‘Trong dé thi Spain Mathematical Olympiad 2018 6 bai ton phuong trinh him sau day: BAL TOAN. Tim dt cd cite ham sé F:(0;+2¢) ¥(0;420) thoa man: (FQ) + y) =F (1 +29), Vx, y € (0:42). Day 14 mot bai toan hay va kho. Bai viét nay, ching t6i sé trinh bay sau ldi gidi cho bai ton phuong trinh ham trén. Qua 46; nhim mye dich gigi thigu vi ban doc nhimg ky nang, ky thuat co ban khi gidi phuong trinh him; 46 la thy hign céc phép thé don gin cling nhu cde phép thé tinh té; chimg minh ham s6 tuin hoan; chimg minh ham sé don digu; chimg minh him sé don anh, toan ‘anh; vén dung tinh don nb, toan anh; ching minh ‘him s6 1 ham hang; ky thuat tgo ra day s6 va van dung gigi han; -méi lign hé gitta tinh don digu va tinh lién tue cia ham s6. Ding thoi qua bai viét nay: ching téi ciing mudn nhin nhi voi ban doc ring; dimg truée mét bai ton phuong trinh him; ching ta cin quan sit, xem xét that ky dé ching han nhw tap xie din, gid tri ctia him phuong trinh him, tinh chan 1é, tinh don digu,...; 48 wi d6 ching ta thye hign cée phép thé tir don gidn dén phite tap dé tao ra cée hé qua; dy dodn va chimg minh cac tinh chat eta him s6; rdi c6 ging kkét hop cdc két qua thu duge vi nhau dé tim ra hhim sé théa man céc yéu cdu dé bai. Hon thé nita, vige gidi xong bai todn chua phai la két thic; ma vige tim tdi, suy nghT thém, vn dung sing tg0 cée kién thire da c6 dé tigp can bai toan; sé gilip ching ta ¢6 duge mhing 1éi gidi méi, 1am phong phu 34 1 'Sé 540(6-2022) thém kién thie, ky ning cing nhw phuong php sidi toan. Loi gidi Gia st tn ti ham 86 S:(0;+0) > (0,40) thda min: S (f+ y) =f +39), Vy (0+) 0. Loi gidi 1. Ta chimg minh f 1a him khéng ting. Gia sir ton tai hai sé u, v sao cho O f(v). Vithé d>/(v)> flu). Tad: F(d)=f(fw)+[d~f)]) =uf(1+u[d—fu)]) 0 Q). Tu (2) thay y boi y-1 ta duge: 40) =F(¥+[FO-1)),¥y>1 @) Ti Q) thay y bdi y— f(1) ta duge: S(y)= f(y +[1-FO]).¥y> FO) @). Tir (3) va (4) suy ra: F(u+|F0)=1)) =f), Vu > max {1,70}. Dat x, =max{Lf()} va T=|/()-1). Khi 46 f(a) = f(e+7),Vx> x, . Quy nap ta dude: SPQ) = fet NT), We> x,,Vn=1,2,... 6). Tir (5) va do f la ham khong tang tén (x;409), suy raf laham hing tren (x;+) (that vay, v6i a> b> x,,10n tai s8 nguyén duong n di lon dé x, 1, thay yei-t vao (1) duge: s(r 41-4 }=2f(0,¥x>1 (6). igs Néu f(x)> 5 thi De i ay+i-+)s sa foyritois (se )+I-3) ida ndy mau thud véi vé phai cl (6) ta ee S = thi cling din xf(x)>1. Tuong tu, néu I<, i cing 1 dén mau thuan. Vay faj=prerl @. ‘Tw (1) cho y=1 duge: F( Pept l= +2,Ve €(0:4) = = wx > 0(d0)) Foayei ies a foyeintedver0= fay=7.vr0 Vay (x)= 4x > 0. Thir lai thay théa man nig, 86 dO LO urge tim ra nine sau: Ta c6: ° fld)=f(f()+[d — £0))) =uf (1+ du uf 0), Hld)=(Fo)+[d-fO9) =f (14 dr—¥F)- Khi dd: uf (1+ du —uf )) = vf (14 dv 0). Vay dé tao ra mau thufn la u=y, ta cin chon d sao cho 1+du—uf(u)=1+ dv) => du ~uf (u) = dv—vf(v) sed(u-v)=ufw)- FO) ag) way Con vige kiém chimg d> f(v) durge tién hanh hu & 164 gid Livi gigi 2. Thay x =1 vao phuong trinh ban dau ta duge f( (+ y»)= f(1+ y), Wy e(0;400). Tar ding thite nay ta huéng dén vigc chi ra ham sé f Ja don anh hoge chi ra him s6 nay li don digu. Dé chi ra him sé _f c6 mot trong ede tinh chit do ta lam nhur sau: lay hai sé phan biét a > b> 0, ta cin £(a),f (6). Te ) ta o&: I(x+ £(@))=af (ax+}),¥xe(0;+0); I(v+ f(b) = bf (by +1),¥y e(0;+0). Tas® chon x,» sao cho: (reste) =y+s(d) Iear=14by = fe fone) I+a(y+ F(b)— f(a))=1+by so sinh Séssossom TOC AES 35 — eeDo x,y>0 nén néu ta cd @>b>0 thi vige chon duge x,y>0 chi lam duge khi f(a)> f(b). Tir phan tich 6 trén ta thay voi a > > 0; khi dé néu f(a)> f(b) thi véi céch chon x,y nhw trong (0) ta duge: fos y+ f(b) ltax=1+by tir maT. (1+ ax) = f(1+by) S tpi + ax) = bf (1+ by) J(I+ar)=f(1+ey) =a=b (voli). Do dé néu a>b thi f(a)< f(b). Nhu vay f la ‘ham sé khong tang. Dén day ta trinh bay twong tw hu li gi 1 Chis §. Ta con 66 thé chimg minh ham f gid ‘bang cach khac nhu sau: Gia sir ton tai x > 2 >0 dé f(x)> f(z). Ta xet 50, Khi d6 xy —32 = f(x) - 2 (2) Safl)tay af ty = s+2= fer 7 z 21(rers2}=4(s00+2] Syl+y=f ty) z= Ta gip miu thudn. Vay f gidm. 36 "Pehusge_Ssssne-zoen Lai giéi 3, Gia sit ton gi x>y>0 sao cho f(x)> f(y). Khi ds = LO=L0, 08 zx-zy=f()- $0) @ S432 =f) HE = f(f+s2)=F(f0)+ Sx (l402)= (+2): suy ra x=y, ta gip méu thuan. Do dé, néu x>y>0 thi £00) SQ) hay f gidm. ‘Ta sé chimg minh f ta don anh, Gia sir f khong. phai 1a dom dink, Khi dé t6n tai 6>a>0 sao cho f(a) = f(b). Tit (1) lan lugt cho x=a, x=b ta suy ra: af ay +1)= f(y+f(@)) = =f (y+ SO) =Oflby +)),¥y € (04+) (8). Tir (8) ta c6: SO +6x)= 60+ ax), Vx>0 (= FeO. Tirday thay x boi ra taduge: I +2)=5/(01+5y),Wx>0. Ap dung ket qua nay lign tigp, ta durge: A(+x)=6"F (1+ 6"x), Vx > 0,n=1,2,.. Tirday cho x=1 ta duge: F2)=5" f(1+5"), vn =1,2, Do f gidmnén f(1+8")< (1), suy ra: FQ)E5'f(), Vn=1,2,... (9). Ma 0<6<1 nén ta c6 lim (5"/())=0; do d6 khi cho sé nguyén duong mn di lém thi 85°F) < f(2), mau thuén véi (9). Vay f 1a don anh ta06: (79 L2) y(n see) o =xzf (I+ 2), Vx,2>0. Tir day, thay x boi * ta duge: z Ad) wilsdew{tex 2)=1( soy Ma f don dnb nén 1(2)- 2-902 Tir (10) thay x béi 2x ta duge: x,2>0. x20 (10) Foye pene), Vx,2>0 (11). Tir (1) di iz va x tasuy ra: ml e ya I@y+ Ti day, cho: = 2taduge: 10) EDP 0) LDL aus S(xy+ Lage f@ al Po + FO)-Lver0 a 3/0) =2 24 +2f(2)-1,¥x>0 Sle 21 poves0(p=2-2/0), Thay vao (1) taduge £=1 vay foy=4ve>0. x Chit ¥. Co thé chimg minh f don anh bing cach 1p lun kha nhur sau: Tir (8) ta 06: J+ ax)=afd+bove>0(a=2 >. Tirday thay x boi ~, ta duoc: fltx)=af(l+ax),Ve>0. Ap dung két qua nay lién tiép, ta duge: f(l+x)=a"s(I+a°x), Ve> On =1,2,.. Tir day, thay x boi + ta duge: sfieh)aa fQ),¥n=1,2,... OP). Cra") Ma f gidm nén két hop visi (9j) ta 06: sayz s(ted =a senin=na, cop po a>1 160 lit n(a"f2))= 4084 thé tir (10) n dit lim ta nhin duve diéu cho s6 nguyén duong mau thuin. Nhu thé, f don anh, Sau khi ching minh duge f 1a don ‘cach khac nbu sau: Ta cd: SS + = PFD. Va7 0. (I), suy 10. vGi moi x>0,y>0 tac: nh, ta cdn c6 thé gi Két hyp voi of (e+ y)=feo4D=S(S9) +1). foyates induce Tir (1) thay » boi (ee of y+ = F(SO9)+1).¥x> Ly >0. Ma_f don anh nén LQI=NF* _ Fay) 41, ¥x>1y>0. x oy fD2)- sf (f)+s) SQ)+ pat g(x) = af (x) 1 Khi d6 vai moi x>1, y>1 tacd: 8O)41 yy a@tl, 9» =2@)41 x x xy ee ROH, gO)+ Io» _ sp) tl x cy y © ygia)+ y+) +1-y= Gy) +1 © ya(a) + 80) = 809). Déi chd x vay ta duge: xg(y)+ (x)= gy). Do 46: ya(x) + a(y) = xa(v)+ a(x). Vay: 2a (x) + 9(2) = xg(2)+ g(x) = a(x) =C(x—1) (C= g(2)) 1 = Sa)=c+——. Thay vio (1) ta duge C= 0 hay foy=tvert. ‘én day ta Lam tuong ty nhu céch 1. Loi gidi 4. Ta 06: S(F0)+y) =a Gy +0, ¥x,y>0 (0. sseweamn "OSuses 37Gia sit 1 ton tai xe (0;+0)\ {1} sao. cho én day ta gip mau thudn, Viy LOA cova eOH9)\) @. Tinh chat (i) c6 nghia la: néu x >1 thi f(x) <1; néu 015 tir(1) cho y=~— ta duge: x f0-Lsfoy=7e) 9 Néu fy + thi 4 f09-1 51, suy ra: x x J+ fey-2)*2" (0) > 1, mau thu vi tinh z chat (i) Néu f(y0 thoa min x cdc yéu chu 48 bai. Chai ¥. Tit "ket cau" cia phuong trinh ham (1) ta dy doan f(x) 38 TORI HOS Sé 540(6-2022) DE f(y+ f(x) = fy +), ta xét phuong trinh: L0)-1. x-l Do dy doan y+ f@=xytlsy duge f(x)=—,vx>0 nén ta can chimg minh x f=. DE afGxy+l=af), cin 06 Loi gidi 5S. Ta L(9+ (@) =a (ay +1) Way > (D. <1 a Voi x>1; tr (l) ta cho y==— (@8 cho sy +1), ta duge: s(t 100) xf(2,Wxr1 20. xl Ta (1) thay x boi b+ f(xy va thay y béi x, ta duge: (de +s6))++] -[ rey (x+af(x)),¥x>1 Go), Tir (20) va Gd) suy ra: +F(x)=1 sWe>l (40. = af (1+2), Vx € (0:40) x Foyt Tex? (ao (40) = f@+i=t+ vero x = f@)=—,¥r>0. Vay f(x) =—,Wx>0. Thit Ii thy théa man, Chis §. Loi gidi 5 rét ngan gon, chi ding cée phép thé, 6 thé la Idi giai ngin gon nhdt. Tuy nhién, 8 tim duge 16% gidi 6 la digu khong d8. Bai ton nay; 8 duge ching ti ging cho nhigu d6i tuyén hoe sinh gidi cla ede tinh, thanh phé, cé nhimg449i rit man; nung cing chua thy em hoe sinh nio dura ra duge 19% gidi nay, Tiép theo, chang ta cing di dén 19: gidi 6. Lai giai 6 nay dai dong va phi tap nhung chia nhimg lap lugn hay va kh; qua 16i gidi 6 nay ching ta sé thay duge méi lién he dep gita tinh don digu va tinh lign tye cia ham sb; loi gidi 6 may 3 thye sy sir dung cae kj thuat cca gidi ich. Loi gidi 6. Tit (1) cho y=+ ta duge: fr 4 sport AF (2)¥x>0, Tir day thay x boi —~ ta suy r " siaad Fp BY F la todn nh ‘Tuong ty nhy I6i gidi 4, ta chimg minh duge: néu xl thi f(x) st; néu 01 thi f(x)<1; néu O1. Néu tdn tai x>0 sao cho f(f(x)) 0. bai Véi x>0 va y>0 tm o6 I+ayrl nen L(+ ay) <1; do 46: P(A) + v)=af oy tN exe S(PO0)- Vay f (f(x ty) Odo 46 f giam nghiém git Bé ad, Név f:R° 9 RB Md toan anh va la ham so sim nghiém ngait én Ri thi f Ud ham sé lién tue trén Chieng minh. Gia sit a> 0 ‘Véi mdi day s6 duong (x,) sa0 cho Jim x, =a ta can chimg minh: lim f(,)= 1(@) Dat Khi 46 ta c6 lim trén va gidi han dudi cia day 86 (x,), Suy ra: lim v, =a. DE thay (u,) la day gidm, (,) la day ting viv, $x, $u,,¥n= 1 Do f li ham sé giam nén: Fv.) 2 £4, 2 Fu, R= 12, Do (u,) li day giam va bi chin dudi (boi y,) va f laham gidm nén (f(u,)) 1 day ting va bj chin trén (boi £4)! Sly) SS HOU) SF Cy) S20 SFI do do day (f(u,)) hoi te tim £(4,) =P 4)> 0. Mat khae dof ld toain dnh nén3z eR" : f(2)=b. Tir d6 ta duge: Fu, = f(z). SU) £2) =12... Qh). Do (y,) la day ting va bj chin trén (bai u,) va f laham giam nén day (f(v,)) giam va bj chan dudi (b6i f(a) ): IOYZ ZIM) LO na B 2 LM); do d6 day (/(,)) hoi tu Jim f0,)=¢2 fu) >0. Mit khic do fi toan anh nén 3 eR: f()=e. Tirdo: lim £0,)= fO.S0,)2 £0 3, SEWn=12... Bh). Mit khic, £0) f(u,),¥n= qua giéi han ta duge: M(O2S(e)=tsz (4h). Tit (2h), (3h), (4h) ta thu durge: ¥, StS 2Su,,Wn=1,2,... (5h) nén chuyén_ ssswoesom TORU 39Tir (Sh) chuyén qua gidi han, ta duge: a, suy ra Jim f(@,)= lim f(v,) = f(a) (6h). Ket hop (6h) va (1h) ta duge: lim f(,)= f(a) Nhu vay f 1d ham sé lign tue trén RY, Bé dd duge chimg minh. Do f gidm ngat va la toan anh nén theo bd suyra f liéntuc. Voi x>0 va y>0 tacé: S(FC)+¥) =A oy +) 0. Tir day (4 y ring f lién tuc trén (0;+20)), cho yO" duge f (f()) Sx, Vx> 0. Nhu vay: F(fC))= Tir (1) thay x boi f(x) va thay y boi Vx > 0. 2 thi voi moi x>1, y>I ta cd: a). FIO) st). FOF) 7} =i( Fa) Ma f gidm ngat nén + yt vrobyol fx) fO) Tirday, cho y=2 ta due: “a ra! 1 ve>t ess f@) 8) a" 1 0-s@)x42f2)-1 Vy TO” f2) eh ndvteverl. 4) @ S2 FQ) Thay vio (1), suy ra voi mgi x >1y>1 tac6: L ___ ite dfa@+y)+e doy + Dre E a ) “Toys l+e y|re Sdiyti+e= (oat syeer <2 d(ay + D(de+e)+e(ds+e) = dr+ dry (de +e) +ex(de+e). Do / gidm ngat nén d #0. So sinh hé s6 cua x* Ghai vé suy ra ed = 0, do db e= 0. Vay: @x(y +l ade+d’x’y, Var hy>l. ‘Tir day suy ra d® =d ,dod6 d=1. vay soy=t ver “Tir dy, wong ty nh igi 1, ta suy 70 = fis)=4,vx> 0, Thit li ding Chit ¥. Tuong ty nhur bd dé trén, ta chimg minh duge nhiing két qui sau: Néu f:R’ +R la todn nh va la ham s6 tang nghiém ngat trén R° thi fla ham sé lién tue tron Re Néw f:R +R la todn anh va la ham sé don digu nghiém ngat wrén R thi f Id ham s0 lién tue trén R Nhu vay, chiing t0i da trinh bay 6 Idi giai cho mét bai todn phuong trinh ham. Dén day, chac han ban dgc da nhgn ra ring; dé gidi ton, nhiéu khi cing khéng cin chay theo sé Iugng bai todn giai duge, ma phai tiép can bai toan, giai toan mét cach su sic va than trong, lat di lit lai vin dé, biét van dyng va tong hop nhiéu kién thie dé khai thac cae de trung cua ting bai toén; manh dan phan tich 48 tim ra céc tinh chit tiém an cia bai toan, Lam duge duge nhimg digu nay, sé giip ching ta 06 duge nhimg loi gidi méi, tam phong pha thém kién thitc, kj ning efing nh phuong phip gidi toan.