 to 5 years in duration; but previously 5

either to a community or to an organization. years (3-yr. diploma program and
additional 2 years in liberal arts)
c. Ongoing research  Degree awarded is BSN.
d. Code of ethics  NCLEX-RN.

e. Autonomy
GRADUATE NURSING EDUCATION
f. Professional organization
 Defined as continuing education after
Professionalism – refers to professional character, finishing a baccalaureate degree program.
spirit, and methods.
REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION TO
- a set of attributes or a way of life that GRADUATE PROGRAMS
implies responsibility and commitment.
1. Must hold a baccalaureate program
Professionalization – a process of being
professional/acquiring characteristics needed to be 2. Must be a registered nurse.
professional. 3. Must give evidence of scholastic ability.
4. Must demonstrate satisfactory achievement on a
SELECTED EXPANDED CAREER ROLES
qualifying examination.
FOR NURSES
5. Must have letters of recommendation.
 Nurse practitioner
 Clinical nurse specialist
EXAMPLES OF GRADUATE PROGRAMS
 Nurse anesthetist
FOR NURSING
 Nurse midwife
 Nurse researcher Nurse administrator MASTERS PROGRAMS
 Nurse educator
1. Master of Arts in Nursing (MAN)
 Nurse entrepreneur
2. Master of Science in Nursing (MSN)
3. Master in Nursing (MN)
4. Master of Arts in Education (MaED)
DOCTORAL PROGRAM
1. Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing (Ph.D.)
NURSING RESEARCH
 Used to improve client care and enhance
nursing’s scientific knowledge base.
2 MAJOR APPROACHES IN NURSING
RESEARCH
1. Quantitative Research
 progresses to systematic logical steps
according to a specific plan to collect
numerical information, often under
conditions of considerable control and
analyzed using statistical procedures.
 uses POSITIVISM and is often viewed as
a “HARD SCIENCE” that uses deductive
reasoning and measurable human
experience.
2. Qualitative Research
 often associated with naturalistic inquiry,
which explores the subjective and
complex experiences of human beings.
 investigates through careful collection and
analysis of subjective and narrative
materials.
 uses an inductive form of reasoning.
RIGHTS OF HUMAN SUBJECTS
1. Right not to be harmed
2. Right to full-disclosure
3. Right to self-determination
4. Right of privacy and confidentiality
RESEARCH DESIGN
 It is the overall plan for answering the
research questions or testing the research
hypothesis.
3 MAJOR TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
1. Experimental design – investigator
manipulates the independent variable by
administering an experimental treatment to some
subjects.
2. Quasi-experimental design – the investigator
manipulates the independent variable but without
either the randomization or control that
characterizes true experiments.
3. Non-experimental design – the investigation
does no manipulation of the independent variable.
ANOTHER RESEARCH TERM TO
REMEMBER
1. Significance – with the potential to contribute
to nursing science
2. Researchability – means that the problem can
be subjected to scientific investigations.
3. Feasibility – pertains to the availability of the
material and human resources needed to
investigate a research problem or question.
4. Dependent variable – behavior, characteristic,
or outcome that the researcher wishes to explain or
predict.
5. Independent variable – presumed cause of
influence on the dependent variable
6. Population – all the possible members of the
group who meet the criteria for the study.
7. Sample – a segment of the population from
whom the data will be collected.
8. Reliability – degree of consistency with which
an instrument measures a concept or variable.
9. Validity –the degree to which an instrument
measures what it is supposed to measure.
10. Operational definitions – definitions that
specify the instruments or procedures by which
concepts will be measured.
CHAPTER 3
NURSING THEORIES AND CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORKS
What is THEORY?
 It is a supposition or system of ideas that
is proposed to explain a given
phenomenon.
 One that has been repeatedly tested or is
widely accepted and can be used to make
predictions about natural phenomena.
(American Heritage Dictionary)
TERMS RELATED TO NURSING THEORY
 Concepts – building blocks of theories.
 Conceptual framework – a group of
related ideas, statements, or concepts.
 Paradigm – refers to a pattern of shared
understandings and assumptions about
reality and the world.
VARIOUS NURSING THEORIES
ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY
 formulated by Florence Nightingale.
 the act of utilizing the environment of the
patient to assist him in his recovery.
 linked health with 5 environmental
factors: (1) pure or fresh air, (2) light,
 especially direct sunlight, (3) efficient
drainage, (4) pure water, and (5)
cleanliness.
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS MODEL
 introduced by Hildegard Peplau.
 states that the nurse-client relationship
evolves in 4 phases:
1. Orientation – client seeks help, and the nurse
assists the client to understand the problem and the
extent of the need for help.
2. Identification – a phase where t client
assumes dependence, interdependence, and
independence concerning the nurse.
3. Exploitation – client derives full value from
what the nurse offers through the relationship.
4. Resolution – old goals and needs are set aside
and new ones are adopted.
HENDERSON’S 14 HUMAN
FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS
 Given by Virginia Henderson.
II. Manifest characteristics are different from the
sum of their parts.
III. Interacts continuously and creatively with the
environment.
IV. Behaves as a totality.
V. Participates creatively in change.
OREM’S SELF-CARE DEFICIT THEORY
 Formulated by Dorothea Orem.
 Includes 4 related concepts:
1. Self-care - activities an individual performs
independently throughout life to promote and
maintain personal well-being.
2. Self-care agencies – individual’s ability to
perform self-care activities.
3. Self-care requisites – also called “self-care
needs”; are measures or actions taken to provide
self-care.
4. Therapeutic self-care demands – all self-care
activities required to meet the known self-care
demand.

1. Breathe normally.
2. Eat and drink adequately.
3. Eliminate body waste.
4. Move and maintain desirable postures.
5. Sleep and rest.
6. Select suitable clothes-dress and undress.
7. Maintain body temperature within normal range
by adjusting clothing and modifying environment
8. Keep the body clean and well-groomed and
protect the integument
9. Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid  Focus is to enhance the patient's ability for
injuring others self-care and extend this ability to care for
their dependents (Orem, 2005).
10. Communicate with others in expressing
 Stated that self-care deficit results when a
emotions, needs, fears, or opinions.
self-care agency is not adequate to meet
11. Worship according to one's faith. the known self-care demand.
 Explains 5 ways of helping/assisting an
12. Work in such a way that there is a sense of individual:
accomplishment.
1. Acting or doing
13. Play or participate in various forms of
recreation. 2. Guiding

14. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that 3. Teaching

leads to normal development and health and use
the available health facilities.
ROGER’S SCIENCE OF UNITARY HUMAN
BEINGS
4. Supporting
5. Providing an environment that promotes an
individual’s abilities to meet current and future
demands.

 presented by Martha Rogers

KING’S GOAL ATTAINMENT THEORY
 According to Rogers, unitary man is:
 Presented by Imogene King.
I. An irreducible, 4-dimensional energy field
 Describes the nature of and standard for
identified by a pattern.
nurse-patient interactions that leads to
 goal-attainment – that nurses purposefully
interact and mutually set, explore, and
agree to means to achieve goals.
 Represents outcomes.
NEUMAN’S SYSTEMS MODEL
 Given by Betty Neuman.
ROY’S ADAPTATION MODEL
 Formulated by Sister Callista Roy
 She defined ADAPTATION as a process
and outcome whereby the thinking and
feeling person uses conscious awareness
and choice to create human and
environmental integration.
 Focuses on the increasing complexity of
person and environment and self-
organization, and on the relationship
between and among the persons, universe,
and what can be considered a supreme
being or God.
 The goal of this model is to enhance life
processes through adaptation in 4 adaptive
modes:
1. Physiologic mode
2. Self-concept Mode
3. Role Function Mode
4. Interdependence mode
Watson’s assumptions of caring:
 Caring can be effectively demonstrated
and practiced only interpersonally.
 Caring consists of carative factors that
result in the satisfaction of certain human
needs.
 Effective caring promotes health and
individual or family growth.
 Caring responses accept a person not only
as he or she is now but as what he or she
may become.
 A caring environment is one that offers
the development of potential while
allowing the person to choose the best
action for himself or herself at a given
point in time.
 Caring is more “healthogenic” than is
curing. The science of caring is
complementary to the science of curing.
 The practice of caring is central to
nursing.
PARSE’S HUMAN BECOMING THEORY
 Given by Rosemarie Rizzo Parse.
 Proposed 3 assumptions for human
becoming:
1. Human becoming is freely choosing personal
meaning in situations in intersubjective processes
of relating value priorities.
2. Human becoming is cocreating rhythmic
patterns or relating in mutual process with the
universe.
3. Human becoming is contranscending
multidimensionally with the emerging possibles.

LEININGER’S CULTURAL CARE

DIVERSITY AND UNIVERSALITY
THEORY

 Theorized by Madeleine Leininger

 States that CARE is the essence of nursing
and the dominant, distinctive, and
unifying feature of nursing.
 She emphasized that human caring,
although a universal phenomenon, varies
among cultures in its expressions,
processes, and patterns; it is largely
culturally-derived.

WATSON’S HUMAN CARING THEORY

 Given by Jean Watson.

 Believes that the practice of caring is
central to nursing: it is the unifying focus
for practice.