A Mathematical Control Approach on Dengue

Disease Fractional-Order Model Involving Mosquito

Nets and Repellents Intervention
Vijayalakshmi. G. M 
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R & D Institute of Science and Technology
Ariyanatchi M  (  vtd1081@veltech.edu.in )
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R & D Institute of Science and Technology

Research Article

Keywords: Dengue fractional-order model, Caputo-Fabrizio, Existence and Uniqueness, Offspring rate and
its stability

Posted Date: February 27th, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2618914/v1

License:   This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.  
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Additional Declarations: No competing interests reported.

 A Mathematical Control Approach on Dengue Disease Fractional-Order
Model Involving Mosquito Nets and Repellents Intervention

Vijayalakshmi. G.M 1, Ariyanatchi. M 2

1,2
Department of Mathematics,
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R & D Institute of Science and Technology,
Avadi,
Tamil Nadu, India – 600062.
vijidayal05@gmail.com
Abstract
Throughout this work, we have explored a mathematical approach on the dengue
disease fractional order dynamical system involving mosquito nets and repellents. For
qualitative data analysis we have applied Caputo- Fabrizio operator on this model. The fertility
rate and basal features of the mosquito are generally probed. The two steady states of the system
have been examined for asymptotical stability analysis. The Lipchitz condition has been applied
to gain survival and oneness of results of the system. According the sensitivity evaluation of
reproduction rate of ℛ0 , using mosquito nets and insect repellent can reduce ℛ0 . The Adams –
Bashforth scheme is hired to solve an approximate response of the fractional-order dengue
model. The numerical simulation indicates that the fractional-order influences the dynamics of
dengue fever. An aggregate the usage of mosquitoes netting and insect repellents
can lessen the range of infected individualities.

Keywords
Dengue fractional-order model, Caputo-Fabrizio, Existence and Uniqueness, Offspring rate and
its stability.

1. Introduction
Dengue fever expanded throughout Southeast Asia and the rest of the world, especially in
nations with tropical climates [1, 2]. There is a crucial urgency for further information regarding
raising awareness of dengue fever since this widespread disease has been related to climate
change. Recently, many nations throughout the world have experienced a serious health issue
related to this fatal disease. In the past few decades, analysis and study of mathematical models,
particularly those of dengue disease, have increased [3–5]. Due to mathematical system and
analysis we can empathize how disease can affect those who are vulnerable and recuperating
from infection. Fractional calculus is a powerful technique for simulating these kinds of
occurrences. Non-integer systems are better able to predict infection patterns since they have
knowledge of both the previous and present stages. As a result, adopting the fractional-order
derivative will help in better understanding and exploring the dynamical behavior of epidemic
diseases.

Recent studies have conclusively demonstrated the effectiveness of fractional-order models

in controlling the complex behaviour of spreading disorders. There are a few instances of
vertical transmission of this disease between humans and mosquitoes [6-10]. One of the facts
that there is no adequate vaccination for dengue fever but self prevalence is necessary [11, 12].
The common characteristics, transmission and prevention has been highlighted by many authors
[13-18].The stability analysis, existence, optimization and numerical simulation using
perturbation approach with comparative analysis has been discussed many authors [19-24]. In
[25] discussed the inclusion of fumigation as a control variable along with the seasonal effect to
find the best method to prevalent malaria transmission.
Not only is fumigation harmful to human health, it is ineffective in reducing mosquito
populations. Neurotoxin used in fumigation can severely damage the nervous systems of
humans, companion animals and birds. To prevent disease outbreaks, we consequently choose
insect repellent, which has a better chemical action than fumigation and a more effective control
mechanism. To understand the influence of random control factors on dengue transmission, we
modify the previous model into a fractional-order differential equation.
In this work, we introduced two dengue prevention methods using mosquito nets and insect
repellents through deterministic model. After establishing the equilibrium point and the
foundational offspring rate ℛ0 , we have analyzed numerical techniques to assess the effect of this
intervention on the human population.
Now let us discuss about the article`s structure: We have given introduction about the
disease and few related details. We presented the dengue fractional-order mathematical model.
Following, for stability analysis of this model, we have solved the equilibrium points. Finally,
we focused on the numerical simulations and have given comprehensive conclusion of the
present work.

2. Mathematical preliminarily

𝑡−𝜏
The exponential kernel [24], is referred to as 𝜅(𝑡, 𝜏) = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [−𝓹 1−𝓹]

Definition 2.1

Consider 𝜗 ∈ ℋ ′ (0, 𝓉) for 𝓉 > 0, the fractional-order derivative of Caputo- Fabrizio is given as

𝐶𝐹 𝓅 [𝜗(𝓉)] 𝒰(𝓅) 𝓉
0𝐷𝓉 =
1−𝓅
∫0 𝜗 ′ (𝓅) 𝒦(𝓉, 𝜏) 𝑑𝜏 (1)

Where 𝒰(𝓅) represents a normality that satisfies the condition 𝒰(0) = 𝒰(1) = 1 and
𝓅 ∈ [0,1].

Definition 2.2

The fractional-order integral of Caputo-Fabrizio

𝐶𝐹 𝓅 [𝜗(𝓉)] 2(1−𝓅) 2𝓅 𝓉
0𝐼𝓉 =
(2−𝓅)𝒰(𝓅)
𝜗(𝓉) + ∫ 𝜗(𝜉)
(2−𝓅)𝒰(𝓅) 0
𝑑𝜉, (2)

for 𝓅 ∈ [0,1] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝓉 ≥ 0.

Definition 2.3
𝓅
The transformation of ( 𝐶𝐹0𝐷𝓉 𝜗(𝓉), ҡ) in terms of Laplace is represented as follows

𝓅 ҡ𝜗 ′ (𝑥,ҡ)−𝜗0 (𝑥)
ℒ( 𝐶𝐹0𝐷𝓉 𝜗(𝓉), ҡ) = (3)
ҡ+𝓅(1−ҡ)

here, the Laplace transformation ℒ(𝜗(𝑥, 𝓉), ҡ) of 𝜗(𝑥, 𝓉) is 𝜗 ′ (𝑥, ҡ).

3. Model Formulation

Here we framed set of models for dengue prevalence: the susceptible(𝒮𝒽 ),

infected (𝐼𝒽 ), and recuperating (ℛ𝒽 ) SIR model for human populations (𝒽) and SI model for
mosquito’s population (𝓋) the suspected (𝒮𝓋 ), infected (𝐼𝓋 ). The distinction between the two
models lies in the recuperating (ℛ) compartment, which only humans retain; the Aedes aegypti
mosquito’s life spans are too short for them to go into this stage. Accordingly, the entire
populations of people (𝒩𝒽 ) and mosquitoes (𝒩𝓋 ) can be considered to be the totalities of all
cabins of each population. . For susceptible group, let us consider 𝜑𝒽 and 𝜑𝓋 as acquisition rates
for humans and mosquitoes. In this work, we introduced two dengue prevention methods using
mosquito nets and insect repellent through deterministic model. Applications of mosquito nets
have been used in models as an interventional method to exclude dengue with the supposition
that no mosquitoes are resistant to repellents. The dengue infection process is assumed to be
successful infection chances 𝛼𝒽 and 𝛼𝓋 , mosquito bite ratio 𝛽𝓋 (p, 𝓆). The uses of bed nets can
drop the all-out number of mosquito bites. Still, since not all people use bed nets at abode, the
mosquito bitteness rate is defined as:

𝛽𝓋 (p, 𝓆) = 𝛽𝓋 p𝓆 + 𝛽𝓋 (1 − p)

We consider the perpetual parameter 𝛽𝓋 (p, 𝓆) = 𝛽𝓋 , where 𝑝 is the mosquito net using
human proportion and 𝓆 is the mosquito net quality. Notably, the parameters 𝓅 and 𝓆 are
constrained in the frame [0,1]. Human and mosquito fatalities rates are 𝛿𝒽 and 𝛿𝓋 ,
respectively; however, mosquito mortality can also attributed to insect repellents which has the
rating ϒ. Let human heal proportion be 𝜚 and let recuperating individuals becoming vulnerability
rate Ω .

From the above premises, we have developed the following system.

𝑑𝑠𝒽 𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋 (p,𝓆) 𝑆𝒽 𝐼𝓋
𝑑𝑡
= 𝜑𝒽 – 𝒩𝒽 +𝒜
– 𝛿𝒽 𝑆𝒽 + Ω ℛ𝒽 (4)

𝑑𝐼𝒽 𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋 (p,𝓆) 𝑆𝒽 𝐼𝓋
𝑑𝑡
= 𝒩𝒽 +𝒜
– 𝜚𝐼𝒽 – 𝛿𝒽 𝐼𝒽 (5)
𝑑ℛ𝒽
𝑑𝑡
= 𝜚 𝐼𝒽 − Ω ℛ𝒽 − 𝛿𝒽 ℛ𝒽 (6)

𝑑𝑆𝓋 𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 (p,𝓆) 𝑆𝓋 𝐼𝒽
= 𝜑𝓋 − − 𝛿𝓋 𝑆𝓋 − ϒ 𝑆𝓋 (7)
𝑑𝑡 𝒩𝒽 +𝒜

𝑑𝐼𝑣 𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 (p,𝓆) 𝑆𝓋 𝐼𝒽
= − 𝛿𝓋 𝐼𝓋 − ϒ𝐼𝓋 (8)
𝑑𝑡 𝒩𝒽 +𝒜

Since we presume that the actual number of people and mosquitoes will remain constant in the
absence of insecticides intervention, we utilize that

𝑑(𝑆𝒽 + 𝐼𝒽 + 𝑅𝒽 ) 𝑑𝒩𝒽
= = 𝜑𝒽 − 𝛿𝒽 𝒩𝒽 , 𝜑𝒽 − 𝛿𝒽 𝒩𝒽 = 0,
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜑𝒽
Which provide us 𝒩𝒽 = 𝛿𝒽
that is 𝜑𝒽 = 𝛿𝒽 𝒩𝒽 . On the other side for mosquito inhabitants,
we obtain

𝑑(𝑆𝓋 + 𝐼𝓋 ) 𝑑𝒩𝓋
= = 𝜑𝓋 − 𝛿𝓋 𝒩𝓋 , 𝜑𝓋 − 𝛿𝓋 𝒩𝓋 = 0,
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜑𝓋
Which offer 𝒩𝓋 = that is 𝜑𝓋 = 𝛿𝓋 𝒩𝓋 . When ϒ ≠ 0, we posses that
𝛿𝓋

𝑑(𝑆𝓋 +𝐼𝓋 ) 𝑑𝒩
= 𝑑𝑡𝓋 = 𝜑𝓋 − 𝛿𝓋 𝒩𝓋 − ϒ 𝒩𝓋 = −ϒ 𝒩𝓋 < 0, This shows mosquito populations
𝑑𝑡
decline over time.

Figure.1. Dengue SIR - SI model flowchart

Figure.1 exhibits the flow chart of the Dengue disease model involving intervention.

The Caputo Fabrizio fractional form of above model is

𝓅 𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋 𝑆𝒽 𝐼𝓋
CF
𝐷𝑡 𝑆𝒽 = 𝜑𝒽 – – 𝛿𝒽 𝑆𝒽 + Ω ℛ𝒽 (9)
𝒩𝒽 +𝒜

𝓅 𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋 𝑆𝒽 𝐼𝓋
CF
𝐷𝑡 𝐼𝒽 = – 𝜚𝐼𝒽 – 𝛿𝒽 𝐼𝒽 (10)
𝒩𝒽 +𝒜

𝓅
CF
𝐷𝑡 ℛ𝒽 = 𝜚𝐼𝒽 − Ω ℛ𝒽 − 𝛿𝒽 ℛ𝒽 (11)

𝓅 𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 𝑆𝓋 𝐼𝒽
CF
𝐷𝑡 𝑆𝓋 = 𝜑𝓋 − − 𝛿𝓋 𝑆𝓋 − ϒ 𝑆𝓋 (12)
𝒩𝒽 +𝒜

𝓅 𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 𝑆𝓋 𝐼𝒽
CF
𝐷𝑡 𝐼𝓋 = − 𝛿𝓋 𝐼𝓋 − ϒ 𝐼𝓋 (13)
𝒩𝒽 +𝒜

From the basic cases (𝑆𝒽 ≥ 0, 𝐼𝒽 ≥ 0, ℛ𝒽 ≥ 0, 𝑆𝓋 ≥ 0, 𝐼𝓋 ≥ 0 ) for all 𝑡 ≥ 0.

𝓅
In the Caputo concept, CF𝐷𝑡 stands the fractional order derivative of Caputo Fabrizio of order
0 < 𝓅 < 1.

Table 1

Parameters of SIR-SI model (4) – (8)

No Parameter Description Condition Dimension

1. 𝜑𝓋 Mosquitoes acquisition rates 𝜑𝓋 > 0 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑜
⁄𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝜑𝒽 𝜑𝒽 > 0
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛
2. Human acquisition rates ⁄𝑑𝑎𝑦

3. Alternate host available as blood sources 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡 ⁄

𝒜 𝒜>0 𝑑𝑎𝑦
1⁄
𝑑𝑎𝑦
4. 𝛿𝒽 Human Fatality rate 𝛿𝒽 > 0
1⁄
𝑑𝑎𝑦
5. 𝛿𝓋 Mortality rate for mosquitoes 𝛿𝓋 > 0
𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑜
⁄𝑑𝑎𝑦
6. 𝛼𝒽 Disease dissemination from vector to host 𝛼𝒽 > 0
𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑜
⁄𝑑𝑎𝑦
7. 𝛼𝓋 Disease dissemination from vector to host 𝛼𝓋 > 0
1⁄
𝑑𝑎𝑦
8. 𝜚 Recovering rate 𝜚>0
 1⁄
Ω Ω>0 𝑑𝑎𝑦
9. Transition rate from recovered to
vulnerable human due to lack of immunity
1⁄
10. 𝑑𝑎𝑦
ϒ ϒ≥0
Insect repellent rate ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑛
11. 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑜 × 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝛽𝓋 𝛽𝓋
Individual mosquito`s biting rate
12. 𝑝 𝑝 -
Mosquito net proportion -
13. 𝓆 𝓆
Mosquito net quality

4. Fractional-order system’s mathematical analysis

Here, we have examined our fraction-order dynamic system.

4.1. Equilibrium points:

4. 1.1. Point of equilibrium without sickness

In the absence of a infected person or infected mosquito that is

𝐼𝒽 = ℛ𝒽 = 𝐼𝑣 = 0. The system (9)-(13) yields.

𝜑𝒽 𝜑𝓋
𝑆𝒽0 = . 𝑆𝓋0 = .
𝛿𝒽 𝛿𝓋 +ϒ

The equilibrium point 𝐸 0 = (𝑆𝒽0 , 𝐼𝒽0 , 𝑅𝒽0 , 𝑆𝓋0 , 𝐼𝓋0 ), which is absent of dengue disease, is therefore
given by:
𝜑𝒽 𝜑𝓋
𝐸0 = ( , 0, 0, , 0).
𝛿𝒽 𝛿𝓋 + ϒ

4.1.2. Endemic equilibrium for dengue fever

The fractional order dengue fever model (9)-(13) endemic equilibrium point is given by
∗
E = (𝑆𝒽∗ , 𝐼𝒽∗ , 𝑅𝒽∗ , 𝑆𝓋∗ , 𝐼𝓋∗ )

Where
(𝜚+ 𝛿𝒽 )(𝜑𝒽 +Ω ℛ𝒽 )(𝒩𝒽 +𝒜)ℰ3
𝑆𝒽∗ = ℰ2 𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋
 ℰ1 (𝜑𝒽 + Ω ℛ𝒽 )
𝐼𝒽∗ =
ℰ2

∗ ϱ(𝜑𝒽 + Ω ℛ𝒽 )ℰ1
ℛ𝒽 =
(Ω + 𝛿𝒽 )ℰ2

(𝛿𝓋 + ϒ )(𝒩𝒽 + 𝒜)ℰ2

𝑆𝓋∗ =
𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 ℰ3 (𝜑𝒽 + Ω ℛ𝒽 )
ℰ1
𝐼𝓋∗ =
ℰ3

Here ℰ1 = 𝜑𝓋 𝛽𝓋 𝛼𝒽 𝜒1 − 𝜒2 𝜒3 ,

ℰ2 = 𝜑𝓋 𝛽𝓋 𝛼𝒽 𝜒1 − 𝜒2 𝜒3 + 𝜒3 (𝜒1 + 𝜒2 ),

ℰ3 = 𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋 (𝛿𝓋 + ϒ)(𝜒1 + 𝜒2 ),

𝜒1 = 𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 (𝜑𝒽 + Ωℛ𝒽 ) ,

𝜒2 = (𝛿𝓋 + ϒ )(𝒩𝒽 + 𝒜)(𝜚 + 𝛿𝒽 )

and 𝜒3 = 𝛿𝒽 (𝛿𝓋 + ϒ)(𝒩𝒽 + 𝒜).

4.2. Existence and Uniqueness of Solution

The model’s uniqueness and existence solution has been established and demonstrated in
the following lemma.

Lemma 4.1 let us take fractional-order system [22]

𝐶𝐹 𝑝
𝑡0 𝐷𝑡 𝑥(𝓉) = 𝑢(𝓉, 𝑥), 𝓉0 > 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥(𝓉0 ) = 𝑥0 (14)

Where 𝑝 𝜖 (0,1], 𝑢: [𝑡0 , ∞) × ℜ → ℝ𝑛 , ℜ ⸦ ℝ𝑛 .

The system (3.2) has a singular solution in the interval [𝑡0 , ∞) × ℜ , if the function 𝑢(𝑡, 𝑥), satisfies
Lipschitz condition w. r. to 𝑥.

Theorem 4.1.The system has a distinct regional solution. [𝑡0 , 𝒫] × ℜ Where,

ℜ = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜖 ℝ3 : max {|𝑆𝒽 |, |𝐼𝒽 |, |ℛ𝒽 |} ≤ 𝒬}, and 𝒫, 𝒬 𝜖 ℝ+ .

Proof
Consider the region [𝑡0 , 𝒫] × ℜ where, ℜ = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜖 ℝ3 : max {|𝑆𝒽 |, |𝐼𝒽 |, |ℛ𝒽 |} ≤ 𝒬}. Let
𝑋 = (𝑆𝒽 , 𝐼𝒽 , ℛ𝒽 ) and 𝑌 = (𝑆𝒽1 , 𝐼𝒽1 , ℛ𝒽1 ) be arbitrary two points in the region ℜ and define the
mapping 𝐻: ℜ → ℝ3 , by 𝐻(𝑋) = (𝐻1 , 𝐻2 , 𝐻3 ), where
 𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋 𝑆𝒽 𝐼𝓋 𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋 𝑆𝒽 𝐼𝓋
𝐻1 = 𝜑𝒽 – – 𝛿𝒽 𝑆𝒽 + Ω ℛ𝒽 , 𝐻2 = – 𝜚𝐼𝒽 – 𝛿𝒽 𝐼𝒽 and
𝒩𝒽 +𝒜 𝒩𝒽 +𝒜

𝐻3 = 𝜚𝐼𝒽 − Ω ℛ𝒽 − 𝛿𝒽 𝐼𝒽 .

For any 𝑋, 𝑌 𝜖 ℜ, we have

3

‖𝐻(𝑋) − 𝐻(𝑌)‖ = ∑|𝐻𝑖 (𝑋) − 𝐻𝑖 (𝑌)|

𝑖=1

𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋 𝑆𝒽 𝐼𝓋 𝛼 𝛽 𝑆 𝐼
=|(𝜑𝒽 – – 𝛿𝒽 𝑆𝒽 + Ω ℛ𝒽 ) − (𝜑𝒽 – 𝒽 𝓋 𝒽1 𝓋1 – 𝛿𝒽 𝑆𝒽1 + Ω ℛ𝒽1 )| +
𝒩𝒽 +𝒜 𝒩𝒽 +𝒜
𝛼 𝛽 (𝓅,𝓆) 𝑆 𝐼 𝛼 𝛽 (𝓅,𝓆) 𝑆 𝐼
|( 𝒽 𝓋𝒩 +𝒜 𝒽 𝓋 – 𝜚𝐼𝒽 – 𝛿𝒽 𝐼𝒽 ) − ( 𝒽 𝓋 𝒩 +𝒜𝒽1 𝓋1 – 𝜚𝐼𝒽1 – 𝛿𝒽 𝐼𝒽1 )| + |(𝜚𝐼𝒽 − Ω ℛ𝒽 − 𝛿𝒽 ℛ𝒽 ) −
𝒽 𝒽
(𝜚𝐼𝒽1 − Ω ℛ𝒽1 − 𝛿𝒽 ℛ𝒽1 )|

2𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋
≤ | 𝑆𝒽 𝐼𝓋 − 𝑆𝒽1 𝐼𝓋1 | + 2 𝜚|𝐼𝒽 − 𝐼𝒽1 | + 2 Ω| ℛ𝒽 − ℛ𝒽1 | + 𝛿𝒽 | 𝑆𝒽 − 𝑆𝒽1 |
𝒩𝒽 + 𝒜
+ 𝛿𝒽 | 𝐼𝒽 − 𝐼𝒽1 | + 𝛿𝒽 | ℛ𝒽 − ℛ𝒽1 |

.
2𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋
≤( 𝒬 + 𝛿𝒽 ) | 𝑆𝒽 − 𝑆𝒽1 | + (2 𝜚 + 𝛿𝒽 )|𝐼𝒽 − 𝐼𝒽1 | + (2Ω + 𝛿𝒽 )| ℛ𝒽 − ℛ𝒽1 |
𝒩𝒽 + 𝒜
2𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋
≤ 𝐾‖𝑋 − 𝑌‖, where 𝐾 =max { 𝒬 + 𝛿𝒽 , 2 𝜚 + 𝛿𝒽 , 2Ω + 𝛿𝒽 }
𝒩𝒽 +𝒜

As a result, the function 𝐻(𝑋) fulfils the requirements of the Lipschitz criterion for 𝑋 =
(𝑆𝒽 , 𝐼𝒽 , ℛ𝒽 ) 𝜖 ℜ and hence it leads to the exisitence and uniqueness of the solution of system
(9)-(13).

4.3. Boundedness and non- negativity of solution

Our primary focus on our system is on solution’s non-negative and boundedness. Now
consider the regions ℜ+ = {(𝑆𝒽 , 𝐼𝒽 , ℛ𝒽 ) 𝜖 ℜ: 𝑆𝒽 , 𝐼𝒽 , ℛ𝒽 𝜖ℝ+3 } are taken into consideration.

Theorem 4.2
The solution of the fractional-order system (9) – (13) is non-negative and bounded.

Proof

Let the initial conditions of the system (9)-(13) be 𝑆𝒽 ≥ 0, 𝐼𝒽 ≥ 0 and ℛ𝒽 ≥ 0. Consider 𝑁𝒽 =

𝑆𝒽 + 𝐼𝒽 + ℛ𝒽 where 𝑁𝒽 is the entire human population.
CF
𝐷𝑡𝑝 (𝑆𝒽 + 𝐼𝒽 + ℛ𝒽 ) ≤ 𝜑𝒽 − 𝛿𝒽 (𝑆𝒽 + 𝐼𝒽 + ℛ𝒽 )
 ≤ 𝜑𝒽 − 𝛿𝒽 𝑁𝒽

≤ 𝜑𝒽 as 𝑁𝒽 ≥ 0

It becomes positive symmetrical, the affected people’s inhabitance demonstrates,

𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋 𝑆𝒽 𝐼𝓋
CF
𝐷𝑡𝑝 𝐼𝒽 (𝑡) ≤ – (𝜚 + 𝛿𝒽 )𝐼𝒽
𝒩𝒽 +𝒜

Thus, the quantity of affected individuals will decline of CF𝐷𝑡𝑝 𝐼𝒽 (𝑡) ≤ 0, while disease rates will
𝑝
rise if CF𝐷𝑡 𝐼𝒽 (𝑡) > 0, leading to an expansive epidemic.

As a consequence, every solution to the fractional-order system (9) – (13) whose initial
conditions begin in the region ℜ+ is bounded and located in the region {(𝑆𝒽 + 𝐼𝒽 +
𝜑𝒽
ℛ 𝒽 ) 𝜖 ℜ + : 𝑆 𝒽 + 𝐼𝒽 + ℛ 𝒽 ≤ }.
𝛿𝒽

4.4. Dynamical behavior

The Jacobian matrix for the system (9)-(13) is,

−𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋 𝐼𝓋 – 𝛿𝒽 0 Ω 0 − 𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋 𝑆𝒽
𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋 𝐼𝓋 −𝜚 − 𝛿𝒽 0 0 𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋 𝑆𝒽
J= 0 𝜚 −Ω − 𝛿𝒽 0 0 (15)
0 −𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 𝑆𝓋 0 −𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 𝐼𝒽 −𝛿𝓋 − ϒ 0
( 0 𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 𝑆𝓋 0 𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 𝐼𝒽 −𝛿𝓋 − ϒ )

By focusing on the without sickness equilibrium values for the System (9)-(13) is
𝜑𝒽 𝜑𝓋
𝐸0 = ( , 0, 0, 𝛿 , 0) , we form the below matrix
𝛿𝒽 𝓋 +ϒ

– 𝛿𝒽 0 Ω 0 − 𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋 𝜑𝒽 ⁄ 𝛿𝒽
0 −𝜚 − 𝛿𝒽 0 0 𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋 𝜑𝒽 ⁄ 𝛿𝒽
0) 0 𝜚 −Ω − 𝛿𝒽 0 0
J(𝐸 = (16)
0 −𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 𝜑𝓋 ⁄𝛿𝓋 + ϒ 0 −𝛿𝓋 − ϒ 0
( 0 𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 𝜑𝓋 ⁄𝛿𝓋 + ϒ 0 0 −𝛿𝓋 − ϒ )

For the above matrix to find the eigen value |J – λI|, which is
 − 𝛿𝒽 − 𝜆 0 Ω 0 − 𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋 𝜑𝒽 ⁄ 𝛿𝒽
0 −𝜚 − 𝛿𝒽 − 𝜆 0 0 𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋 𝜑𝒽 ⁄ 𝛿𝒽
| |
|J – λI| = 0 𝜚 −Ω − 𝛿𝒽 − 𝜆 0 0 (17)
| |
0 −𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 𝜑𝓋 ⁄𝛿𝓋 + ϒ 0 −𝛿𝓋 − ϒ − 𝜆 0
( 0 𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 𝜑𝓋 ⁄𝛿𝓋 + ϒ 0 0 −𝛿𝓋 − ϒ − 𝜆 )

−𝜚 − 𝛿𝒽 − 𝜆 0 0 𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋 𝜑𝒽 ⁄ 𝛿𝒽
𝜚 −Ω − 𝛿𝒽 − 𝜆 0 0
|J − λI| = (− 𝛿𝒽 − 𝜆) | |
−𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 𝜑𝓋 𝛿𝓋 + ϒ
⁄ 0 −𝛿𝓋 − ϒ − 𝜆 0
( 𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 𝜑𝓋 ⁄𝛿𝓋 + ϒ 0 0 −𝛿𝓋 − ϒ − 𝜆 )

(18)

𝛼𝒽 𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 2 𝜑𝒽 𝜑𝓋
(− 𝛿𝒽 − 𝜆)(−Ω − 𝛿𝒽 − 𝜆)(−(𝛿𝓋 + ϒ) − 𝜆). [(−𝜚 − 𝛿𝒽 − 𝜆)(−𝛿𝓋 − ϒ − 𝜆) − ]=0
𝛿𝒽 (𝛿𝓋 + ϒ)

(19)

We get the eigen values 𝜆1 = −𝛿𝒽 , 𝜆2 = −(𝛿𝓋 + ϒ) , 𝜆3 = −(Ω + 𝛿𝒽 ) and the characteristic
equation is

𝛼𝒽 𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 2 𝜑𝒽 𝜑𝓋
𝜆2 + (𝜚 + 𝛿𝒽 + 𝛿𝓋 + ϒ)𝜆 + [(𝜚 + 𝛿𝒽 )(𝛿𝓋 + ϒ) − ]=0 (20)
𝛿𝒽 (𝛿𝓋 +ϒ)

From the equation (19) we derived the rate off spring rate ℛ0 for the our system (9) – (13),

𝛼𝒽 𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 2 𝜑𝒽 𝜑𝓋
ℛ0 = √ 2
𝛿𝒽 (𝛿𝓋 + ϒ) (𝜚 + 𝛿𝒽 )

4.5. Global stability of equilibration without-sickness

Theorem 4.3

The point of without sickness equilibrium 𝐸 0 is global stability if ℛ0 < 1 while ℛ0 > 1, then

𝐸 0 will be unstable.

Proof

If the above condition (15-20) is fulfilled by each of the Jacobian matrix singular values
0
𝐽(𝐸 ) with eigenvales 𝜆𝑖 , i = 1,2,3,4,5. Afterwards without sickness equilibrium is locally
feasible.
 𝛼𝜋
|arg (𝜆𝑖 )| >
2
The Jacobian matrix 𝐽(𝐸 0 ) eigen value are 𝜆1 = −𝛿𝒽 , 𝜆2 = −(𝛿𝓋 + ϒ) and 𝜆3 = −(Ω + 𝛿𝒽 ), the
quadratic equation produces the other two roots

𝜆2 + (𝜚 + 𝛿𝒽 + 𝛿𝓋 + ϒ)𝜆 + (𝜚 + 𝛿𝒽 )(𝛿𝓋 + ϒ)[1 − ℛ20 ] = 0

𝛼𝒽 𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 2 𝜑𝒽 𝜑𝓋
Where ℛ0 = √𝛿 2 (𝜚+ 𝛿
𝒽 (𝛿𝓋 +ϒ) 𝒽)

Hence the characteristic polynomial has only negative eigen value when ℛ0 < 1 and the Eigen
𝛼𝜋
values finally abide by the requirements |arg (𝜆𝑖 )| > for i = 1,2,3,4,5.
2

As a result, globally the disease free equilibrium is approximately normal when ℛ0 < 1 and is
instability otherwise.

5. Numerical Simulations

Here, we have examined the computational techniques and approximation results by

employing Adams bash-forth in terms of Moulton technique [24].
𝓅
𝐷𝑡 ℊ(𝑡) = 𝜗(𝓉, ℊ(𝓉)), 0 ≤ 𝓉 ≤ 𝑇,
𝒿
ℊ( 𝒿) (0) = ℊ0 , 𝒿 = 0,1,2, … , 𝑚 − 1, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚 = [𝓅]

The solution is same as the Volterra’s integral solution:

( 𝒿) 𝓉𝒿 1 𝓉
ℊ(𝓉) = ∑𝑚−1
𝒿=0 ℊ0 + ∫ (𝓉 − 𝓈)𝓅−1 𝜗(𝓈, 𝑦(𝓈))𝑑𝓈. (21)
𝒿! ᴦ(𝓅) 0

The fractional order dengue epidemic model was developed by Diethelm et al. with parameters
𝜇 = 𝑇⁄𝒩 , 𝓉𝓃 = 𝓃𝜇, and 𝓃 = 0, 1, 2, . . . , 𝒩 ∈ 𝑍 + , (19) could be splitted as follows [24]
𝑝 𝑝
𝜇𝓅 𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋 𝑆𝑛+1 𝑌𝑛+1 𝑝 𝑝
𝑆𝓃+1 = 𝑆0 + (𝜑𝒽 – – 𝛿𝒽 𝑆𝑛+1 + Ωℛ𝑛+1 )
ᴦ(𝓅+2) 𝒩𝒽 +𝒜

𝜇𝓅 𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋 S𝓀 Y𝓀
+ ᴦ(𝓅+2) ∑𝓃
𝓀=0 𝑎𝓀,𝓃+1 (𝜑𝒽 – 𝒩𝒽 +𝒜
– 𝛿𝒽 S𝓀 + Ωℛ𝓀 )

𝑝 𝑝
𝜇𝓅 𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋 𝑆𝑛+1 𝑌𝑛+1 𝑝 𝑝
𝐼𝑛+1 = 𝐼0 + ( – 𝜚𝐼𝑛+1 – 𝛿𝒽 𝐼𝑛+1 )
ᴦ(𝓅+2) 𝒩𝒽 +𝒜
 𝜇𝓅 𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋 S𝓀 Y𝓀
+ ᴦ(𝓅+2) ∑𝓃
𝓀=0 𝑎𝓀,𝓃+1 ( – 𝜚𝐼𝓀 – 𝛿𝒽 𝐼𝓀 )
𝒩𝒽 +𝒜

𝜇𝓅 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
ℛ𝑛+1 = ℛ0 + (𝜚𝐼𝑛+1 − Ωℛ𝑛+1 − 𝛿𝒽 ℛ𝑛+1 )
ᴦ(𝓅+2)

𝜇𝓅
+ ∑𝓃
𝓀=0 𝑎𝓀,𝓃+1 (𝜚𝐼𝓀 − Ωℛ𝓀 − 𝛿𝒽 ℛ𝓀 )
ᴦ(𝓅+2)

𝑝 𝑝
𝜇𝓅 𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 𝑋𝑛+1 𝐼𝑛+1 𝑝 𝑝
𝑋𝑛+1 = 𝑋0 + (𝜑𝓋 − − 𝛿𝓋 𝑋𝑛+1 − ϒ 𝑋𝑛+1 )
ᴦ(𝓅+2) 𝒩𝒽 +𝒜

𝜇𝓅 𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 X𝓀 I𝓀
+ ∑𝓃
𝓀=0 𝑎𝓀,𝓃+1 (𝜑𝓋 − − 𝛿𝓋 X 𝓀 − ϒ X 𝓀 )
ᴦ(𝓅+2) 𝒩𝒽 +𝒜

𝑝 𝑝
𝜇𝓅 𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 𝑋𝑛+1 𝐼𝑛+1 𝑝 𝑝
𝑌𝑛+1 = 𝑌0 + ᴦ(𝓅+2) ( 𝒩𝒽 +𝒜
− 𝛿𝓋 𝑌𝑛+1 − ϒ 𝑌𝑛+1 )

𝜇𝓅 𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 X𝓀 I𝓀
+ ∑𝓃
𝓀=0 𝑎𝓀,𝓃+1 ( − 𝛿𝓋 𝑌𝓀 − ϒ 𝑌𝓀 )
ᴦ(𝓅+2) 𝒩𝒽 +𝒜

Where
𝓃
𝑝 1 𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋 S𝓀 Y𝓀
𝑆𝑛+1 = 𝑆0 + ∑ 𝑏𝓀,𝓃+1 (𝜑𝒽 – – 𝛿𝒽 S𝓀 + Ωℛ𝓀 )
ᴦ(𝑝) 𝒩𝒽 + 𝒜
𝓀=0

𝓃
𝑝 1 𝛼𝒽 𝛽𝓋 S𝓀 Y𝓀
𝐼𝑛+1 = 𝐼0 + ∑ 𝑏𝓀,𝓃+1 ( – 𝜚𝐼𝓀 – 𝛿𝒽 𝐼𝓀 )
ᴦ(𝑝) 𝒩𝒽 + 𝒜
𝓀=0

𝓃
𝑝 1
ℛ𝑛+1 = ℛ0 + ∑ 𝑏𝓀,𝓃+1 (𝜚𝐼𝓀 − Ωℛ𝓀 − 𝛿𝒽 ℛ𝓀 )
ᴦ(𝑝)
𝓀=0

𝓃
𝑝 1 𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 X 𝓀 I𝓀
X𝑛+1 = X0 + ∑ 𝑏𝓀,𝓃+1 (𝜑𝓋 − − 𝛿𝓋 X 𝓀 − ϒ X 𝓀 )
ᴦ(𝑝) 𝒩𝒽 + 𝒜
𝓀=0

𝓃
𝑝 1 𝛼𝓋 𝛽𝓋 X 𝓀 I𝓀
𝑌𝑛+1 = X0 + ∑ 𝑏𝓀,𝓃+1 ( − 𝛿𝓋 𝑌𝓀 − ϒ 𝑌𝓀 )
ᴦ(𝑝) 𝒩𝒽 + 𝒜
𝓀=0

𝓃𝛼+1 − (𝓃 − 𝛼)(𝓃 + 1), 𝓀 = 0,

𝑎𝓀,𝓃+1 = {(𝓃 − 𝓀 + 2)𝛼+1 + (𝓃 − 𝓀)𝛼+1 − 2(𝓃 − 𝓀 + 1)𝛼+1 , 1 ≤ 𝓀 ≤ 𝓃,
1, 𝓀 = 𝓃 + 1,
𝜇𝛼
𝑏𝓀,𝓃+1 = 𝛼
((𝓃 − 𝓀 + 1)𝛼 − (𝓃 − 𝓀)𝛼 ) , 0 ≤ 𝓀 ≤ 𝓃.
6. Result and Discussion

Here, we simulate the dengue fever framed model numerically using the Caputo Fabrizio
operator. The model system (9)–(13) as provided above is solved using the Adams–Bashworth
technique [23, 24].

Table 2

Symbols Baseline values

𝜑𝓋 0.0071
𝜑𝒽 0.057
𝒜 0.02
𝛿𝒽 0.00042
𝛿𝓋 0.2
𝛼𝒽 0.0047
𝛼𝓋 0.00113
𝜚 0.00274
Ω 0.01692
ϒ 0.09529
𝛽𝓋 0.5
𝓅 0.4
𝓆 0.3

According to NCVBDC (National Center for Vector Borne Disease Control) we have collected
the dengue disease infected patients and number of death statistics in the region Andra Pradesh
which is located at the country India has been shown in table 2.

Fig.2 Fig.3 Fig.4

 Fig.5 Fig.6 Fig.7

We simulate the disease numerically. As fractional order increase the susceptible and infected
populations will fall, recovery populations will move up, and after the insect repellent
intervention, susceptible and infected mosquito populations will gradually reduce with different
fractional orders, as illustrated in figs. 2 – 4. Without insect repellents intervention, the infection
rates will rise, as seen in figures 5 – 7.

Figures 8 through 10 represent an infection simulation and show that the use of mosquito nets
reduces mosquito bites, significantly reducing the disease spread rate from people to mosquitoes
and from mosquitoes to individuals. A slight decline in human and mosquito infection is
accompanied by a fractional order increases. Even without the application of mosquito nets, as
considered by Figs. 11 to 12.

Fig.8 Fig.9 Fig.10

 Fig.11 Fig.12 Fig.13

7. Conclusion

In this work, we have investigated the fractional-order dengue disease mathematical model
involving mosquito nets and repellents. We have adapted Caputo-Fabrizio operator on this
system for qualitative data analysis. Following this, we have analyzed the stability of the system
through its equilibrium points in which it exists only when ℛ0 < 1. The Lipchitz condition has
been applied to gain survival and oneness of results of the system. The Adams – Bashforth
scheme is hired to solve an approximate response of the fractional-order dengue model. The
numerical simulation we have shown here demonstrates that the collective effects of fractional
ordering, repellents, and mosquito net use reduces the quantity of infected mosquitoes and also
lowers the individual spending costs. These numerical simulations clearly show that when insect
repellents are not performed, a lot of healthy persons acquire the illness. Hence numerical
simulations prove the analytical results. Thus, we draw the conclusion that increasing in the
intensity of mosquito control measures will minimize the number of infected mosquitoes,
therefore saving human lives.

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