BINOMIAL THEORE

, 1 I) ( I)
\f J (JN

I
,,,, ' (

' ( 1

• ,
ft a}
(' ~ ') ,fn ,._ odd
( \' ,) IS

• hep: hand m
a1 t n
term

S.
.,...
,,
• IJW'nr:n11rcrmm1hc~onof(1+aJ (.-+a)
ifn is odd.
(r a) asn/2ifn ■

W.£.1: TII, 11•111/J,r of'M'JWi■

of (x+ 2y) (x 2

M. The number of terms

2
·- . , . 0 1term 111 (I t) ,~
20
l, J ' 2
r. ( an: calb:f binormal .....2: Tl,1 , , . ,,,.,,, "' . .
II
~tlnedbm lh,: oparwon of ( x + a J I 1¥ 3z2
tttnom1,l ,ocfl,c,enrs ~hu;h an:
the begmJg. and from rhe .... I

l "(. "CII
( 6. Mid• t11a lfnas
middle lomll m tho o
tfl) Tht~-. f( a) a,ld {t1 .r) we
oqual but dlti, laJXd ion.~ mi cx1ual

(x-o)'' ~( I}' "l~x" 'a'

whichani(n2 '] a("
7. Ifn • oven thore wiD be
="t:;I' - "~a+• er ~ ( IJ" "C,11' 1n tho expanaaon of (x +
The,eneraJtmnoftbiseKpWJOn •
r" __,,_, r
T,+1 = ( - I ) C,..i- o !!+J
2 tam
 •s odd. there arc two greatest binomial n en crm: The term
ln<lcpendent of x in the expansion of
icients in the expansion of (x + af,
nc ncn+I ( a;cfl +-;-b )" is
and also
are TI
2
Tr+l-- "CrQ n-rbr , W here

r- np .
- -+-(mteger)
p q
~ even, there is only one greatest binomial Note: The coefficient ofthe term independent of
f,
(I+ r (I+-;Jis
~cient in the expansion of (x + a
X in the expansion of X

(m+ n)c,,
2
lie middle term of ( 1- 3x +3x 2 - x3) " W.E-6: The term independent of x in the
10
x+l x- 1
expansion of (
X
213
-X
113
+1 x - x l /2
1 is
x) 3)2n
=(1-x )6n
113 X
1/2
+1]10
6
1/J
Sol. = [ (x +1) x1 12
dle term= ( ; +1] 6
term = C3,, (-x )3"
"

= (xl/3 +1-1 - X - 112 )'° = ( xi '3 - X - 112 )'°

The coefficient of the middle term in
binomial expansion in powers of x of
If (r + it term is the term independent of
axf and of (I-ax)6 is the same if 1 113
x then r = O( ) = 4
1/3+1/2
·. · The term independent ofx is
1
°
T5 = C4 (-1)4 =1°C4 =210
3 11. i) The term containing the coefficient of xk
10
The middle term in the expansion of in the expansion of (axP +.!!_)"is
Xq T r+I

_) ]2n •
- IS 1.e, "C n-rbr where
X ra '
np-k
1h r= + (integer)
2 p q
'ddle term =[( n) + 1] term
2 ii) 'r'th term from end in the expansion of
( x + y )" is ( n - r + 2) th term from the
+I== 2n c n (-1)"
begining.

ddletenn- l.3.5 ...... (2n-l) (-2)" iii)The coefficient of x' in ( 1+ x )"' ( 1+ x )"
n! is (m+n) c,
 13. Binomial Theorem for lrratinnnl tem1,
e, fjicient of x" in the expansion The no.of rational terms in the expansion of
£,-12: The co :11
3) 6rs.
J
2 ,
of (1- x-x ,x
() +bi L5 [ L.cm; {t,k}] when none
,)6
l, :o:(l- x/(1-.r" of I and k is a factor of'n' and
~cient of x' when at least one of land k is a factor of n is
co eJJJ 6
~(-'C,x-'C)+(-'C, x+ c,)
[ L.c.m ; {I, k} ] +1where [.] greatest integer
+(-6Cs>< - 6C1)
function.
- 120 - 300 +36 == -144
-: ri'cally greatest. term: . f W.E-14: The number of i"ational terms in
•
,ume. Uy greatest term mthe expansion o 100
Nurnenca .. .
where O is a pos1t1ve mterger.
(efs +efi) is
0
(1+ X)
~ == p (an integer), then pth term
If 1+ IX I r == 12,36.60,84
t
d (p + 1 term are the two numerically
The number ofrational terms= 4
; eatest tenns in tbe expansion of (1 +x)"
No. of irrational terms= IO 1-4 =97
Also Itpl=Itp·1 I. \\',E-15: If 11 is a positive integer, then

If~ +1) IX I == p + F where p is an integer (fi+i)'" -("3-i)'" is

1+Ix I .
and O< F < 1, then (p + It tenn IS the
numericallygreatest term in the expansion of ("3+1)"-("3-i)'"
(I +x)".
Greatest Term: If the greatest term in the Sol. = 2[ ''C, (fir'+'' C, (fi)'"-' +....]

expansion of (I +x )2nhas also greatest is an irrational number

n n+I
coefficient, then - < x < - MULTINOMIAL THEOREM
n +I n 0
1
14. The expansion of (a1 + a2 + a3 + ... +ar) is
; Thegreatest te1m in the expansion of (1+ x )2"-
has also greatest coefficient, then called multinomial theorem
15. Thenumberofterms in
n- 1 n+l
- < x< -
11 +1 11 - 1
(n-;-r-1)
Cr-I
(
nE
N) .
.E-JJ: .\umerically the greatest term i11 the
,
expansion of (2+3x)9 when x = ~ is W.E-16: Thenumberoftermsintheexpansion
2'
of (a + b + C +dr is
oL {2+- 3xt-= t[i +3:rlQ . r-6
- Sol Put r =4 in above formulae c+r-l er)( n EN)
2
No. of terms (n + I)(n + 2)(n + 3)
So, greatest tem1 -= t T __
7 x_J_'.1 3!
' b•I
2
 ,r.E•l 7: Tlw ,111111ber of distinct terms ;,, W.E-19: Find coefficie t
n of J:',
( {l + b + c + d + e/ is Sol. General term in the .
Sol. r - 5. n = 3 IO! g1v
- 2b3c .xh•2.-
,urnbcroftenns= ,tt· 'Cr-, =35 a !b !c !

Here a+b+c::: 10 and

16• i) The genera Itenn in the expansion of b+ia
b+ 2c = 6 if (b c)-(
· - 6 0) (
' '2 2:
As a+b+c::: 10 ,

So (a, b, c) == (4 6 O) (6
' ' · ,2,2),(
Coefficient of x6 is su
,,here 111+n2 +.... +np=11 Illof
ii) Coefficient of above triplets i.e. (a,b,c)
coefficient
lg apbqcr
xpyqzr in( ax+ by+ CZ is r p!q!r!
10!
= -4,-612
6 10! IO
+-6121212232 +-!.243
. . · · · 5!4! ·
where p + q + r =n
W.E-20: Find sum of rati
"'.E-18: Tire coefficient of a3b4c5 in the
expansion of (a+ b +cf· is
Sol. The coefficient of a 3b4c 5 in the expansion of S 1G
o . eneral term of given \,; ,
I:! 12 ! e1ans10
( a+b+c) = 27720
=-- 10! ~ I!.. l.
= 22JJ.56
3!4!5! a!,B!y!
(ill): The greatest coefficient in the expansion of
11!
Here, a+ ,B + r = 10 and a p.,.
' ' re
(x, +x2 + .. +xkr is (q!t'[(q+l)!J \\here q also a,,B,y E /

and rare quotient and remainder respectively Also for the ex.istense ofra ·II, <:ill,

when n is divided by k.
a ,B y .
(iv): Coefficient of xr in (a+ bx+ cx + dr 3 +.. 1
J, 2 ,3 ,6 must be an mteger.
"here n EN and a.b,c,d ... E c, can be So, the possible values of a
detennined by writing the expansion of above 69
multinomial. a =0, 2, 4" 6, 810 ' /J=O,J, ,

J
( a + bx + cx 2 + dr: 3 •.• So, only possible pairs of
I. • I I . II I

_- I----na
n!
a!,B!y!o!. ...
bfJ er .... _/1-17-36 -
and (10,0,0)
Here, coefficient of x· is coefficient ofthat tern.ls :. The sum ofall three
in the aboYe eA"pansions, which follow the given
two conditions i.e .. a+ ,B-r r +8 + ... = n and
/J+2y+38+ ... =r
Where a ,/3. r. o..... all belongs to non negative = IO! ( 56)+ 32
integral solutions. 4!6!
 Binomial coefficients:
Pu1111111~ ·· .
properties of Binomial c . i111L:tp111l1011( l)nwl(II)
coefficients: Summation of series
( II I Cli (' (' I I (
· usin~ multinominl coefficients I I .. ( I I / )"

consider the CApansions. =2;(l'o.,!!!!.. • -

1 ; SIii
11 H)
•I 4
I +.r)" ==Ci,+ C1., + C, x" + .... + C1 r"....... ( .1) ... (5)
au +a/ - ai- ui1 •la,..... - (1 I I ·t / )"
r
+ r+/ == Oo + al.r +cl:·""+ .... + a;., -"2n···· · .. ( B) -
- I
•II
=- COS· 11,r
' . -
-··I /Slll
/ITT

Putting\== I in nbO\ c c\.pansions 2 2

Co+C,+(+ .... +Cn =~"l ... ...(1) 6) Put x =-i incquation (A) and (B)
.,+o+a,+ .... +a1,,= 3
"O I •
f
e: Soro detemune sum of coefficients of any
1 multinomial identity. substitute all variable value
ro unit)
10
Eg: Sum ofcoefficients of (x + 2y + .r2) is
I
10
5wnofcoefficients =(1 + 2 + 1)1°
=4 = ( - ,·)" II Jr
= cos- . . 17,r
- ,sm-
2 2

-Jx]IO
l --i
Equating real parts of LHS and RHS in (5)
' {

Eg: 3 +4 2 J = ( 1+ 1)
10
=2
10
7)
n
- mr
• X Jx C0 -C2 +C4 .... = 22 cos-
Byputtmg 3-; = 4T = 1 4 ... (7)
By putting x =-1 we get sum of all Oo -a2 +a4 .... = Re ( l·") =COS-
mr
2
coefficeients with alternate sign
This result is sum of even multinomial
C -C TC2 .... +(- 1r en= ... 2 o} ( ) coefficients with aJtemate sign.
aJ- al + a2 - a3... +a2n = 1
8) Equating imaginary parts ofLHS andRHS of
~~ing x= I and x=-1 and then on adding and
(5)
dIV1ded by 2 we get sum ofeven multinomial
coefficients.
or on adding ( 1) and (2) and then divided by
two we get SUm even multinomial coefficients.
co+cl +c4.... = r' }
ao+ al + ... + a 2n = 3" + 1 ... (3) This result is sum ofodd mull inomiaI coefficients
21 C
with alternate signs.
Putfmg x== I and · expansion and
· given
then b . x=- 1 m 9) On adding (3) and (7) and then result is divided
su btractmg th e tw O expansions
divided .
I and then by 2 we get
coefficie~~o we get sum ofodd multinomial
II
2" - I + 2 2 COS
( l7![)
o: subtractin (
divided b g. 2) from (I) and then result 4
Y2 gives f . . C0 + C-1 + C8 + ... · == 2 ... (9)
COefficients. sumo odd multmomtal
CI +CI
11
3 +I
--+cos ·· (n!T)
- n I
2 2
 10) On subrrncring (7) from ( l J nud then 1c5ull rn
divided b) 2 ,, c get J r.1 , o •"

f fcrc 1,,,, 0 ,,tl <•J "fr- L.

u "' lull\: T<>of

4. /(f) !ftJ I
C
J rere L i, 1, I arc f'O(•t., Mi
JI) On adding (4) and (8) and then result is dhided i.e .. ,t• - l
b) 2. \\ c get No te: Similarly by ,I' root~ r,f

2~ ~
2:• sm
. (m.) detcm1inc q, +a.... a. +.

C + c. + C-g + .... = '}

t 4
=
f(l)+ /(a)+ J(a·J + fir,
.. (11) ll
r-1 .Lsm. (',✓7)
-
2 2
where l.a,a: ..... .a"' are n root
a0 + a, + a9 + ... = ofunity
2
12) On subtracting (8) from (4) and then result is 5. (0 o - 0 2 +a.,- ... /+ (0 • -a1 +a
divided by 2, we gel. J(i)f (-i)
here LHS is square ofmodulus of, ,
is equal to J(i)f (-i).
\\1.E-21: The sum of the series
20co _20 c, +lO Ci _20 C .J.., .•• _ _

2
13) An taking modulus of(5) and then squaring
both sides.

(Ce -C2 ..-C, ... .)2 + (C, -Cl+ Cs ... f =/(1 + irr = 2w]
2
{a0 -a:.+a4 ... ) +(a,-aJ+a5 .•.. )
. ,-~,2 =I
=1
.. ( 13)
1 • idtinomfal a identity ....
ff/ (x) is any polynomial function which is . wC wC ic• C~
• • 0 I -t ~
expansion ofany multinomial raised to so me
power. ~.i. we·
- 10
2
I (X) = ( (J + bx + cx 1 r
~) = (JO + a,x + U2Xl + ... + ll2,,X1n J9. Typos of identities:
#fbo vc cq uait on is idcnt iy in x and 111 the cx1xtnsiou.
,..a2,, arc multinomial cocnicicnl s.

J(l) 1- f( - 1)
- - , here 1,- I i.m.:
2
x2 =1 arc generally w1itten as C0, Cr, C2, CJ, ......
_ I (i) + l (-i) ( l+x)" =CO +C,·+C
,,,.. "'+ ..... +Cx",
2•'- n ..... (I)
G4•· -
2
; and - i are root.<; of ., x+ +C ...•..(2)
 - ( ( (
' \) fllll••tA,
,. ,
( t
\ \
C C ( f f

'
t. \ t '
I} (
kequwwun '
( I) < (~)
\
l
\
, 0
' When the tcma ,. ., idaltly ( r •
t
,: 1, ...ttt
(c + +C
C
product of. runcrical(,.., .....,a
' (.
~'\: ,, ll'
f"'L..\\G" ~fm ~ I wD,tlld)
2 ...
biromial coeff£iel• then diffa.••••• •
~ JXlS'lll\'C ('(Jl15ider ( I) & ( ) used.
\\orki,gRule
c ~cr+C.r + (I) If numencal oflast term• mthat wtilc
m=nq+r. then
' * +C,.
(2)rcplaced .t by x• inthegJVen.,..lnd
•I - ( ' .A. .+Cx" +C r rruhiplying both sides ofthe tXJ)l'CSIIOft bJ
-{ J + . .. (ti x'.
(3) Differentiating w.r. t. x and pul t I or ,
'"' & Wil , . Big diC weftti.i&S of
<itf ~-~ or -1. ...... according to the given senes.
on both sides
(4) ifproductcontaim two nwnerica1'. dnc
l CC +CC +CC,: + .... +C,._,C,. numerDls, ... n ~ then di&.CIIIIM
Requrcdsum twice, three, ... n times respectively.
C =(1n)' (n-r)!{n+r)! Now we shall d ~ some i1lmtrarive
situatioffi.
c~ me identity 1
.. cc -C:C.: + .... +C., C• = "C•-, I) Generalterm: (n+ l)C,.

, =I Form : m = nq+r ,(n+ l)C,. = n.l + I

::) ~ ...c:;c; +_ +CIHC,, =)ICIH Procedure: i .D (D mcam difiaacitli,g w.tt x)
r=1
=>CC ..-CC +... +C._ 1C. -
_:.c .-2
W.1-M:If (l+xr =C.+C.-r+. +C✓....
r;O
C,+2C,+JC,+. +(•+l)C. •
• z i ( 2n)! Sol,Mu~ly both sides by x.
⇒C +C +C +..... +C. = -
. n!.n!
Z.11:t:,.., .r(J+.rr c_.i+~+C,r+ +
·c,.•r
"I
•r ·c,.·"1+
+·c••'1+ •r •r
•r ..... +'"t•"", Di8ilaltillil w.r.u
Smnofbwer &Uffix r • .r.-(1 .,J •+(1+.rr
~
C. +2<;.r+ +(I+•)~
Put
 ' /, I

\\U• 2 • I , 1 I ' J I 'i I , I // I :,

t,, ,t / ,;,,~,, 111,.,1,11,, 1l11 •111111,l11plyl11g l,y X 1111,/ IIJlltill II ( - ' I)" I •( \ I I)" (
d,11:,,u 11;111111,, ( I • 2(
( ( :, I II I ( I t" I I l
I ,,,,,.,t (~)
J I
//
{ II
( I 1(111
) )
11
1(11,J ,1 I}
A,111 cq111,tc<'ncllicc, 1 f
., I (I ,t',, /0 L.
I ' 'i ( '
,( I I " ' ~ I •• , I I/
J '
" ,, J'}.:I n"'"h~
. II 111 / ( , ( ,,
I :, f'l:q1ii11..: d 1•,, pn·~N11111 ,1(1111) ,t 1
1'111 ., , . II I I I 2( •/ 4 1(•1
l i
.... MrU11,f.J:
2 I • ,, . ,·,;ruuo,,
/
,,, 1/('4,
,J) ( ;,,u,•,·ul ic 1'11t ; ( II I) II ( '.,
1
'W/J(...11 II,c n,11 nc1 ie:tl!-1 ' C(:
1'1 cu·,•clun•
11:111 ,1 of Ihe biw ,rni;tl C<>cffl!r~ JrJ the d~~
: I ).I>
T ICICO(
\\',1/,-26: (1 ,J)f') I ( 1 1)<'1 1,.. I (11 l) .11< ', ., IS ll 1:,c;d. ~. ' l!eg,
Nol, I >illl'I ~111 i111 i11g I win• I lit· plven ~q11111 iu11 Working Huie:-

:, II (11 1)(1 •i ,\ r J
( ii V<,;11 ( I I 1 )" r ;, • ('
·1·~ct 1 111t q?-atc h,,th bidc15 bctwc1.1J ~
I
c 1 (,
,,
,
I., ,H

( I -' ) <' • 1 ( 2. \) < ·, , 1 .. .. , ( 11 I ) ,, <',, .. I " i HI 111 ;1 1>1<; 11m11 and. 't 1
. I h . itii ct "t
, 11;1111r11 HI ums I. cy give the rcquirr.. ,
Pnl .1 1 :i 1~ . . q11in:d l'Xpn·~~1011
.. J , •'. , ,. ~ f.(;
Ni1f un· oI H <'II ,,,cs : the identity,
11( II I ).2" 1
• C<,nta
only I v<~ signs
: ( 211 I I) ( '.,
f ulcgn,Hon I .imil :J,,r' (.)dx
Fo1111 : !11 1 I ,I 11. i
l'l'Ol't 1chll't1 : l{L pl:1cc x l>y
1
Ii Hc•,,uircd Sum
W,IC-27: ('11 :1c·, 1 ~<'i .. 1( 1)"(211 •11)c,, i.~
W.E-29: ff ( l Ix)" C0 -1 C,xt ... +C.x', thtn
Soi Rl'plncl! ,\ by I J in (1 1 .r)" rxp:111sio111111cl ", (

11url1 iply111g by x :111cl Iltc11 I )1/lne11I iuli11g w.,.I.

L . '1 is c.·,, uaJ to
, 11 I I·

~ ol'giw11 l'<jlllll ion 2"'' 2"'' -I

1) - 2)-
.\'., ll, ( II I .1 ) " I 2.1 I ( I I I 1 )'' n 1· 1 n+I
J
c;, 1 1c 1' 1 sc·,.l''•1 ....., (2., 1l)C,,1 ' 11
3)(1111)
1
4) none of these
1'111 x i in :1how equal ion, we gl'I
Sol. Given
~ ( II .l<', I SC! .... I( I)" (211 I ') c,, ()
( I I x)" c,, I C,x j C2x 2 + .... + c.x· . . ,/1)
\v.l,281 l :val1111h• 1 2
C1 ·I 2( •: I J('~ +..... I 11C',:
lntergrating both sides of(J) from Oto I
Sol. Olvcn c,1 , .Jc;
;, -I
1
Jc \ 11C,,' ...... (ti)
/, ~nJ k'rm II
1

c,;
1 ..... 1
(I _
1-X )'"'
111-I
I
C,xf -2+ ... ..+
c·,x 2 ¥.;j''
CI
n
H

+I
o
"
C C C 2""'-I
fl-+.:r)1' c" .,.<·,x + c2.r 2 + ....... ., c,,.r" C
:> "-+ 2
' ! 3, ➔ ....
+ n +"I - -
- n+I ,
th sides by .r 11 1111<.1 dilfon.:nlialc 2)Nature of identities: Iflhc identity contains
cllo .x alkrnate "+,-' sign
()
( '
I -"(' . ·I .1('l + Atl( I
I l \ \'
lnfcgration Limit ;J(.)dx
, I 11(, ,.\ 11 1
... , .. ( I) •I
Rc.•quired Sum
( III'\' II I ('
I '
,,, I
·I ... .I. C'II . . . . . . . . (2) 0

(' , .. , +
nfLr 1.\+ .C" x")tix
 4)Nature or•'d entities· lfth .d
C -C, C2
- +- - .... = C C . .. y
e l entittt contains
£-JO: o 2 3 i, 3,Cs ........
n+l Integration Limit
3 b)-
;;i 3
a)
2} [JO1( )dx - fo(I )dx]
I d) none of these Required Sum
. ~
c) 3(11+1)
W.E-32: The value of c,2 + C43 + Cs6 +..... to
I. GivCO
(l+x)" ~c;, +~x+C,x' +.... +C,x' ..... (1) n terms, is equal to
Integrating both sides of (1) from-1 to 0 2" -1 2n l
a ) - b)- +
r, (
.j.°, (I +x )" dx ~ C0 + C,x + C,x' + .... + C,x" )dx n+l
None
n+I
0
Cx2 n+IC x1+1 0 Sol. We know that from examples (29) and (30)
~1+X
( ~ )
==C0x+I-+ ... +n -
n+l 2 n+ I - 1 cl C2 C3 c4 2n+I -1
-1 C0 +-+ -+- +-+ .... - -...... (1)
2 3 4 5 n+l
Requjred identities
c0 _c, + c2 _ C3 + C4 +.... -
-....)-(_
- n!__)
1 ... (2)
==
( 2
C C2
Co - 1 +3 +l
=_! _
(n +I)
2 3 4 5
_
-...
n+l

:. (c) is correct
cl C3 C5 2n -1
. . .
Nature ofidentities: If the 1dent1ty contams (1)- (2) ⇒ -+ -+-+ .... = - -
2 4 6 n+l
5) Nature of identities: If the denominator of
Co,C2,C4, .....
binomial contains product two numericals.
I

Integration Limit:
-I
J(.)ck Integration Limit: J: ( )dx &
Required Sum : again integrate with a
' I coeficients there is product of two numericals
equired sum : J(C, + C, .x + ···· + C,x' )dx C0 C, C2 C3
11 - 23 +14 - 4.5 - ....
I
W.E-33: Evaluate

to (n +1) terms.
2" 2 -1 2n + 1
11
Sol. Consider
a) n+I b) n+l c) n+l d) None 3
(l+x r =C0 +C1x+C2/+C 3x +...
r
ol.Given (l +X =Co+ C,x + .... + C,1x (1) 11
....
Integrating equation (1) w.:. t x, .talcing limits
from Oto x and interchangmg Sldes
Integrating equation (1) w.r.t x from -1 to 1.

[(t+x)" dx ⇒ J:( c, + c,x+ c,x' + c,x' +.. }ix

: : f1(Co+C1x+C x2 +... +C"xn)dx 2

==2t(co+C2x2 +C4X4 +... )d:x

-+-c4+
~c0 +ci
3 5 ..... --,,+-1
· (a) is corr,~
 Integrating equation (2), taking limits from -1 to
0. i i Ci
J) Co + C, + i + ............. + C i ,_ "

⇒ ( C .x+C1• x +c2 . x +C3 . x + ...

0
2
2

3
3

4
4
J m) Coi -c,i +c2.2 -cJi
n
+ ... + (- l)n . c2
-. "-tlc
"
n+I
"
( ) (- I) n / 2 n C,, .
l+x -l·····( 2)
n+J ={ 2 , if n is even
O, if n is odd
C0 C1 c 2 C3
⇒ - ( 1.2 -
)
2.3 + 3.4 - 4.5 + ... 2 2
n) a c0 +(a+ d).C1 +(a+ 2d).c 2 +
1 1 2
==--------
(n+I)(n+2) n+I
·········· + ( a+n d) .C n2 = (2a+ndJ
2 ·2n Cn
1-(n+2) -1
o) cocr +clcr+I + ...... .
= (n+l)(n+2) = n+2
G -.S_+_S__s_ _____ =_l_ + cn_rcn -_2n cn-r =2n cn+r
12 23 3.4 4.5 n+2 (2n)!
= (n-r)!(n+r)!
22. Properties of Binomial Coefficients
FmaJ Conclusion:

a) n
c0 + n
q+ n ~ + n <:i +..... + nc;, -_ 2 11 + ,,,Cr· "C0 = m+nc r

=0 q) (C0 +C1)(C1 +C2 ) ••••• (Cn-t +C,,)

b,,\ nCo- n c; + ns - n Cj +..... + (-l)n . n CII

(c0c;c2 .....C, _,C )(n+ 1)'1

1
neo +n~ +nc4 + ..... = nq +nG.3 + ...... = 2 n-1
11
c)
n!
d) n <; + 2. n s + 3 . ns + ... + n. nc,, = n. 2 n - 1 r) In the expansion of (1 + x r,
e) c0
Cl C2
+-x+-x 2
+ ... +Cn- x n = (I+xy+I_J
2 3 n +1 ( n + I )x ..s_ + 2 c 2
+ 3 C3 + ..... + n _s_ = n ( n + I )
Co Ct C2 C,,_, 2
Co
C C C C 2n+I -1
+-1..+-1_+_3 + ... +__!!_==--
s) Letf{x) beanypolynomialinx
2 3 4 n+l n+1 a. Sum of the coefficients= f{ 1)
b. Sum of the coefficients of even powers of

X=-----
f(I)+ /(-1)
2
c4 2n
+-+ ... = - - c. Sum of the coefficients of odd powers of
5 n+I
X=--'-----
f(I)-J(-I)
2n -1
+ ...... =--
5
2
6 n+1 W.E-34: If
) . cl+ (a+ 2d). C2+ , )6
d). en= (2a + nd) 2°- 1
(l +
x-2x- =I+ a1x+a 2 x~, + ... + a12 x 12
the n a2 + a4 + a6 + ..... +a has the
12
d) . C 1 +(a+ 2d) . C - value
(a + nd). C = O 2
n
Sol. put x= J and x=-1 s.
 ,,
• f the s// 111 i,f the coefficient,<i11 the 4 (I ·+ x)"" . I nx+
n(n- +-x2
I)
2! -
~-3'' 1 . .r (\ - Jr+ IOx')" is a am/ if ·
n(n + l)(n ·~2)
t'·p011 ·~'"'' (}J.t ,1te coeJJf f,'1c1e
3
• • hI
nts 111 t e 3! X ....

~ttf/1 OJ
,1,e . . .r (l-+ xi)" is b, t/tell +(- !)' n(n+ l)(n +2 )......... (n +r - 1)
!:. x' +......... .rh
• ,,11SIOfl OJ I
e'P"
• . boUl expansions . ·
ptl t '\,, I, ti
1
,, b . If p,q are positive integers (q ~ 1) and x is a
011d 2 :::::
b3
• · · a===
, g'':::: a real number such that lxl< 1then
· ,r is the coefficient of x' in the
I~-•

c,36: h Ot
i:, 2)"
sioti of (1-+ x-+ x for
L'-,;pOII
211 t/iell 01 +202 +303 +.... +211 02,, ==
0'Jffereo
2,···· tiatjng
w.r. t x, put x= I
.Da, +2a, +Ja, +.... +2n a,,,=
n.3'

. BiJloPlial Theorem for Negative

p(p- q)(p- 2q:1 (p-(r- t)q)lf +....00 r
Jndet
Ifnis a:ratiooal number and - I < x < 1, then
= f p(p - q)(p - lq )......(p -(r- I)q)[~]'
~o r! q
n n(n-1) 2
(J+X) :::}+ 1tx+ 12X

n(n-~
+ l)(n-x
2) 3 + .....
~

+-n(n-l)(n-2) .........
I
(n-r+ I)X,. +
......oo
r.

= L" (n-r+l) C,x'

(- 1)' p(p - q)(p- 2~! · .(p -(r- l)q) [fr+... oo
r=O

=fJ-1)' p(p-q )(p-1.q)...... (p-(r-l)q) [x]'

n(n- 1)
~
n 2
(l-x) =1-nx+ X _ r.' -q
12
+HY n(n-l)(n-2) .........(n-r+ l)
Ir i +...........00 (7) (1 +xr ~ =1- ~[~]
1. q
+ p(p+2! q)r~q12-
· (l-x)""=l+nx1~11+l); ~n+1Xn+2)
8 13 J+ ... p(p+qi~p+lq)[;)' +........ +
jn+l)(n+2) .........(n+r-1) -
Ir

: : fI... (n•r-1) C
i +...........oc

x'
(- t)' p(p+q )(p +2~ . (p+{r t)q) [ ~r +.. .00

r,o r

=fl-1)' p(p+q)(p+]q) ..... (p+(r-I)q)r~J'

~ r' q
 (8 ) (i - X r ~ = I + p [ X] + p ( p + q) [ X ]2 + ~ a 3 = 2 7 ,~ -1
1! q 2! q a 4 --
3 ; (a, b),_,
24 . Fir st ne ga tiv e ter m in
p(p+q~;p+2q)[;]' + ....... + . .
(
p,q are po sit ive integersI+ x)%
(~.,

Ti & q ""h 'p• . Cli!}-

lSnot '\7
p( p + q )(p + 2q ) .... (p + (r -
l)q) [xlr + ....oo of 'q ' is [:]+3 a~ ,t\
r! q W .E -3 8: Jf x is po sit ive , the
= 't p(p +q)(p + 2q ) ...... (p +(r-l)q) [Xlr •
in
l •
t,i e ex pa ns wn
.first
lleg
of (1 + x y,,s .q.:.
''"er~
r=O
r! So l. Re qu ire d Te rm
q is
9. (1 -x r' = l+ x+ x 2 +x 3 + ... +x
r + ...
00
-_T[2-1] +3 5
= T8
10. (1 + x f' = 1- x +x -x + .. +( -1 )' x' + ..
2 3 00
T is the first ne ga tiv e ter m
11. ( 1 - x r2 = 1 + 2x + 3x + 2 3 00 8
4x + .. + ( r + 1) x' + ·-
25. Di vi sib ili ty : (1 + a Y
12. ( l + x )-2 = I - 2x + 3x~ - 4x 3 + -1 is div 1S1
· ible by Q
.. + ( -1 )' ( r + l) x' + ·.dJ
13 . (1 -xY3 = 1 +3 x + 6x2 3
W .E -3 9: Th e re m ai nd er
+ 10X + ·····
lef t out IVh
+ _,(r +l )( r+ 2) r
__ 8 2" - (62)211+1 IS
• d' ·..1
_~ -~ x + ···········
00 IVl ue d by 9 is e~
ll
14 . (1 +x )-3 = 1 -3 x + 6x 2 So l. 8 2n -
3
- 10 x + ....... .
(
62 )2n +l = (9 - 1)2n - (
63 - l)2"~ 1

+ (-l Y (r +1 )(

15. Nu mb er of ter ms in
llr+ 2) X r + .......... .00
2n C 9211
0
+ 2n C 9 2n-1 (- l)
1 +...
+ 2n C2n-1 9 (- l)2n-l
+l
l
(1 + x )° is )
(i) 'n+ 1 wh en 'n' positive
integer.
(ii) infinite wh en 'n' is no
t a positive integer & 211+1 Co (63)211+1 _2 n+ l cl (63)2" +\ .
lxi<l · 2
.... . _( n+l ) C2n (6 3) -1
1- Xn+l
16. 1+ x+ x 2 •••• ••• +x n - - wh ere x=t:-1
1- X so rem ain de r is 1 - ( -1 )
=2
If n :n :n == a : b : c the n 26. Approximations: If'
Cr-I c, c,..-1 x' is verysmallsothat
x 2 an d hig he r po we rs of 'x
a ( b + c) n == ab + be + 2c a ' can be neglected.
r b 2 - ac ' 2
b - ac Th en ( 1 + x )° ~ 1 + nx

For n>6.(;J <n!<(;J W.E-40: If x is so sm al l h' her

that x3 an d ,g
po we rs of x m ay be negle
I
cted. then lllrl/
-3
= -+ 1
-x be ap pr ox im at ed as
+ .... th en
27 3
, b) =

1
[
1+ 1. x+ 3/ 4
Sol. = ~~2:,___~2::.,:!_ _j
x2]-[1+ix+H
_~ --2 --- __ _: ---
+3 x+ ..... ( I - x }112

. . ]= 2\ +½x+ ..... . -3 1
= - X 2 ( 1- X )- 1 2
8 = --3X2
8
 ~ . ieorul nnd fnu:tionnJ ~ I 111d tl dillicu lt l I .
t\rt1l I)
•sing
urnbcr
'°t,
prohl<.:111udcl1t1 . o .( cc,dc whet he, in the
. <m1~rcqu11cdorsuhtn,c1i<,n Now
f of a o irx :. . lrJ~r,
· "nu.1,'J ~ · / ll nd if
pnr ) 1+ (when· I und n nrc
tf ( fl J fl . b~in" odd and 0 <f, I,
(.r] + f ➔ g l11tt.:g<'r ' ti icn;i d<1·1t1on rsrcqwrcd
·11tt~crs. II t,
•t~Cl , and ir[ x]+ / - g Integer' then subtract ion
P°''' J+l)f -A"wherc ,J-8 -k >0
thl'II (
is required and the values off +g and f g
arc .I and Orespectively.
,1Jtd .•
, rJ B.c. I· ''" \\~E-41: Show that the integral part of
'A - B<I :. 0 <(,/A - Br <i
, G1,t:ll [i- (5 + 216r is odd, where n EN.
, (✓A_ s)n == g where O< g < 1
NO\\ let Sol Let (5 + 216)" =I +f , where I is an in-
' ==(✓A +B)" -(✓A-Bf teger and O~ .f < 1
•J+f-g
.. S ontains even powers of ✓ A. Now, let g = ( 5 -216)" ,0 < g < J
Sil1ce R.I-I. · c
R}-I.S. is integer.
i bence . . Is integer(': n is odd). Since I
. LflS. IS a o . 1 +1+ g = ( 5 + 216r + (5 -216r
.· ·. f- g must be an mteger. Now
. an integer, f
15 < J · Hence f - g =0 ⇒ =g = 2{s" +" C5" .z (2✓6)1 +" C,5" ' (2✓6 )' + ....}
1
-1 <J-g '
.(/+ /)/ c(I +J)g C (✓A +o)" (✓A-or = Even Integer = 2 k ( k EN)
Hence f +g = 2k- I is an integer, but O< f + g
==(A-B2r =e < 2 therefore f + g = I
If (✓A+ Br = J + f where I and n are 1 = 2k - I ; I = 2k -1 = odd integer
positive integers, n being even and Hence the integral part of ( 5 + 216r is an odd
O<f <i,then (I+ J)(l-f)=k'1where integer.
A - B < 1•
A_ f = k > oand ✓ W..E-42:
Find the integer just greater than the num-
I: Given ✓A - B < J :. 0 < ( ✓A - Br < l
ber(J + ✓5r
Now let (✓A - Br = g where 0 < g < 1
✓5) and f' = ( 3 - ✓5)
5 5
Sol Let I+ f = (3+
:. I+ f +g = (✓A+ Br + (✓A - Br As before, we can prove that f + f' = I .
Since R.H .S. contains even powers of ✓A. Hence the integer just greater than the number
hence R.H.S. is integer.
:._ L.H.S. is also integer (·: n is odd) (3+ ✓5r isl + f + f
·
SmceI·15 an integer, f- g must be an integer.
Now O<J +g < 2
Hence J +g == 1 ⇒ g = 1_ f
Hence (1+ f)(i-J) =(! + f)g
= 2[ 'C,35 + 'C,31 ( FJ)' + 'C,3(

={IA+ Br (✓A - Br =(A - B2 =k" r = 2( 243 + I350+ 375) = 2( 1968)

 . . and . are SoL
28. Sum of the Series when 1
. ~
L
~c,.f cs .fc , - ~
Dependent , . LL JU)f (J) r=O J=O t=O ~~
Consider. sumoithesenes o:,<J~" ot inde- ii. Given summation c
.
ln the given snrnmatton, 1•andJ aren L Ic,cJ ==
OSr SsSn
pendent. Os~
.
ln theswnofsenes J) L z:c,.cs
f i; JU)!Ul t,(1(n(t,1U) , =
OSr =sSn

,.,1 ,=1 . this surnma-

; and j are mdependent. In h e when
tion. three types of terms occur, t os
i < 1· i > j and i = j · l
'
Also, sum oftenns when i < 1· 15· equa to
iii.
LL (c,+e lf= I r(c,2 +C 2
the sum of the terms when 1· > J··fJ
1 (i)a nd
·
OS/ JSII OSr </SPI J +iceI)
I

f ( j) are symmetrical. So, in that case = LL( c, +c/)+ 2rtc..c

2

(½j <)5.n ~ <)Sn I j

t,t1wui= t,(1ul(t1ulJ} =n( C/ +C +.... +c,,2)1

2

= 2 LL J(i)J(J)+ LL f(i)JU) +[(co +Cl +Cl + .... +C }2-(c 1 +C2

05,i<J 5,n
n 9 I +... +cl
i= J
'
I~) (i)J U)- Il)U)JU)
⇒ II f(i)f(J)- i=I 1=1 2 1=1
iv.
os, ,}Sn

When f (i) and .f ( j) are not symmetrical,

we find the sum by listing all the tenns. v. S= II U + J)(c;+cj)
OSi < }5-11
W~-U:
r
If (1 + X =co+ Clx+ C2x 2+....C,,x"
S= II (n-i+n-J)( Cn-;+Cn-
0$} <i$11
1)

then evaluate the following binomial

series =LL[ 2n-(i +j)J(C, +C,)
O~j <i5.n
n n n

i. LL2:CrcJ, = gn, ii.

r-0 1-0 t-0 =2 nII(c;+c;)-LI(;-wj(c,+½}
OSJ <i5n Dsj <i5.n

= 2n (n (2 f )- S
m. I I(cj +cJ
Os,< J5.n ,
.
IV. ⇒ 2S =2n 2 (2r

vi. IOs, I (c; -c/)2 = L L(G

<;Sn
2

~, </Slf

v. ~~(i+J)(c;+C1),vi. -n(
-
c20 + c2I + C2 2+... :of-
~ ~(c ,-c )2 1
-[(co +C, +C2 + ... +c.)''-
== n ~"C -