Concentration of solutions Snare CNT taton Zana “ ifs Persea iiettac i) eeienbitenel ise ics eas 18.1 Concentration of solutions in g dm” and in mol dm? 15.2 Calculations related to the concentration of solutions 15.3 Dilution of a solution 3] Prior knowledge & Quick review (For Chapter 15)Concentration of solutions Imagine we have a bottle of honey. We want to make two glasses of honey water with different degre of sweetness. We can do this by adding different amounts (in spoonful) of the honey to two glassy containing equal volumes of watcr. The two glasses of honey water will have different concentrations In the laboratory, chemists often need to prepare aqueous solutions of a chemical in differen, concentrations. They may do this by adding water to a more concentrated solution of the chemicd ‘This process is called dilution. O These two glasses of honey water have different degrees of sweetness. & Think abou @ How does the degree of sweetness of honey water relate to its concentration? @ What units are commonly used by chemists to express the concentration of a solution? oe Would the amount of solute in a solution remain unchanged after dilution? After studying this chapter, you should be able to answer the above questions.ee a eee NS eal Concentration of solutions in g dm” and in mol dm The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute in a unit volume of the solution. It is usually expressed in: (@) gdm®, and Math tip dm=10cm; dn’ = 1000 cm () mol dm*. Concentration of solutions in g dm? ‘The concentration of a solution can be expressed in grams of solute per dm’ of the solution (g dm’), GGiccy point : mass of solute (2) Concentration of a solution (g dm’) = volume of a solution (dm } ow LL Calculating concentration of solutions in g dm™* 5.10 g of sodium chloride is dissolved in water to form a 500.0 cm® solution, Calculate the concentration, in g dm, of this sodium chloride solution. Solution Concentration of NaCl(aq) 15.1 8,50 g of copper({l) sulphate crystals is dissolved in water to form a 100.0 cm’ solution, Calculate the concentration, in g dm™, of this copper(I) sulphate solution. e oxen 7Acids and Bases Concentration of solutions in mol dm™ (molarity molar concentration) In Chapter 12, we have learnt that chemists use the unit ‘mole’ ip describing quantities of substances. They often use molarity (or mola concentration) in describing the concentrations of solutions. Th molarity of a solution is the number of moles of solute per dm’ of th, solution, The unit of molarity is mol dm” or M. A 1 M solution is th one that contains 1 mole of solute per dm’ of solution; a 2 M solutior contains 2 moles of solute per dm’ of solution and so on. earning tip: ‘Mis pronounced as ‘mola not mole Key ps Molarity ofa solution _ (mol dm * or M) volume of a solution (dm') Calculating concentration of solutions in mol dm~ 4.24 g of sodium carbonate is dissolved in water and made up to a 250.0 cm® solution. Calculate the molarity ofthis solution. (Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, 0 = 16.0, Na = 23.0) Solution ‘Number of moles of NazCO; (mol) = —__mass of NasCOs(g)__ molar mass of NayCOs (g mol") 4248 = 8 ____ 0.04 mol (3.0 x2-+12.0 + 16.0 x 3) g mol Molarity of Na;COs(aq) = —0-24m2l_- 0.16 mol dm* 250.0 gin? 1000 Self-test 15.2 3.99 g of copper(l) sulphate crystals is dissolved in water and made up to a 100.0 cm? solution Calculate the molarity of this solution. (Relative atomic masses: O = 16. 2.1, Cu = 63.5) -¢ In the laboratory, the concentrations of aqueous bench solutions st usually stated in molarity (M, ie. mol dm™), rather than in g dm”. Se Figure 15.1. ‘molatyimoer concentration BURAFigure 15.1 The concentrations of aqueous bench solutions are usually stated in molarity (M). 250.0 crn’ of a sodium sulphate solution contains 14.2 g of sodium sulphate. Calculate the concentration of the solution (@) ingdm”, and (b) in mol dm * (Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, Na = 230, $= 32.1) Conversion between mol dm” and g dm” Figure 15.2 shows the relationship between the mass of solute, number of moles of solute, molarity of solution and concentration of solution expressed in g dm°, Mass of ‘molar mass of solute (gol) Number of moles Boluce (g)) ——_> [reoiute (mol) __ volume of solution volume of solution a) (om) Concentration of “ola massctselutetamel’) Motarity of solution solution in gdm? = “~~ (mot dm or M) Figure 15.2 Relationship between the amount of solute (in grams or in number of moles), molarity of solution and concentration of solution in g dm’? ‘To convert the molar concentration of a solution to g dm’, we use the following equation: Key point Concentration of a solution (g dm ') ‘mola yn (mol dm *) x molar mass of solute (g mo! ) 53 aeAcids and Bases (Sel) mee) Converting the concentration unit from mol dm” to g dm? Calculate the concentration, in g dm”, of a 3.00 mol dm” sodium chloride solution. =35.5) (Relative atomic masses: Na = 23.0, Cl Solution Molar mass of NaCl = (23.0 + 35.5) g mol” = $8.5 g mot" Concentration of NaCI(aq) = 3.00 mol dm” x $8.5 g mol” = 176 g dm* Self-test 15.3 Calculate the concentration, in g dm”, of a 2,0 mol dm’ calcium chloride solution. 35.5, Ca = 40.1) (Relative atomic masses: Cl We use the following equation to convert the concentration of; solution in g dm” to molar concentration, Gicey point © Molarity ofa solution _ concentration of a solution (g dm") (olar mass of solute (g mol") (mol dm) Sey) Ja eec! ‘Converting concentration unit from g dm~ to mol dm Calculate the molarity of a 75.0 g dm zinc nitrate solution. (Relative atomic masses: N = 14.0, O = 16.0, Zn = 65.4) Solution Molar mass of Zn(NO,): = [65.4 + (14.0 + 16.0 x 3) x 2] g mol" = 189.4.g mol” Molarity of Zn(NO),{aq) = 9-288" _ 9.396 mol dm* 189.4 g mol Self-test 15.4 Calculate the molarity of a $6.0 g dm” potassium carbonate solution. (Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, K = 39.1) 5 (RSS EMS 1. Calculate the concentration of each of the following solutions in () gdm” and (i) mol dm. (2) 10.0 g of KOH in 0.50 dm’ of solution (b) 12.1 g of KNO, in 1000 em’ of solution 54Concentration of solutions {€) 6.625 g of Pb(NO4) in 250.0 cm’ of solution (Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, N= 140, = 160,K= 39.1, Po = 207.2) .. According to World Heelth Organizations guidelines, the concentration of lead ions in drinking water should not exceed 1.00 x 10% g cm”. Express this concentration in (a) g dm” and (b) mol dm”. (Relative atomic mass: Pb = 207.2) 5.00 cm’ solution sample contains 4.82 g of sulphuric acid, Calculate the molarity of the sulphuric acid in the sample. (Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 160, 5 = 32.1) Calculations related to the concentration of solutions b Calculating the concentration of solutions We can calculate the concentration of a solution if we know the density of the solution and the percentage by mass of the solute in solution. Calculating the concentration of a solution from the density of the solution and percentage by mass of solute A bottle of concentrated nitric acid is s::own on the right. The label shows that 1 em® of the liquid weighs 1.51 g and the liquid contains 68.0% of HNO, by mass, Based on this information, calculate the molarity of the acid. {Relative atomic masses: H 0,N=14.0,0 = 16.0) Solution Dean 13t9en Mass of HNO; present in 1000 cm‘ (i.e. 1 dm) of the concentrated acid as 2151 gcm™ x 1000 em’ x 68.0% = 1026.8 g ‘Molar mass of HINO; = (1.0 + 14.0 + 16.0 x 3) g mol” = 63.0 g mol" Molatity of the acid = 1026.8 g dm” 63.0 g mol! = 16.3 mol dm™* Math tip mass (e) Density (g em”) = 5 volume (em) Self-test 15.5, A sample of concentrated sulphuric acid has a density of 1.83 g cm” and contains 98.0% sulphuric acid by mass. Calculate the molarity of the acid. (Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0, S = 32.0) ‘7 55| Acids and Bases Calculating the number of moles of solute in solution ‘We can calculate the number of moles of solute in a solution from th molar concentration and volume of the solution. eRe Calculating the number of moles of solute from the molar concentration and volume ofa solution Calculate the number of moles of magnesium chloride in 250.0 cm” of 2.0 M magnesium chloride solution. Solution Number of moles of MgCl, (mol) = molarity of MgCk, solution (mol «nv ) x volume of solution (dim ) a dm? = 0.50 mol = 2.0 mol dm x Self-test 15.6 Calculate the number of moles of copper(I) sulphate in 500.0 cm? of 0.50 M copper(ll) sulphate solution, Calculating the volume of solution We can calculate the volume of a solution if we know the amount of soz and the molar concentration of the solution. Calculating the volume of a solution from the number of moles of solute and molar concentration of the solution A0.25 M sodium carbonate solution contains 0.10 mol of sodium carbonate. Calculate the volume of the solution in dm’, Solution Volume of Na,CO; solution (dm) = Dumber of moles of NazCOs (mel) _ molarity of Na;CO; solution (mol dm”) = 0:10 mol = 0.40 dm? 0.25 mol din Self-test 15.7 A.0.50 M sodium sulphate solution contains 0.40 mol of sodium sulphate. Calculate the volume of the solution in dm’, @A vessel contains 5700 g of concentrated hydrochloric acid, which ‘occupies a volume of 5.00 dm’. ff the percentage by mass of HCl in the acid is 38.0%, calculate the molarity of the acid. (Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, Cl = 355) 2. Calculate the number of moles of sodium sulphate im 50.0 cm’ of 0.40 M sodium sulphate solution. A 050 M sodium hydroxide solution contains 0.89 mol of sodium hydroxide. Calculate the volume of the solution. Calculating the mass of solute ‘We can calculate the mass of solute if we know the volume and the molar concentration of a solution. Example) 15.8, Calculating the mass of solute from the volume and molar concentration of a solution Calculate the mass of sodium hydroxide in 250.0 cm’ of 0.60 M sodium hydroxide solution. (Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0) Solution Number of moles of NaOH in 250.0 cm’ of solution (mol) = molarity of NaOH solution (mol dm) x volume of solution (dm) -2,, 250.0 43 20,60 mol din x —— dm* = 0.1, 0.60 mol T0007 5 mol Mass of NaOH (g) = number of moles of NaOH (mol) x molar mass of NaOH (g mot) = 0.15 mol x (23.0 + 16.0 + 1.0) g mol” =6.0g Self-test 15.8 Calculate the mass of potassium dichromate in 100.0 cm of 0.25 M potassium dichromate solution. (Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, K = 39.1, Cr = $2.0) @G Calculating the concentration of the constituent ions in a solution ‘We can calculate the molar concentration of the constituent ions in a solution if we know the molar concentration of the solution. ves BB 57Acids and Bases Calculating the molar concentration of the constituent ions in a mixed solution 20.0 cm? of 1.0 M NaCllag) is mixed with 80.0 cm? of 0.50 M NajSO,(aq). Calculate the moly concentration of Na‘(aq) ions in the resultant solution. Solution 3, 20.0 gn3 Number of moles of NaCl = 1.0 mol dav? x dim: .020 mol Number of moles of Na’ from NaCl = 0.020 mol 50 mol din? x 80-9. den? 1000, Number of moles of Na,SO, = 0.040 mol Number of moles of Na” from Na;SO, = 0.040 x 2 mol = 0.080 mol Number of moles of Na’ in the resultant solution = (0.020 + 0.080) mol = 0.10 mol Volume of the resultant solution = (20.0 + 80.0) cm® = 100.0 cm* Molar concentration of Na‘(aq) in the resultant solution 0.10 mol 77000 an 1000 = 1.0 mol dm® Self-test 15,9 oe 100.0 cm’ of 0.50 M KCl(aq) is mixed with 200.0 cm’ of 0.25 M CaCl,(aq). Calculate the molar concentration of CI(aq) ions in the resultant mixture. 1. Calculate the mass of the solute needed for preparing each of te following solutions: (a) 250.0 cm’ of 0.10 M Na-CO,{aq) | (&) 500.0 cm’ of 0.20 M CuSO,(aq) {Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0, S = 32.1, Cu=639 2 50.0 em? of 0.6 M FeSO,(aq) is mixed with 150.0 cm? of 02 Fe,(SO,),aq). What is the concentration of SO." (aq) ions in the resulting mixture? A 03M B. 04M Cc. 06M D. 08M o (HKDSE 2014 Paper 1A081Bench dilute mineral acids and aqueous ammonia used in the laboratory are often purchased as concentrated solutions. This saves the storage space. These reagents are often made less concentrated to a solution of a particular concentration by adding a suitable amount of water to its concentrated solution. This process is called dilution. During dilution, the volume of the solution increases but the number of moles of solute remains unchanged. This is because all solute in the diluted solution comes from the original solution. As the same number of moles of solute is dissolved in a larger volume of solvent, the concentration of the solution decreases (Figure 15.3). “After dilution f adding water Koy: @ cote particle Molarity of solution before dilution = My, Malay of solution ater vor Volume of solution before diut Volume of solution ater elution = V, MV, = MV Figure 15.3. Dilution of solution set emi) Calculating the molarity of a diluted solution 100.0 em’ of 2.5 M sodium hydroxide solution is diluted to 250.0 cm’, Calculate the molarity of the diluted solution. Solution Let the molarity of the diluted solution be Ma. = Number of moles of NaOH juse-ws:on ¢ 250.0 1000 +=-the molarity of the diluted NaOH solution is 1.0 M. Self-test 15.10 50.0 em’ of 5.0 M hydrochloric acid is diluted to 500.0 cm’. Calculate the molarity of the diluted acid. oe essen BE 9Acids and Bases Calculating the volume of water required for dilution Calculate the volume of water that requires to dilute 250.0 cm’ of 0.200 M nitric acid to 0.0800 M, Solution Let the volume of the diluted solution be V;. Number of moles of HNO3 qos = Number of moles of HNO3 fe sis) 0.200 x 2502 - 0.0800 x ¥, 7000 V,= 0.625 Volume of diluted HINO; obtained = 0.625 dm’ or 625.0 cm* 1. the volume of water required = (625.0 - 250.0) cm’ = 375.0 cm? Self-test 15.11 Calculate the volume of water that requires to dilute 100.0 cm® of 3.0 M copper(II) sulphate solution 100.5 M. 9 Gikey point oy Number of moles of solute _ Number of moles of solute (before dilution) < {after dilution) or, ‘| MV = MV2 al What's wrong « Crconcept check Wat is wrong withthe following sentence? “When 100 cm’ of 1.0 M fCi(aq) and 100 em’ of .0 M KOH) ae mized, the concentration of KOH(2q) in the minaureis 40 £3 To dilute 100 cm’ of 2.0 M NaOH solution to 0.2 M, 1000 cm’ of water is needed. & To dilute 100 cm” of 2.0 M NaOH solution to 0.2 M, 900 em’ of water is needed. Class practice a | 1. Astudent attempted to prepare 250.0 cm’ of 0.15 M sodium hydroxide solution from a 2.0 M one by dilution. Calculate the volume of the 20M sodium hydroxide solution needed. 2. Calculate the volume of water that requires to dilute 25.0 cm’ of 05M hydrochloric acid 10 times. 60Concentration of solutions @G@ Bleach is @ strong and effective disinfectant. A housewife is going to make 3 1:49 diluted bleach solution from 50 em’ of household bleach (0.70 M) for household cleansing purposes, Understanding the meaning of 1:49 diluted bleach solution © Chlorine bleach Tasks Form groups of two to discuss the following questions. 1. How can a 1:49 diluted bleach solution be prepared from the 50 cm’ of household bleach? 2. What is the molar concentration of the 1:49 diluted bleach solution? int: 1:49 diluted bleach solution refers to 2 solution in which the volume ratio of bleach to water is 1:49.)4? pads and Bases ¢ apter review, )» Progress check Afier studying this chapter, you should be able to: QHNR express the concentration of a solution in g dm” and in mo! dm” (molarity/molar concentras. convert the molar concentration of a solution to g dm” perform calculations related to the concentration of solutions perform calculations related to the dilution of solutions | e-Dictionary » Key terms (For Chapter 15) Page » 1. concentration ® $1 3. molarity/molar concentration BABE € 2. dilution 6% 59 » Key concepts 15. Concentration of solutions in g dm” and in mol dm™* ‘The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute in a unit volume of the solution ts usually expressed in g dm” and in mol dm”. Molarity (or molar concentration) __number of moles of solute (mol) of a solution (mol dm “or M) volume of a solution (dn) Concentration of a solution (z dm ’) = molarity of a solution (mol dm ) x molar mass of solute (g mo!) concentration of a solution (g dm’) Molarity of a solution (mol dm) = molar mass of solute (g mo!') Calculations related to the concentration of solutions Number of moles of solute (mol) = molarity of a solution (mo! dm ’) x volume of a solution (din) Volume of a solution (dm') = limber of moles of solute (mol) molarity of a solution (mo! cin’) Mass of solute (g) = volume of a solution (dm ) x molarity of a solution (mol dm_) x molar mass of solute (g™cna 15.3 Dilution of a solution 8. Dilution is the process of adding a suitable amount of water to a concentrated solution to reduce its concentration. Upon diluting a solution, the number of moles of solute remains unchanged: MY = MN (oolore cittion) (ater Story molarity of solution before dilution; V; = volume of solution before dilution molarity of solution after dilution; V; = volume of solution after dilution 63 vmAcids and Bases > Concept map ‘Complete the concept map by filling in the items listed below: dilution, mass of solute (g), molar concentration, molar mass of solute (g mo!”), number of Mok solute (mol), volume of solution (dm), volume of solution (dm) il @ Concentrated solution Diluted solution CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION can be calculated by © @ @ with unitChapter exercise A. Fill in the blanks Concentration of solutions section 16.1 4, Concentration of a solution (g dm) 1. By definition, the concentration of a solution is the in a unit volume of the solution, Section 15.3 Concentration of a solution (g dm”) of solute (g) ofa solution (dm’) 3. Molarity of a solution (mol dm) number of ______of solute (mol) ofa solution (dm’) B. Practice questions Section 15.1 5: =molarity of a solution (mol dar’) x of solute (g mol") When a solution is diluted by water, the number of moles of solute in the solution 9 ie MM =: 6, Calculate the concentration of each of the following solutions in () g dm and (i) mol ém* (a) 3.01 g of MgSO, in 250.0 cm’ of solution (&) 2.14 g of NH,Clin 50.0 cm’ of solution (© 647g of Ca(NO)), in 100.0 cm’ of solution (d)_ 8.78 g of NaCl in 500.0 cm’ of solution (@) 7.94 g of FeSO, in 2.0 dm’ of solution {Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, N = 14.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0, Mg = 243,$ = 32.1, CI = 355, Co = 40., Fe=55.8) Seotion 18.2 7. Complete the following table which deals with the concentrations of different solutions. Part (a) has been done for you. Formula of | Molar mass | Mass of | Volume of | ___ Mol: Concentration of solute mol" | solute/g | solution | sotution | cation | anion | solution /g dm? (@) NaCl 58.5 117 | 2004m* | 1.00 | 1.00M | 1.00m | 585 | () AgNO, 170 | 1.00dm’ | | (@NaCOs $00.0 em? |0.0500M) | (@) MgCh 29.3 0.205 M | (0) Cott 12,0 cm* = | 28.8 (Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, N = 14.0, 16.0, Na = 23.0, Mg = 24.3, Cl = 35.5, Ag = 107.9) 65A 66 C. Multiple-choice questions Section 15.1 8, What is the concentration, in g dm™, of 0.35 mol dm™ potassium sulphate solution? (Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, $ = 32.1, K=39.1) 9. Which of the following combinations of molarity and concentration (in g dm‘) is correct for 100.0 cm’ of an aqueous solution containing 9.32 g of sodium hydroxide? (Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0) Molarity/M Concentration / g dm A 0.0932 0.00233 Be 0.0233 0.982 C932 2.33, D233 932 O Section 15.2 10. A sample of sulphuric acid has a density of 1.20 g cm”. If the sample contains 30.0% of sulphuric acid by mass, what is the molarity of the acid? (Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, 0 = 16.0, $ = 32.1) A. 3.67 mol dm* B. 7.67 mol da C. 10.8 mol dm? O 11, How many moles of potassium nitrate are present in 25.0 cm’ of 0.096 M potassium nitrate solution? A. 12x10" mol B. 24x10" mol C. 30x10" mol D. 6.0 10" mol D. 154ml dm O 12. Which of the following solutions contains the same number of moles of solute as that in 250.0 cm* of 1.0 M sodium hydroxide solution? ‘A, 100.0 cm’ of 4.0 M sodium hydroxide solution B, 200.0 cm’ of 1.5 M sodium hydroxide solution C. $00.0 cm’ of 0.5 M sodium hydroxide solution D. 1000 em? of 0.2 M sodium hydroxide solution 13, 14, 15. 16. 17. A 2.00 M sodium hydroxide solution ig by dissolving 12.0 g of sodium hydroxige completely in water. What is the volume Pt solution? Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, 0 « 1¢9 23.0) A. 100cm* B. 150m? © 200cm* D. 250.cm* : oy A student made up 3.50 dm’ of 1.50 M sg thiosulphate solution using sodium thin, Pentahydrate crystals (NayS:Os + SH,O), Whats ‘mass of the crystals required? (Relative atomic masses: !' = 1.0, O = 16.0,x, 23.0, S = 32.1) A. 831g B. 928g Cc 182g D. 1303 g [ Which of the following combinations about i molar concentrations of the constituent ions i 0.13 M iron(II) sulphate solution is correct? Molarity of Molarity of Fe ion/M SO" ion /M A 0.13 0.13 B. 0.26 0.13, c 0.26 0.39 i D. 0.13 0.39 100.0 cm’ of 0.5 M NaOH(aq) is mixed wit 200.0 cm* of 1.5 M NaOHiaq). What ist concentration of the resultant NaOH(aq)? A. 100M B 117M Cc 125M [ D. 200M When 200.0 cm® of 1.0 mol dmi* KS, ® 100.0 cm of 2.0 mol dm™® KCl(aq) are mised. v would be the concentration of K’(a) fons # resultant solution? A. 1.0 mol dm* B. 1.5 moldm* ©. 2.0 mol dm [ D. 3.0 mol dm*Concentration of solutions |} section 16.3 20. What volume of water is needed to dilute 100 cm? 18. Which of the following quantities decrease(s) during Gah a es td dilution? A. 200 = (1) Concentration of solution B. 300cn (2). Volume of solution ©. 40cm! = 3) Number of moles of solute oe UI A. (only 21, What volume of 0.50 M H,SO,(aq) is needed to be B. Q)only diluted to give a 250.0 cm’ of 0.15 MH,SO.(aq)? C. (1)and (3) only rm A. 50.0 cm? D. @)and @) only B 750cm? B 19. $0.0 cm’ of 2.0 M potassium hydroxide solution is C. 85.0cm’ diluted to a 250.0 cm’ solution by water, What is the D. 100.0cm" E concentration of the diluted solution? Hy A. 0.2 mol dm® ES B. 0.4 mol dm C. 1.0 mol dm D. $.0 mol day® D. Structured questions Section 15:1 2. 0.350 mol of potassium carbonsrc is the concentration of the solution : @) mol dm, and colved in distilled water and made up to a 250.0 cm’ solution. Calculate (1 mark) ) gdm. (1 mark) Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, 0 = 16.0, K = 39.1) Section 15.2 23. A128.0 cm’ of 2.0 mol dm™ magnesium nitrate solution is prepared for use in a chemistry experiment. Calculate ©) the number of moles of solute, and (mark) (©) the mass of solute that is required, (1 mark) (Relative atomic masses: N = 14.0, O = 16.0, Mg = 24.3) 24. A.solution is prepared by mixing the following three solutions: 100.0 cm’ of 1.5 M Na;SO,(aq) 200.0 em of 2.0 M NaCl(aq) 100.0 cm’ of 1.0 M KCI(aq) Calculate the molarity of each of the following ions in the resultant solution. @ Na’(aq) (1 mark) ) Kteq) (1 mark) (©) cr(aq) (mark) 6768 Exam practi e) A. Multiple-choice questions Section 15.1 5. 1.1.63 g of potassium hydrogenphthalate (C)H,O.K) solid is dissolved in water and made up to a 100.0 cm’ solution. The concentration of potassium hydrogenphthalate in this solution is 1.0,C=12.0,0= 16.0, (Relative atomic masses: H K=39.1) A. 0.0160 mol dm”. B. 0.0320 mol dm”, ©. 0.0399 mol dm”. D. 0.0799 ml Oo 2. 4.81 g of oxalic acid crystals (COOH), « 2H,0) is dissolved in distilled water and made up to a solution of 250.0 cm’, What is the molarity of the solution? (Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0,C = 12.0, 0 = 16.0) A. 0.0100 mol dm B. 0.0380 mol dm* C. 0.153 mol dm™ D. 0.612 mol dm* 3. A solution of volume 500 cm? contains 150 g of ammonia, What is the concentration, in mol dm”, of ammonia in this solution? [mark] }7- A. 051 B. 8.82 Cc. 167 — D. 176 LI (AQA AS Level (7404) 2018 Jun Paper 1 Q19) Seotion 15.2 \ 4, What is the mass of iron(II) sulphate in 250.0 cm* of 0.200 M iron(ll) sulphate solution? (Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, $ = 32.1, Fe = 55.8) 2798 481g 7.603 200g pae> Which of the following preparation method, give a solution that has the highest, concen sulphate ions? . (Relative atomic masses: © = 16.0, Na = Bos 32.1, K= 39.1, Fe = 55.8, Cu = 63.5) : A. Dissolving 5.0 g of sodium sulphay 250.0 cm’ distilled water Dissolving 5.0 g of potassium sulphae 250.0 cm’ distilled water C. Dissolving 5.0 g of copper) sulphag 250.0 cm’ distilled water D. Dissolving 5.0 g of iron) sulphae 250.0 cm’ distilled water c B. Which of the following solutions contain the se number of ions? (1) 36 cm? of 1.0 M sodium nitrate solution (2) 30 cm’ of 1.5 M sodium hydroxide solution (3) 24 cm’ of 1,0 M potassium sulphate solutin A. (1)and Q) only B. (1) and (3) only C. Q)and (8) only D. (1), @) and (3) [ 0,05 mol of KzSO, + Al(SO,)s * 24H,0 is dissin in water to give a 250.0 cm’ aqueous solution. Nh is the molarity of SO,*(aq) ions in the solution? A. 0.2 mol dm™ B. 0.4 mol dm® C. 0.8 mol dm* [ D. 1.6 mol dm® What is the molarity of a 50.0 cm’ sodium phospt (NasPO,) solution that contains 0,03 mol of: ions? A. 0.2 mol dm* B. 0.6 mol dm ©. 1.2 mol dm* [ D. 1.8moldm®section 15.3, A beaker containing 250.0 cm* of 0.05 M KNOs(aq) was left uncovered in the laboratory. A few days later, the volume of the remaining solution was found to bbe 220.0 cm*, What was the molar concentration of the remaining solution? Concentration of solutions || 11. What is the volume, in em’, of the final solution if 100 em? of a solution containing 1.204 g of magnesium sulphate (MgSO) is dilmed to the concentration of 0.02 mol dm”? (Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, Mg 32.1) 243, 8 = (Assume that no crystals formed from the solution) Aw A. 0,047 M B. s0 B. 0.057M G s00 c. 0.067M econ: D. 007M. 10. What volume of 10.0 M HCl(aq) is needed to prepare 500.0 cm’ of 0.30 M HCl(aq) by dilution? A. 10cm? B 15cm? C 30em* D. 50cm B. Structured questions Section 1.2 12, According to the Food and Drugs (Composition and Labelling) Regulations in Hong Kong, drinks that are claimed to be ‘low sugar’ must contain no more than 5.00 g of sugar per 100 ml of the drinks (Assume that the sugar is sucrose which has the chemical formula of C:zHaOn,) (@) Calculate the concentration limit (in mol dm”) of sugar in ‘low sugar’ drinks. (2 marks) (&) Acarton of 375 ml lemon tea contains 26.5 g of sugar. Can it claim to be ‘low sugar’? Explain brieiy. @ marks) cm’) (Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, 0 = 16.0; 1 ml 13, A commercial ammonia solution labelled ‘0.88 ammonia’ has a density of 0.88 g cm”. It contains approximately 35% of ammonia by mas. {@) Calculate the mass of ammonia present in 1 dm’ of this solution. (1 mark) (0) Calculate the molarity of this solution. (1 mark) (Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, N = 14.0) }14. Inn experiment, 0.635 g of Cu dissolves completely in 100 cm* of 0.5 M AgNOs(aq). (a) Write the ionic equation for the reaction involved. (mark), (b) State TWO other observable changes in this experiment. (Q marks) (©) Calculate the concentration of copper({D ions and that of silver ions in the resultant solution. (4 marks) (Relative atomic mass: Cu = 63.5) 69 ow raewre. Acids and Bases . This question is about Group 2 elements and their compounds. A chemist adds 0.115 g of a Group 2 elemey to water and the resulting solution is made up to 400 cm’ by adding distilled water. The equation for the reaction is shown below. M represents the Group 2 element. MG) + 2H20(€) —* M(OH),(aq) + Hal) The concentration of hydroxide ions, OH (aq) in the solution is 6.56 x 10° mol dm”. Determine the molar mass of M to one decimal place. Use your answer to identify M. @ markg (OCR AS GCE Chemistry A F821 2017 May Paper 1 Ota A sample of chlorine bleach contains 6.0% by mass of sodium hypochlorite (NaOC). A housewife prepared a 13) disinfectant solution by mixing 10 cm’ of the chlorine bleach with water. (@) Calculate the molarity of sodium hypochlorite in the original sample. (2 matig (b) Calculate the approximate molarity of the 1:99 disinfectant solution. CQ matig (Assume that the density of the chlorine bleach is 1.0 g cm”; relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, Na = 23.0, Cl=355)Chapter preview 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Indicators and pH pH scale as a measure of acidity and alkalinity Calculations related to pH Common acid-base indicators Measuring the pH of a solution | SUSIE totaraxconrsctaits nan ie ea eens eeeMEeT