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5/18/23, 3:04 PM South China Sea Arbitration-A Case Study | PDF | Territorial Waters | Exclusive Economic Zone

 


CO‖DL-@_A GOEOUY* 

Ygo Qbutg Agfld Qod Dreftrdtfbl Dwdri dli Fts

]fiosprodi Fjp`fadtfbls

Fltrbiuatfbl .............................................................................. 576

F. _LA@BQ3 Yorrftbrfd` Qbvorofmlty dli tgo Ufmgts tb
Qurrbuliflm ]dtors ....................................................... 565
D. Yorrftbrfd` Qod......................................................... 561
E. Abltfmubus Sblo .................................................... 569
A. Oxa`usfvo Oablbjfa Sblo...................................... 569
I. Abltfloltd` Qgo`h .................................................... 569
FF. Flftfdtfbl bh Dreftrdtfbl [rbaooiflms ............................. 56?
FFF. Ygo [orjdlolt Aburt bh Dreftrdtfbl‖s Dwdri ............... 56=
D. Uo`foh Uoquostoi ey tgo [gf`fppflos....................... 56=
E. [ro`fjfldry Jdttors bh Curfsifatfbl Eohbro tgo
Yrfeuld` .................................................................. 566
A. Agfld‖s Lflo-Idsg @flo dli Gfstbrfa A`dfjs ........ 1;;
I. Qtdtus bh Hodturos fl tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod.............. 1;4
O. Agfloso Datfvftfos fl tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod ............. 1;1
H. Agfld‖s Dmmrdvdtfbl br Oxtolsfbl bh tgo Ifsputo.. 1;9
M. Ygo [drtfosʰ Huturo Abliuat .................................. 1;?
FX. Agfld‖s Abjp`fdlao wftg tgo Dwdri ............................ 1;?
X. Fjp`fadtfbls bh tgo Dwdri ............................................. 14;
Abla`usfbl................................................................................ 145

FLYUBI_AYFBL 
Ygo Agfloso ad`` ft  Ldl Gdf, tgo Jd`dysfdls ad`` ft  @dut Afld
Qo`dtdl, tgo Hf`fpflbs ad`` ft  Idmdt Ndl`urdlm [f`fpflds ,  dli tgo

* Co‖dl-@ua Goeort fs d stuiolt dt tgo _lfvorsfty bh Brombl Qagbb` bh @dw. Dhtor

mrdiudtfbl, tgo dutgbr wf`` abjjfssfbl ds d soabli `foutoldlt fl tgo _lftoi Qtdtos Dfr Hbrao
CDM Abrps. Ygo dutgbr wbu`i `fno tb tgdln gfs hdjf`y dli hrfolis hbr suppbrtflm gfj
tgrbumg `dw sagbb`.

^576Z 

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56; BUOMBL U OXFO] BH F LYOULDYFBLD@ @D]  ^Xb`. 46, 576

Xfotldjoso ad`` ft  Efề l  ěùlm . Iospfto tgo jdly ldjos ft gds eool
mfvol, tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod gds abjo tb eo nlbwl prfjdrf`y hbr tgo
rdmflm jdrftfjo ifsputos tgdt gdvo jdrroi tgo surrbuliflm ldtfbl stdtos
tgdt odag `dy a`dfj tb pdrt, fh lbt d``, bh fts wdtors.
Ygo Qbutg Agfld Qod fs d arftfad` abjjorafd` mdtowdy hbr d
sfmlfhfadlt pbrtfbl bh tgo wbr`i‖s joragdlt sgfppflm dli fs dl
fjpbrtdlt oablbjfa dli strdtomfa romfbl bh tgo Flib-[dafhfa. Ygfs
‐sojf-ola`bsoi sod fl tgo wostorl [dafhfa Baodl, spdllflm dl drod bh
d`jbst 1.? jf``fbl squdro nf`bjotors,‚ fs gbjo tb jdly fs`dlis dli
roohs, jbst lbtde`y Ygo [drdao`s dli Qprdt`ys. 4 Ygoso agdfls bh sjd``
fs`dlis dli abrd` roohs dro fjpbrtdlt eoaduso abltrb` bh tgo fs`dlis dli
roohs jodls abltrb` bh tgo sod‖s hfsgorfos dli bf` dli ldturd` mds
iopbsfts.
Ygo hulidjoltd` ifsputo fl tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod ablaorls
sbvorofmlty bvor tgoso bhh-sgbro fs`dlis dli roohs. Agfld, Erulof
Idrussd`dj, Jd`dysfd, tgo [gf`fppflos, dli Xfotldj a`dfj tb abltrb`
sbjo br d`` bh tgo Qprdt`y Fs`dlis. 5 Agfld dli tgo [gf`fppflos a`dfj tgo
fs`dlis fl Qadrebrbumg Qgbd`, dli Agfld dli Xfotldj a`dfj tgo [drdao`
Fs`dlis.1 Fl diiftfbl, Ydfwdl a`dfjs tgo sdjo fs`dlis ds Agfld. Agfld‖s
lflo-idsg `flo, d vdmuo gfstbrfad` iopfatfbl ey Agfld bh fts a`dfj
(olabjpdssflm debut lfloty poraolt bh tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod 9), fs tgo
brfmfl bh lujorbus ablh`fatflm torrftbrfd` a`dfjs fl tgo romfbl. Qflao
drbuli 5;;6, Agfld ‐stodif`y flarodsoi fts ohhbrts tb ablsb`fidto fts
 pbsftfbl fl tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod ulior tgfs a`dfj wftg vdrfoi tdatfas,
fla`uiflm usflm fts jf`ftdry, abdst mudri, dli jdrftfjo jf`ftfd tb gdrdss
hbrofml sgfps> oxp`brflm dli oxtrdatflm rosburaos fl ifsputoi drods> dli,
stdrtflm fl 5;41, ablstruatflm drtfhfafd` fs`dlis dli edsflm jf`ftdry dli
afvf`fdl dssots tgoro.‚? 

4  Fl ro Uopue`fa bh tgo [gf`. v. Agfld, [AD Adso Lb. 5;41-46, Aortfhfoi Dwdri, ¸ 1 (Cu`y
45, 5;48), gttps3//padadsos.abj/woe/vfow/= ^gorofldhtor DwdriZ.
5 ]gy fs tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod Abltoltfbus2 , EEA  LO]Q (Cu`y 45, 5;48), gttp3//www
.eea.abj/lows/wbr`i-dsfd-pdafhfa-41=97196.
1  Fi. 
9 Idvfi @dmuo,  Dld`ysfs3 Agfld‖s Lflo-Idsg @flo fl tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod , U O_YOUQ  
(Jdy 5?, 5;45, 6341 [J), gttp3//www.routors.abj/drtfa`o/us-agfld-sod-ebulidry-fi_QE
UO79B;=?5;45;?5?.
? Adft`fl Adjpeo`` & Ldrmfzd Qd`ficdlbvd, Qbutg Agfld Qod Dreftrdtfbl Uu`flm3 ]gdt
 Gdppoloi dli ]gdt‖s Loxt2, _.Q.-AGFLD OABLBJFA DLI QOA_UFYV U OXFO]
ABJJFQQFBL 4 (Cu`y 45, 5;48), gttp3//www.usaa.mbv/Uosodrag/sbutg-agfld-sod-dreftrd tfbl-
ru`flm-wgdt-gdppoloi-dli-wgdt%O5%7;%66s-loxt.

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5;47Z  Ygo Qbutg Agfld Qod Dreftrdtfbl Dwdri dli Fts 564
]fiosprodi Fjp`fadtfbls 


Qburao3  Cbflflm tgo Idsgos, OABLBJFQY  (Bat. 9, 5;49), gttp3//www.oablb

jfst.abj/lows/dsfd/54854799-sbutg-agfld-sods-`fttbrd`-stdtos-wf``-hfmgt-
jusoujs-dragfvos-dli.
Ygo 4675 _lftoi Ldtfbls Ablvoltfbl bl tgo @dw bh tgo Qod
(_LA@BQ)8 ostde`fsgoi dl fltorldtfbld` `omd` hrdjowbrn tb mbvorl d``
usos bh tgo baodls. D`` bh tgo stdtos ebriorflm tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod’ 
Erulof Idrussd`dj, Agfld, Fliblosfd, Jd`dysfd, tgo [gf`fppflos, dli
Xfotldj’dro pdrtfos tb _LA@BQ. =  Ydfwdl, wgfag d`sb ebriors tgo
Qbutg Agfld Qod, tbbn stops tb erflm fts `omfs`dtfbl fltb ablhbrjfty wftg
_LA@BQ.7  Ygorohbro, _LA@BQ fs arftfad``y fjpbrtdlt wgol
dld`yzflm tgo `omd` ifsputos fl tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod.
Ygfs sujjdry eomfls ey ifsaussflm gbw, ulior _LA@BQ, torrftbrfd`
sbvorofmlty fs ostde`fsgoi dli wgdt wdtor rfmgts dttdag tb fs`dlis dli
abdstd` stdtos fl brior tb prbvfio tgo rodior wftg tgo edanmrbuli
loaossdry tb uliorstdli tgo abjpotflm a`dfjs divdlaoi ey tgo
[gf`fppflos dli Agfld. Dhtor fltrbiuaflm tgo [gf`fppflos‖ dli Agfld‖s
a`dfjs tgdt `oi tb tgo flftfdtfbl bh dreftrd` prbaooiflms, tgfs sujjdry
oxdjflos tgo [orjdlolt Aburt bh Dreftrdtfbl‖s Cu`y 5;48 Dwdri (tgo

8 _lftoi Ldtfbls Ablvoltfbl bl tgo @dw bh tgo Qod, Ioa. 4;, 4675, 4711 _.L.Y.Q. 16=,
gttp3//www.ul.brm/iopts/`bs/./ablvoltfblRdmroojolts/toxts/ula`bs/ula`bsRo.pih
^gorofldhtor _LA@BQZ.
= Ygo idtos bh rdtfhfadtfbl bh tgo hfvo a`dfjdlt stdtos dro ds hb``bws3 Erulof Idrussd`dj,
 Lbvojeor ?, 4668> Agfld, Culo =, 4668> Jd`dysfd, Batbeor 49, 4668> tgo [gf`fppflos, Jdy
7, 4679> dli Xfotldj, Cu`y 5?, 4669. Qoo _lftoi Ldtfbls Yrodtfos Ab``oatfbl, Qtdtus bh
Yrodtfos, _ LFYOI  LDYFBLQ (Lbv. 59, 5;4=),   gttps3//trodtfos.ul.brm/pdmos/XfowIotdf`sFFF
.dspx2sra:YUODYV&jtismRlb:WWF-8&agdptor:54&Yojp:jtism1&a`dlm:Rol.
7 Qoo Vdll-Guof Qblm & Sbu Noyudl,  Jdrftfjo @omfs`dtfbl bh Jdfl`dli Agfld dli
Ydfwdl3 Iovo`bpjolts, Abjpdrfsbl, Fjp`fadtfbls, dli [btoltfd` Agd``olmos hbr tgo _lftoi
Qtdtos, 14 BAODL IOX. & F LY‖@ @. 1;1, 14; ∕45 (5;;;).

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565 BUOMBL U OXFO] BH F LYOULDYFBLD@ @D]  ^Xb`. 46, 576

Dwdri). Ygfs sujjdry but`flos d`` hfhtool bh tgo [gf`fppflos‖ hfld`

suejfssfbls, tgo Yrfeuld`‖s hfliflms bl curfsifatfbl, dli tgo Yrfeuld`‖s
dld`ysfs dli abla`usfbls bl tgo [gf`fppflos‖ suejfssfbls. Fl `fmgt bh
tgo Dwdri, tgfs sujjdry d`sb ifsaussos Agfld‖s roaolt ohhbrts, dli `dan
tgorobh, tb eoabjo abjp`fdlt wftg tgo Dwdri. Diiftfbld``y, tgfs
sujjdry prosolts tgo romfbld` dli fltorldtfbld` fjp`fadtfbls bh tgo
Dwdri.

F
_LA@BQ3 YOUUFYBUFD@ QBXOUOFMLYV DLI YGO UFMGYQ YB
Q_UUB_LIFLM ]DYOUQ 

Qburao3 _lftoi Ldtfbls Ablvoltfbl bl tgo @dw bh tgo Qod (_LA@BQ)3 Ygo
 Fltorprotdtfbls, Y GO [D[OU   (Jdr. 59, 5;48), gttp3//dsfdjdrftfjo .lot/tgo-
 pdpor-ulftoi-ldtfbls-ablvoltfbl-bl-tgo-`dw-bh-tgo-sod-ula`bs-tgo-
fltorprotdtfbls.
Ygo prflafpd` ifsputo bvor sbvorofml abltrb` bh tgo fs`dli agdfls,
dli tgo purpbso bh Agfld‖s lflo-idsg `flo, fl tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod fs
ablaoltrdtoi bl tgo hdat tgdt _LA@BQ mrdlts aortdfl rfmgts dli
be`fmdtfbls dttdagflm tb baodl drods surrbuliflm d stdto‖s sbvorofml
torrftbry. Yorrftbrfd` sbvorofmlty oxtolis bvor `dli torrftbry, tgo
torrftbrfd` sod surrbuliflm tgdt `dli, dli tgo sodeoi bh tgo torrftbrfd`
sod.6  Yorrftbrfd` sbvorofmlty fs tgo ‐rfmgt tb oxorafso ^wftgfl tgo
torrftbryZ, tb tgo oxa`usfbl bh dly btgor ^sZtdto, tgo hulatfbls bh d
^sZtdto.‚4; Daabjpdlyflm tgfs rfmgt fs tgo be`fmdtfbl tb prbtoat wftgfl

6 FDL EUB]L@FO, [UFLAF[@OQ BH [_E@FA F LYOULDYFBLD@ @D] 4;? (=tg oi. 5;;7).

4; Fs`dli bh [d`jds (_.Q. v. Lotg.), 44 U.F.D.D. 756, 717 ([orj. At. Dre. 4657).

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5;47Z  Ygo Qbutg Agfld Qod Dreftrdtfbl Dwdri dli Fts 561
]fiosprodi Fjp`fadtfbls 

tgfs torrftbry tgo rfmgts bh btgor stdtos. 44  Fs`dlis dli rbans dro ebtg
torrftbry tgdt eoabjo suecoat tb stdto curfsifatfbl. 45 Fl brior hbr d stdto
tb ostde`fsg sbvorofmlty bvor wdtors, ft fs fjpordtfvo tgdt tgo stdto
iojblstrdto tgdt ft gds sbvorofmlty bvor tgo `dli jdss. 41 Fh d stdto ibos
lbt gdvo torrftbrfd` sbvorofmlty bvor dl fs`dli, tgol tgdt stdto ibos lbt
gdvo rfmgts tb tgo surrbuliflm wdtors. _LA@BQ‖s rfmgts prbtoatflm tgo
surrbuliflm wdtors dro bhtol tgo rodsbl stdtos wdlt tb a`dfj
sbvorofmlty bvor fs`dlis dli `dli jdssos fl tgo bpol wdtors.
_lhbrtuldto`y, _LA@BQ ibos lbt but`flo gbw abjpotflm stdtos
iotorjflo wgfag gdvo d eottor sbvorofmlty a`dfj bvor d ifsputoi
torrftbry, fla`uiflm bhh-sgbro fs`dlis> _LA@BQ fs `fjftoi fl sott`flm
torrftbry ifsputos tb bl`y iohflflm tgo jdrftfjo zblos tgdt adl eo
a`dfjoi blao sbvorofmlty bvor tgo `dli gds eool ostde`fsgoi. 49 
Ygo wdtor surrbuliflm d abdstd` stdto fs ifvfioi fltb tgroo zblos3 tgo
torrftbrfd` sod, tgo abltfmubus zblo, dli tgo Oxa`usfvo Oablbjfa Sblo
(OOS).4? Fl diiftfbl tb spoafhfa rfmgts fl tgoso tgroo zblos, tgo stdto gds
rfmgts tb tgo abltfloltd` sgo`h. 48 

 D. Yorrftbrfd` Qod

Daabriflm tb _LA@BQ, ‐^tZgo sbvorofmlty bh d abdstd` ^sZtdto
oxtolis, eoybli fts `dli torrftbry dli fltorld` wdtors dli, fl tgo adso bh
dl dragfpo`dmfa Qtdto, fts dragfpo`dmfa wdtors, tb dl dicdaolt eo`t bh sod,
iosarfeoi ds tgo torrftbrfd` sod.‚ 4=  Ygo torrftbrfd` sod oxtolis up tb
two`vo ldutfad` jf`os hrbj tgo edso`flo. 47 D stdto gds tgo sdjo rfmgts
fl fts torrftbrfd` sod ds ft ibos fl fts `dli torrftbry. 46  Io`flodtflm tgo
torrftbrfd` sod wds blo bh tgo jdfl becoatfvos bh tgo tgfri ablhorolao bl

44 EUB]L@FO, suprd lbto 6, dt 4;?.
45  Fi. dt 471.
41 _LA@BQ,  suprd lbto 8, dt drt. 5.
49 U BEOUY EOANJDL , DQFD QBA‖V / @NV Q[[ ABLHOUOLAO , YGO [GF@F[[FLOQ X. AGFLD
ADQO DLI YGO QB_YG AGFLD QOD IFQ[_YOQ  5 (5;41), gttps3//af`.lus.oiu.sm/wp-
abltolt/up`bdis/5;41/;1/Eoanjdl-Dsfd-Qbafoty-@NV-Q[[-Jdrag-5;41-irdht-bh-8-Jdrag
.pih.
4? Qoatfbl 4.13 _lftoi Ldtfbls Ablvoltfbl bl tgo @dw bh tgo Qod (_LA@BQ) , M @BED@
AAQ  F LQYFY_YO,  gttps3//gue.m`bed`aasflstftuto.abj/pue`fadtfbls/bhhsgbro-ab5-stbrdmo-`omd`
-rosburaos/ulftoi-ldtfbls-ablvoltfbl-`dw-sod-ula`bs (`dst vfsftoi Hoe. 1, 5;47).
48 _LA@BQ,  suprd lbto 8, dt drt. ==.
4=  Fi. dt drt. 5.
47  Fi. dt drt. 1.
46  Fi. dt drt. 5.

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569 BUOMBL U OXFO] BH F LYOULDYFBLD@ @D]  ^Xb`. 46, 576

tgo @dw bh tgo Qod. 5; Ygo sbvorofml stdto gds tgo be`fmdtfbl tb d``bw
hbr tgo ‐fllbaolt pdssdmo‚ bh hbrofml sgfps wftgfl fts torrftbrfd` sod. 54 

 E. Abltfmubus Sblo

Ygo abltfmubus zblo fs tgo wdtor oxtoliflm hrbj tgo butor porfjotor
bh tgo stdto‖s torrftbrfd` sod, dli jdy oxtoli up tb twolty-hbur ldutfad`
jf`os hrbj tgo edso`flo. 55  D abdstd` stdto jdy tdno olhbraojolt
jodsuros fl d abltfmubus zblo tb provolt br pulfsg ‐flhrflmojolt bh
fts austbjs, hfsad`, fjjfmrdtfbl br sdlftdry `dws dli romu`dtfbls wftgfl
fts torrftbry br torrftbrfd` sod.‚ 51 

A. Oxa`usfvo Oablbjfa Sblo

Ygo OOS fs dl drod eoybli dli dicdaolt tb tgo torrftbrfd` sod
oxtoliflm up tb 5;; ldutfad` jf`os hrbj tgo edso`flo. 59 
Fl tgo oxa`usfvo oablbjfa zblo, tgo abdstd` stdto gds3
(d) sbvorofml rfmgts hbr tgo purpbso bh oxp`brflm dli oxp`bftflm,
ablsorvflm dli jdldmflm tgo ldturd` rosburaos, wgotgor `fvflm br
lbl-`fvflm, bh tgo wdtors suporcdaolt tb tgo sodeoi dli bh tgo
sodeoi dli fts suesbf`, dli wftg romdri tb btgor datfvftfos hbr tgo
oablbjfa oxp`bftdtfbl dli oxp`brdtfbl bh tgo zblo, suag ds tgo
 prbiuatfbl bh olormy hrbj tgo wdtor, aurrolts dli wflis>
(e) curfsifatfbl ds prbvfioi hbr fl tgo ro`ovdlt prbvfsfbls bh tgfs
Ablvoltfbl wftg romdri tb3
(f) tgo ostde`fsgjolt dli uso bh drtfhfafd` fs`dlis, flstd``dtfbls
dli struaturos>
(ff) jdrflo safoltfhfa rosodrag>
(fff) tgo prbtoatfbl dli prosorvdtfbl bh tgo jdrflo olvfrbljolt>
(a) btgor rfmgts dli iutfos prbvfioi hbr fl tgfs Ablvoltfbl.5? 

 I. Abltfloltd` Qgo`h

Ygo abltfloltd` sgo`h ‐abjprfsos tgo sodeoi dli suesbf` bh tgo
suejdrflo drods tgdt oxtoli eoybli fts torrftbrfd` sod . . . tb d ifstdlao
bh 5;; ldutfad` jf`os hrbj tgo edso`flo.‚ 58  Ygo abdstd` stdto gds tgo

5; Ifv. hbr Baodl Dhhdfrs & tgo @dw bh tgo Qod, Ygo _lftoi Ldtfbls Ablvoltfbl bl tgo
 @dw bh tgo Qod (D Gfstbrfad` [orspoatfvo), _.L. (4667), gttp3//www.ul.brm/iopts/`bs
/ablvoltfblRdmroojolts/ablvoltfblRgfstbrfad`Rporspoatfvo.gtj#YgfriAblhorolao.
54 _LA@BQ,  suprd lbto 8, dt drt. 4=.
55  Fi. dt drt. 11.
51  Fi. 
59  Fi. dt drts. ??, ?=.
5?  Fi. dt drt. ?8.
58 Fi. dt drt. =8(4). Lbto3 tgo abltfloltd` sgo`h oxtolis, dt jflfjuj, 5;; ldutfad` jf`os.

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5;47Z  Ygo Qbutg Agfld Qod Dreftrdtfbl Dwdri dli Fts 56?
]fiosprodi Fjp`fadtfbls 

oxa`usfvo sbvorofml rfmgts tb oxp`bro dli oxp`bft tgo ldturd` rosburaos
bh tgo abltfloltd` sgo`h. 5= 
]gol d stdto eoabjos d pdrty tb _LA@BQ, ft ablsolts fl divdlao
tb tgo ifsputo sott`ojolt prbvfsfbls fl [drt WX bh _LA@BQ. Ygo
molord` prflafp`o fl [drt WX fs tgdt fh d ifsputo drfsos eotwool twb
 pdrtfos bl tgo fltorprotdtfbl br dpp`fadtfbl bh d prbvfsfbl fl _LA@BQ,
dli tgo ifsputo adllbt eo rosb`voi ey ablsu`tdtfbl dli lombtfdtfbl,
oftgor pdrty tb tgo ifsputo jdy ulf`dtord``y erflm tgo ifsputo eohbro dl
fltorldtfbld` aburt br dreftrd` trfeuld`. 57 [drt WX d`sb prbvfios tgdt dly
rosu`tflm ioafsfbl bh tgo aburt br trfeuld` fs `omd``y efliflm bl ebtg
 pdrtfos tb tgo ifsputo.56 

FF
FLFYFDYFBL BH DUEFYUDYFBL [UBAOOIFLMQ 
Bl Cdludry 55, 5;41, tgo [gf`fppflos flftfdtoi dreftrdtfbl
 prbaooiflms wftg tgo [orjdlolt Aburt bh Dreftrdtfbl (tgo Yrfeuld`) fl
Ygo Gdmuo, Lotgor`dlis, tb a`drfhy fts ablh`fatflm a`dfjs wftg Agfld fl
tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod.1;  Ygo [gf`fppflos suejfttoi dl dpp`fadtfbl hbr
ru`flms fl rospoat tb hbur bvordragflm jdttors ablaorlflm tgo
ro`dtfblsgfp eotwool tgo [gf`fppflos dli Agfld fl tgo Qbutg Agfld
Qod.14 
Hfrst, tgo [gf`fppflos sbumgt d ru`flm bl tgo sburao bh tgo pdrtfos‖
rfmgts dli be`fmdtfbls fl tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod dli tgo ohhoat bh
_LA@BQ bl Agfld‖s a`dfjs tb gfstbrfa rfmgts wftgfl fts sb-ad``oi lflo-
idsg `flo.15 
Qoabli, tgo [gf`fppflos sbumgt d ru`flm bl wgotgor aortdfl jdrftfjo
hodturos a`dfjoi ey ebtg Agfld dli tgo [gf`fppflos dro prbpor`y
agdrdatorfzoi ds fs`dlis, rbans, `bw-tfio o`ovdtfbls, br suejormoi
 edlns ulior _LA@BQ.11 Ygo stdtus bh tgoso jdrftfjo hodturos ulior
_LA@BQ iotorjflos tgo jdrftfjo zblos tgdt tgo hodturos dro adpde`o
bh molordtflm.19 

5=  Fi. dt drts. ==(4)‑(5).

57  Fi. dt drt. 578.
56  Fi. dt drt. 568(4).
1; Dwdri, suprd lbto 4, ¸ 57.
14  Fi. ¸ 9.
15  Fi. ¸ =.
11  Fi. ¸ 7.
19  Fi. 

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
568 BUOMBL U OXFO] BH F LYOULDYFBLD@ @D]  ^Xb`. 46, 576

Ygfri, tgo [gf`fppflos sbumgt ru`flms bl wgotgor aortdfl Agfloso

datfbls fl tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod gdvo vfb`dtoi _LA@BQ ey fltorhorflm
wftg tgo oxorafso bh tgo [gf`fppflos‖ sbvorofml rfmgts dli hrooibjs
ulior _LA@BQ, br tgrbumg ablstruatfbl dli hfsgflm datfvftfos tgdt
gdvo gdrjoi tgo jdrflo olvfrbljolt.1? 
Hfld``y, tgo [gf`fppflos sbumgt d ru`flm tgdt aortdfl datfbls tdnol ey
Agfld‑‑fl pdrtfau`dr fts `drmo-sad`o `dli roa`djdtfbl dli ablstruatfbl
bh drtfhfafd` fs`dlis fl tgo Qprdt`y Fs`dlis sflao tgo dreftrdtfbl wds
abjjolaoi‑‑ul`dwhu``y dmmrdvdtoi dli oxtolioi tgo pdrtfos‖
ifsputo.18 
Ygo [gf`fppflos‖ a`dfj roabmlfzoi tgdt tgo Yrfeuld` ibos lbt gdvo
 curfsifatfbl tb ioafio twb adtombrfos bh `omd` fssuos. Ygo [gf`fppflos
dijfttoi tgdt tgo Yrfeuld` gds lb curfsifatfbl tb ioafio wgfag stdto gds
tgo eottor a`dfj tb sbvorofmlty bvor tgo ifsputoi fs`dlis. 1=  Ygo
[gf`fppflos d`sb ablaoioi tgdt tgo Yrfeuld` gds lb curfsifatfbl bvor
aortdfl adtombrfos bh ifsputos‑‑tgoso eoflm ifsputos tgdt dro oxa`uioi
hrbj tgo abjpu`sbry ifsputo sott`ojolt prbaoiuros fl _LA@BQ
 eoaduso bh Agfld‖s Ioa`drdtfbl ulior Drtfa`o 567 bh _LA@BQ. 17 Fl fts
Qtdtojolt bh A`dfj, tgo [gf`fppflos oxpross`y stdtoi tgdt ft fs ablsafbus
bh Agfld‖s Ioa`drdtfbl ulior Drtfa`o 567 bh _LA@BQ oxa`uiflm
aortdfl adtombrfos bh ifsputos ―  ‑fla`uiflm ifsputos bl sod ebulidry
io`fjftdtfbl dli gfstbrfa tft`os ―  ‑hrbj efliflm ifsputo sott`ojolt, dli
gds dvbfioi rdfsflm dly suecoats br jdnflm dly a`dfjs bh suag. 16 
Ygrbumgbut tgo dreftrdtfbl prbaoss, tgo Agfloso mbvorljolt digoroi
tb tgo pbsftfbl bh loftgor daaoptflm lbr pdrtfafpdtflm fl tgo prbaooiflms.
Ygo mbvorljolt roftordtoi tgdt pbsftfbl fl ifp`bjdtfa lbtos> fl tgo
‐[bsftfbl [dpor bh tgo Mbvorljolt bh tgo [obp`o‖s Uopue`fa bh Agfld
bl tgo Jdttor bh Curfsifatfbl fl tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod Dreftrdtfbl
Flftfdtoi ey tgo Uopue`fa bh tgo [gf`fppflos‚ idtoi Ioaojeor =, 5;49
(‐Agfld‖s [bsftfbl [dpor‚)> fl `ottors tb jojeors bh tgo Yrfeuld` hrbj
tgo Agfloso Djedssdibr tb tgo Nflmibj bh tgo Lotgor`dlis> dli fl
jdly pue`fa stdtojolts. 9; Ygo Agfloso Mbvorljolt d`sb jdio a`odr

1?  Fi. ¸ 6.
18  Fi. ¸ 4;.
1=  Fi. ¸ 8.
17 Mbv‖t bh Agfld,  Ioa`drdtfbls dli Qtdtojolts3 Agfld, _.L.3 I FX. BH BAODL DHHDFUQ
&  YGO @D] BH YGO QOD  (Dum. 5?, 5;;8), gttp3//www.ul.brm/Iopts/`bs/ablvoltfblRdmroo
jolts/ablvoltfblRioa`drdtfbls.gtj#.
16 Dwdri, suprd lbto 4, ¸ 57.
9;  Fi. ¸ ?4.

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5;47Z  Ygo Qbutg Agfld Qod Dreftrdtfbl Dwdri dli Fts 56=
]fiosprodi Fjp`fadtfbls 

tgdt tgoso stdtojolts dli ibaujolts ‐sgd`` ey lb jodls eo fltorprotoi
ds Agfld‖s pdrtfafpdtfbl fl tgo dreftrd` prbaooiflm ^fl dly hbrjZ.‚ 94 

FFF
YGO [OUJDLOLY AB_UY BH DUEFYUDYFBL‖Q D]DUI 
Iospfto Agfld‖s stodihdst ioafsfbl tb lbt pdrtfafpdto, tgo Yrfeuld`
ojpgdsfzoi tgdt Agfld‖s lbl-pdrtfafpdtfbl ifi lbt ioprfvo tgo Yrfeuld`
bh curfsifatfbl> fts rosu`tflm dwdri wds bvorwgo`jflm`y hdvbrde`o tb tgo
[gf`fppflos‖ pbsftfbl, ru`flm sovord` o`ojolts bh Agfld‖s a`dfjs fl tgo
Qbutg Agfld Qod ul`dwhu`. 95  Ygo hb``bwflm soatfbls diiross tgo
spoafhfas bh tgo [gf`fppflos‖ suejfssfbls, tgo Yrfeuld`‖s abla`usfbl tb
tgoso suejfssfbls, dli sbjo fjp`fadtfbls bh tgo Yrfeuld`‖s ioafsfbl fl
romdris tb tgo [gf`fppflos dli Agfld.

 D. Uo`foh Uoquostoi ey tgo [gf`fppflos

Iurflm tgo prbaooiflms, tgo [gf`fppflos jdio hfhtool Hfld`
Quejfssfbls tgdt prbvfioi jbro iotdf` tb supp`ojolt fts hbur
bvordragflm a`dfjs (sujjdrfzoi fl Qoatfbl FFF). Ygo [gf`fppflos
roquostoi tgo Yrfeuld` tb hfli tgdt3
(4) Agfld‖s jdrftfjo oltft`ojolts fl tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod, `fno tgbso
bh tgo [gf`fppflos, jdy lbt oxtoli eoybli tgbso oxpross`y
 porjfttoi ey tgo _lftoi Ldtfbls Ablvoltfbl bl tgo @dw bh tgo
Qod . . . >
(5) Agfld‖s a`dfjs tb sbvorofml rfmgts curfsifatfbl, dli tb ‐gfstbrfa
rfmgts,‚ wftg rospoat tb tgo jdrftfjo drods bh tgo Qbutg Agfld
Qod olabjpdssoi ey tgo sb-ad``oi ‐lflo-idsg `flo‚ dro abltrdry
tb tgo Ablvoltfbl dli wftgbut `dwhu` ohhoat tb tgo oxtolt tgdt
tgoy oxaooi tgo mobmrdpgfa dli suestdltfvo `fjfts bh Agfld‖s
jdrftfjo oltft`ojolts oxpross`y porjfttoi ey _LA@BQ>
(1) Qadrebrbumg Qgbd` molordtos lb oltft`ojolt tb dl oxa`usfvo
oablbjfa zblo br abltfloltd` sgo`h>
(9) Jfsagfoh Uooh, Qoabli Ygbjds Qgbd`, dli Quef Uooh dro `bw-
tfio o`ovdtfbls tgdt ib lbt molordto oltft`ojolt tb d torrftbrfd`
sod, oxa`usfvo oablbjfa zblo br abltfloltd` sgo`h, dli dro lbt
hodturos tgdt dro adpde`o bh dpprbprfdtfbl ey baaupdtfbl br
btgorwfso>

94  Fi. 
95 [ross Uo`odso, [orjdlolt Aburt bh Dreftrdtfbl, Ygo Qbutg Agfld Qod Dreftrdtfbl3 Ygo
Uopue`fa bh tgo [gf`fppflos v. Ygo [obp`o‖s Uopue`fa bh Agfld, 8 (Cu`y 45, 5;48),
gttps3//padadsos.abj/woe/soliDttdag/47;4 ^gorofldhtor [ross Uo`odsoZ.

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
567 BUOMBL U OXFO] BH F LYOULDYFBLD@ @D]  ^Xb`. 46, 576

(?) Jfsagfoh Uooh dli Qoabli Ygbjds Qgbd` dro pdrt bh tgo
oxa`usfvo oablbjfa zblo dli abltfloltd` sgo`h bh tgo
[gf`fppflos>
(8) Mdvol Uooh dli JaNolldl Uooh (fla`uiflm Gumgos Uooh) dro
`bw-tfio o`ovdtfbls tgdt ib lbt molordto oltft`ojolt tb d
torrftbrfd` sod, oxa`usfvo oablbjfa zblo br abltfloltd` sgo`h, eut
tgofr `bw-wdtor `flo jdy eo usoi tb iotorjflo tgo edso`flo hrbj
wgfag tgo eroditg bh tgo torrftbrfd` sod bh Ldjyft dli Qfl Abwo,
rospoatfvo`y, fs jodsuroi>
(=) Cbglsbl Uooh, Audrtorbl Uooh dli Hfory Arbss Uooh molordto lb
oltft`ojolt tb dl oxa`usfvo oablbjfa zblo br abltfloltd` sgo`h>
(7) Agfld gds ul`dwhu``y fltorhoroi wftg tgo olcbyjolt dli oxorafso
bh tgo sbvorofml rfmgts bh tgo [gf`fppflos wftg rospoat tb tgo
`fvflm dli lbl-`fvflm rosburaos bh fts oxa`usfvo oablbjfa zblo
dli abltfloltd` sgo`h>
(6) Agfld gds ul`dwhu``y hdf`oi tb provolt fts ldtfbld`s dli vosso`s
hrbj oxp`bftflm tgo `fvflm rosburaos fl tgo oxa`usfvo oablbjfa
zblo bh tgo [gf`fppflos>
(4;) Agfld gds ul`dwhu``y provoltoi [gf`fppflo hfsgorjol hrbj
 pursuflm tgofr `fvo`fgbbis ey fltorhorflm wftg trdiftfbld` hfsgflm
datfvftfos dt Qadrebrbumg Qgbd`>
(44) Agfld gds vfb`dtoi fts be`fmdtfbls ulior tgo Ablvoltfbl tb
 prbtoat dli prosorvo tgo jdrflo olvfrbljolt dt Qadrebrbumg
Qgbd`, Qoabli Ygbjds Qgbd`, Audrtorbl Uooh, Hfory Arbss
Uooh, Mdvol Uooh, Cbglsbl Uooh, Gumgos Uooh dli Quef Uooh>
(45) Agfld‖s baaupdtfbl bh dli ablstruatfbl datfvftfos bl Jfsagfoh
Uooh3
(d) Xfb`dto tgo prbvfsfbls bh tgo Ablvoltfbl ablaorlflm
drtfhfafd` fs`dlis, flstd``dtfbls dli struaturos>
(e) Xfb`dto Agfld‖s iutfos tb prbtoat dli prosorvo tgo jdrflo
olvfrbljolt ulior tgo Ablvoltfbl> dli
(a) Ablstftuto ul`dwhu` dats bh dttojptoi dpprbprfdtfbl fl
vfb`dtfbl bh tgo Ablvoltfbl>
(41) Agfld gds erodagoi fts be`fmdtfbls ulior tgo Ablvoltfbl ey
bpordtflm fts `dw olhbraojolt vosso`s fl d idlmorbus jdllor
adusflm sorfbus rfsn bh ab``fsfbl wftg [gf`fppflo vosso`s
ldvfmdtflm fl tgo vfaflfty bh Qadrebrbumg Qgbd`>
(49) Qflao tgo abjjolaojolt bh tgfs dreftrdtfbl fl Cdludry 5;41,
Agfld gds ul`dwhu``y dmmrdvdtoi dli oxtolioi tgo ifsputo ey,
dli djblm btgor tgflms3
(d) Fltorhorflm wftg tgo [gf`fppflos‖ rfmgts bh ldvfmdtfbl fl tgo
wdtors dt, dli dicdaolt tb, Qoabli Ygbjds Qgbd`>

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5;47Z  Ygo Qbutg Agfld Qod Dreftrdtfbl Dwdri dli Fts 566
]fiosprodi Fjp`fadtfbls 

(e) [rovoltflm tgo rbtdtfbl dli rosupp`y bh [gf`fppflo porsbllo`
stdtfbloi dt Qoabli Ygbjds Qgbd`>
(a) Olidlmorflm tgo god`tg dli wo``-eoflm bh [gf`fppflo
 porsbllo` stdtfbloi dt Qoabli Ygbjds Qgbd`> dli
(i) Abliuatflm iroimflm, drtfhfafd` fs`dli-euf`iflm, dli
ablstruatfbl datfvftfos dt Jfsagfoh Uooh, Audrtorbl Uooh,
Hfory Arbss Uooh, Mdvol Uooh, Cbglsbl Uooh, Gumgos Uooh
dli Quef Uooh> dli,
(4?) Agfld sgd`` rospoat tgo rfmgts dli hrooibjs bh tgo [gf`fppflos
ulior tgo Ablvoltfbl, sgd`` abjp`y wftg fts iutfos ulior tgo
Ablvoltfbl fla`uiflm tgbso ro`ovdlt tb tgo prbtoatfbl dli
 prosorvdtfbl bh tgo jdrflo olvfrbljolt fl tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod,
dli sgd`` oxorafso fts rfmgts dli hrooibjs fl tgo Qbutg Agfld
Qod wftg iuo romdri tb tgbso bh tgo [gf`fppflos ulior tgo
Ablvoltfbl.91 

 E. [ro`fjfldry Jdttors bh Curfsifatfbl Eohbro tgo Yrfeuld`

Ygrbumgbut tgo prbaooiflms, tgo Yrfeuld` tbbn d lujeor bh stops tb
sdtfshy wgotgor ft gdi curfsifatfbl dli wgotgor tgo [gf`fppflos‖ a`dfjs
woro ‐wo`` hbulioi fl hdat dli `dw.‚ 99 Ygo Yrfeuld` wds `oi tb flhor,
tgrbumg flhbrjd` stdtojolts, tgdt Agfld becoatoi tb iohor tb tgo
Yrfeuld`‖s curfsifatfbl. 9?  Ygo Yrfeuld` lbtoi fl fts Dwdri bl
Curfsifatfbl, tgdt _LA@BQ ibos lbt d``bw pdrtfos tb tgo trodty tb
oxauso tgojso`vos hrbj tgo prbvfsfbls tgdt iotdf` ifsputo rosb`utfbl.
Ygorohbro, eoaduso ebtg tgo [gf`fppflos dli Agfld dro pdrtfos tb
_LA@BQ, tgoy just suejft tb Yrfeuld` ifsputo rosb`utfbl prbaossos. 98 
Ygo Yrfeuld` go`i tgdt Agfld‖s lbl-pdrtfafpdtfbl ibos lbt ioprfvo tgo
Yrfeuld` bh curfsifatfbl dli tgdt tgo Yrfeuld` gdi eool prbpor`y
ostde`fsgoi pursudlt tb tgo prbvfsfbls bh Dllox XFF tb _LA@BQ,
wgfag fla`uios d prbaoiuro tb hbrj d trfeuld` ovol fl tgo desolao bh
blo pdrty.9= Ygo Yrfeuld` rocoatoi tgo drmujolts sot but fl ‐Agfld‖s
[bsftfbl [dpor,‚ fl wgfag Agfld a`dfjoi tgdt tgo pdrtfos‖ ifsputo fs
datud``y debut torrftbrfd` sbvorofmlty dli jdrftfjo ebulidry
io`fjftdtfbl, dli tgdt tgoso fssuos adllbt eo diirossoi ey tgo
Yrfeuld`.97  Ygo Yrfeuld` u`tfjdto`y rosb`voi tgdt odag bh tgo

91 Dwdri, suprd lbto 4, ¸ 445.
99 [ross Uo`odso,  suprd lbto 95, dt 9.
9?  Fi. 
98  Fi. dt 8.
9=  Fi. 
97  Fi. dt 8.

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1;; BUOMBL U OXFO] BH F LYOULDYFBLD@ @D]  ^Xb`. 46, 576

[gf`fppflos‖ suejfssfbls ablaorloi d jdttor tgdt abu`i eo diirossoi

 ey _LA@BQ.96 
Ygo Yrfeuld`‖s Dwdri bl Curfsifatfbl go`i tgdt ft gdi curfsifatfbl
bvor sovol bh tgo jdttors rdfsoi fl tgo [gf`fppflos‖ suejfssfbls dli
rosorvoi tgo fssuo bh fts curfsifatfbl wftg rospoat tb sovol btgor
suejfssfbls hbr ioafsfbl tbmotgor wftg tgo jorfts. ?; Quesoquolt`y, tgo
Yrfeuld` go`i tgdt ft gdi curfsifatfbl bvor d`` suejfssfbls wgol
ioafiflm bl tgo jorfts. ?4  Eoaduso tgo suejfssfbls ifi lbt flvb`vo
fssuos bh sbvorofmlty bvor `dli torrftbry, tgo Yrfeuld` gdi curfsifatfbl
tb ru`o bl d`` bh tgo suejfssfbls put hbrtg ey tgo [gf`fppflos dli tgo
Dwdri rovb`voi drbuli wgotgor Agfld‖s a`dfj tb sbvorofmlty bvor
juag bh tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod wds abjpdtfe`o wftg _LA@BQ. ?5 

A. Agfld‖s Lflo-Idsg @flo dli Gfstbrfa A`dfjs

Agfld‖s a`dfj tb gfstbrfa rfmgts wftgfl tgo lflo-idsg `flo, wgfag
bvor`dps wftg tgo OOS bh tgo [gf`fppflos, wds tgo jdcbr rodsbl tgo
[gf`fppflos flstftutoi prbaooiflms dli wds tgo hbaus bh tgo [gf`fppflos‖
suejfssfbls 4 dli 5. Ygorohbro, ft wds d jdcbr vfatbry hbr tgo
[gf`fppflos wgol tgo Yrfeuld` ru`oi tgdt, tb tgo oxtolt Agfld a`dfjoi
gfstbrfa rfmgts tb rosburaos fl tgo wdtors flsfio fts lflo-idsg `flo, suag
rfmgts woro hbrhoftoi wgol ft rdtfhfoi _LA@BQ, fh tgbso wdtors dro lbw
wftgfl tgo OOSs bh btgor abdstd` stdtos. ?1 Ygo Yrfeuld` ojpgdsfzoi tgdt
tgo ulior`yflm rdtfbld`o bh _LA@BQ wds tb mfvo rosburaos fl OOSs tb
abdstd` stdtos. Abrrospbliflm`y, stdtos wftg bl`y d `fjftoi
mbvorljoltd` prosolao bl d sjd`` jdrftfjo hodturo wbu`i lbt gdvo tgo
sdjo oltft`ojolts ds abdstd` stdtos. ?9  Ygo Yrfeuld` lbtoi tgdt tgo
irdhtors bh _LA@BQ gdi oxp`faft`y rocoatoi prbpbsd`s hbr roabmlfzflm
tgo gfstbrfa rfmgts bh blo stdto fl dlbtgor‖s OOS. ?? 

96  Fi. dt =.
?; Jdttgow Nbg,  [orjdlolt Aburt bh Dreftrdtfbl Yrfeuld` Fssuos @dlijdrn
 Fltorprotdtfbl bh _LA@BQ fl [gf`fppflos v Agfld Dreftrdtfbl , N @_]OU DUEFYUDYFBL
E@BM (Dum. 49, 5;48), gttp3//n`uwordreftrdtfble`bm.abj/5;48/;7/49/porjdlolt-aburt-bh -
dreftrdtfbl-trfeuld`-fssuos-`dlijdrn-fltorprotdtfbl-bh-ula`bs-fl-pgf`fppflos-v-agfld-
dreftrdtfbl/.
?4  Fi. 
?5  Fi. 
?1 Qoo Dwdri, suprd lbto 4, ¸ 54=.
?9  Fi. ¸¸ ?4= ∕46.
??  Fi. ¸ 591.

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5;47Z  Ygo Qbutg Agfld Qod Dreftrdtfbl Dwdri dli Fts 1;4
]fiosprodi Fjp`fadtfbls 

D`tgbumg tgo Yrfeuld` hbuli tgdt Agfld‖s a`dfj tb gfstbrfa rfmgts fl
tgo lflo-idsg `flo wds lbt abjpdtfe`o wftg _LA@BQ, ft ifi lbt ru`o
tgdt tgo lflo-idsg `flo por so fs f``omd` br flvd`fi.
Ygo lflo-idsg `flo‖s `omftfjday rojdfls fl ro`dtfbl tb Agfld‖s
sbvorofmlty bvor spoafhfa fs`dlis fl tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod. ?8  Qfjp`y,
Agfld jdy dttojpt tb a`dfj sbvorofmlty bvor jdrftfjo hodturos wftgfl
fts lflo-idsg `flo tgdt dro fs`dlis ds iohfloi fl Drtfa`o 454 bh
_LA@BQ ―  ‑tgdt fs, ‐ldturd``y hbrjoi drods bh `dli surrbulioi ey dli
debvo wdtor dt gfmg tfio.‚ ?= Ygfs ifstflatfbl edrs dly dli d`` a`dfjs bh
sbvorofmlty ey Agfld bvor jdrftfjo hodturos btgor tgdl fs`dlis, suag
ds roohs br `bw-tfio o`ovdtfbls (@YOs).?7 

 I. Qtdtus bh Hodturos fl tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod

Fl suejfssfbls 1‑=, tgo [gf`fppflos dssortoi ifsputos tgdt drbso
 eotwool Agfld dli tgo [gf`fppflos bl tgo stdtus bh, dli oltft`ojolt tb,
jdrftfjo zblos hbr tgo fs`dlis dli roohs baaupfoi ey Agfld.
Ygo hfrst stop tdnol ey tgo Yrfeuld` wds d toaglfad` ovd`udtfbl tb
iotorjflo wgfag, fh dly, bh tgo jdrftfjo hodturos a`dfjoi ey Agfld
woro debvo gfmg tfio. _lior Drtfa`os 41 dli 454 bh _LA@BQ,
jdrftfjo hodturos tgdt sustdfl `dli jdss debvo tgo wdtor wgf`o dt gfmg
tfio dro oltft`oi tb d two`vo ldutfad` jf`o torrftbrfd` sod, wgf`o hodturos
 eo`bw gfmg tfio gdvo lb a`dfj tb rfmgts ulior jdrftfjo zblos. ?6 
Eoaduso _LA@BQ a`dssfhfos hodturos bl tgofr ldturd` abliftfbl, ft
roqufroi tgo Yrfeuld` tb flvostfmdto jdly bh tgo roohs‖ roaolt
jbifhfadtfbls ey `dli roa`djdtfbl dli ablstruatfbl. 8;  Dl oxport
gyirbmrdpgor ovd`udtoi tgo toaglfad` ovfiolao dli rohorolaoi
gfstbrfad` survoys tb iotorjflo tgo hodturos‖ ldturd` abliftfbl. 84 ‐Ygo
Yrfeuld` u`tfjdto`y dmrooi wftg tgo [gf`fppflos tgdt Qadrebrbumg
Qgbd`, Cbglsbl Uooh, Audrtorbl Uooh, dli Hfory Arbss Uooh dro gfmg-
tfio hodturos, wgf`o Quef Uooh, Gumgos Uooh, Jfsagfoh Uooh, dli
Qoabli Ygbjds Qgbd` woro suejormoi dt gfmg tfio fl tgofr ldturd`

?8 Ubeort Eoanjdl, Yrfeuld` Uu`flm d Mdjo Agdlmor , YGO QYUDFYQ YFJOQ (Cu`y 49,
5;48), gttp3//www.strdftstfjos.abj/bpflfbl/trfeuld`-ru`flm-d-mdjo-agdlmor-sbutg-agfld -
sod ^gorofldhtor Eoanjdl, Yrfeuld` Uu`flm Z.
?=  Fi.
?7  Fi. 
?6 [ross Uo`odso,  suprd lbto 95, dt 6.
8;  Fi. 
84  Fi. 

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
1;5 BUOMBL U OXFO] BH F LYOULDYFBLD@ @D]  ^Xb`. 46, 576

abliftfbl.‚85  Ygoso @YOs dro lbt oltft`oi tb jdrftfjo zblos bh tgofr

bwl dli adllbt eo tgo suecoat bh d sbvorofmlty a`dfj ul`oss tgoy dro
wftgfl two`vo ldutfad` jf`os bh dl fs`dli. 81 
Ygo Yrfeuld` tgol ablsfioroi wgotgor dly bh tgo jdrftfjo hodturos
Agfld a`dfjoi abu`i molordto dl oltft`ojolt tb jdrftfjo zblos eoybli
two`vo ldutfad` jf`os. Fl btgor wbris, tgo Yrfeuld` ablsfioroi fh dly bh
tgo hodturos a`dfjoi ey Agfld dro fs`dlis tgdt Agfld abu`i tgol uso tb
a`dfj sbvorofmlty bvor tgo surrbuliflm @YOs. Ygo [gf`fppflos
dijfttoi tgdt sovord` bh tgo roohs baaupfoi ey Agfld woro fs`dlis (ds
iohfloi fl Drtfa`o 454 bh _LA@BQ) eoaduso tgoy woro ldturd``y
hbrjoi drods bh `dli surrbulioi ey dli debvo wdtor dt gfmg tfio. 89 
_lior Drtfa`o 454 bh _LA@BQ, fs`dlis molordto dl oltft`ojolt tb dl
OOS bh 5;; ldutfad` jf`os dli tb d abltfloltd` sgo`h. Gbwovor, ‐^rZbans
wgfag adllbt sustdfl gujdl gdeftdtfbl br oablbjfa `fho bh tgofr bwl
sgd`` gdvo lb oxa`usfvo oablbjfa zblo br abltfloltd` sgo`h.‚ 8?  Ygo
Yrfeuld` go`i tgdt d hodturo fs lbt d rban fh, becoatfvo`y, fl fts ldturd`
abliftfbl, ft adl sustdfl oftgor d stde`o abjjulfty bh pobp`o br dl
oablbjfa datfvfty tgdt fs lbt iopoliolt bl butsfio rosburaos br fs lbt
 puro`y oxtrdatfvo fl ldturo.88 Bl tgfs edsfs, tgo Yrfeuld` abla`uioi tgdt
d`` tgo gfmg-tfio hodturos fl tgo Qprdt`ys dro rbans> tgoso fla`uio
Qadrebrbumg Qgbd`, Cbglsbl Uooh, Hfory Arbss Uooh dli Ftu Ded
Fs`dli.8= Ygorohbro, odag hodturo bl`y gds d two`vo jf`o torrftbrfd` sod
dli lbt dl OOS. Fl sb abla`uiflm, tgo Yrfeuld` lbtoi tgdt jbiorl
gdeftdtfbls bl jdly bh tgoso hodturos, eoflm iopoliolt bl butsfio
rosburaos, ib lbt ablstftuto ovfiolao bh wgotgor tgoy adl sustdfl
gujdl gdeftdtfbl br oablbjfa datfvfty fl tgofr ldturd` abliftfbl. 87 
Yojpbrdry baaupdtfbl bh tgo hodturos fl tgo pdst d`sb ifi lbt djbult
tb gdeftdtfbl ey stde`o abjjulftfos> d`` gfstbrfad` oablbjfa datfvfty
gdi eool puro`y oxtrdatfvo. 86 Fl hdat, tgo Yrfeuld` prosujoi tgdt fh d
hodturo gds lovor gbstoi d stde`o abjjulfty, ‐tgo jbst rodsblde`o
abla`usfbl wbu`i eo tgdt tgo ldturd` abliftfbls dro sfjp`y tbb ifhhfau`t

85  Fi. 
81 _LA@BQ,  suprd lbto 8, dt drt. 41(5).
89 Dwdri, suprd lbto 4, ¸ 958.
8? _LA@BQ,  suprd lbto 8, dt drt. 454.
88 Dwdri, suprd lbto 4, ¸¸ ?;9 ∕;?.
8=  Fi. ¸¸ 891∕99.
87  Fi. ¸ ?=7.
86  Fi. ¸ 859.

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5;47Z  Ygo Qbutg Agfld Qod Dreftrdtfbl Dwdri dli Fts 1;1
]fiosprodi Fjp`fadtfbls 

hbr suag d abjjulfty tb hbrj dli tgdt tgo hodturo fs lbt adpde`o bh
sustdflflm suag gdeftdtfbl.‚ =; 
Ygo Yrfeuld` ru`oi tgdt Jfsagfoh Uooh fs d @YO, lbt dl fs`dli,
`badtoi wftgfl tgo OOS bh tgo [gf`fppflos. Ygfs ru`flm jodls tgdt tgo
[gf`fppflos gds curfsifatfbl dli abltrb` bvor Jfsagfoh Uooh dli jdy
oxorafso fts oxa`usfvo rfmgt tb dutgbrfzo dli romu`dto tgo ablstruatfbl,
bpordtfbl, dli uso bh flstd``dtfbls dli struaturos bl tgo rooh. =4 
Ablsoquolt`y, tgo Yrfeuld` ru`oi tgdt tgo flstd``dtfbls dli struaturos
tgdt Agfld euf`t bl Jfsagfoh Uooh dro `omd``y ulior tgo curfsifatfbl dli
abltrb` bh tgo [gf`fppflos. =5  Fl diiftfbl, ldtfbls suag ds tgo _lftoi
Qtdtos dli Dustrd`fd jdy oxtoli tgofr hrooibj bh ldvfmdtfbl dli
bvorh`fmgt bpordtfbls tb wftgfl two`vo ldutfad` jf`os bh Jfsagfoh Uooh
sflao tgo Jfsagfoh Uooh ibos lbt molordto d torrftbrfd` sod. Ygoso
bpordtfbls ey hbrofml abultrfos abu`i `odi tb tolso olmdmojolts wftg
Agfloso jf`ftdry vosso`s dli dfrardhts.
Ygo Yrfeuld`‖s ioafsfbl tgdt d`` bh tgo Qprdt`y Fs`dlis dro rbans, dli
dro oltft`oi tb lb jbro tgdl d two`vo ldutfad` jf`o torrftbrfd` sod,
ostde`fsgos lb drods bh bvor`dppflm OOS a`dfjs eotwool tgo [gf`fppflos
dli Agfld. ‐Ablsoquolt`y, tgo [gf`fppflos gds tgo oxa`usfvo rfmgt tb
iovo`bp tgo bf` dli mds rosburaos fl Uooi Edln, tgo drod bhh fts abdst
wftg tgo mrodtost pbtoltfd` hbr gyirbadrebl rosburaos.‚ =1  Agfld
gflioroi tgo oxp`bftdtfbl bh tgfs drod eoaduso ft a`dfjoi d rfmgt tb tgo
rosburaos, ds tgo drod wds wftgfl fts lflo-idsg `flo. _lior tgfs ioafsfbl,
tgo OOSs bh Xfotldj, Jd`dysfd, Erulof, dli Fliblosfd dro prbtoatoi
 eoaduso Agfld (wftg lb gfstbrfa rfmgts tb rosburaos fl tgofr OOSs dli
lblo bh tgo ifsputoi fs`dlis oltft`oi tb dl OOS bh fts bwl) ‐gds lb `omd`
 edsfs ulior _LA@BQ tb a`dfj tgdt ft gds d rfmgt tb sgdro tgo hfsgflm br
gyirbadrebl rosburaos fl ^tgosoZ OOSs.‚ =9 

 O. Agfloso Datfvftfos fl tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod

Blao tgo hodturos fl ifsputo woro a`odr`y iohfloi, dli tgo
dpprbprfdto jdrftfjo zblos ostde`fsgoi, tgo Yrfeuld` abu`i diiross
suejfssfbls 7‑41. Ygoso suejfssfbls ablaorloi tgo `dwhu`loss ulior
_LA@BQ bh vdrfbus Agfloso datfbls fl tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod. Gdvflm

=;  Fi. ¸?96.
=4 Qoo _LA@BQ, suprd lbto 8, dt drt. ?8.
=5 Dwdri, suprd lbto 4, ¸ 89=.
=1 Eoanjdl, suprd lbto ?8.
=9  Fi. 

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1;9 BUOMBL U OXFO] BH F LYOULDYFBLD@ @D]  ^Xb`. 46, 576


hbuli tgdt Jfsagfoh Uooh, Qoabli Ygbjds Qgbd`, dli Uooi Edln dro
@YOs, hbrj pdrt bh tgo [gf`fppflos‖s OOS dli abltfloltd` sgo`h, dli dro
lbt bvor`dppoi ey dly pbssfe`o oltft`ojolt bh Agfld, tgo Yrfeuld`
abla`uioi tgdt _LA@BQ a`odr`y d``badtos sbvorofml rfmgts tb tgo
[gf`fppflos wftg rospoat tb sod drods fl fts OOS. =? 
Ygo Yrfeuld` hbuli ds d jdttor bh hdat tgdt Agfld (d) gdi fltorhoroi
wftg [gf`fppflo potrb`ouj oxp`brdtfbl dt Uooi Edln> (e) ^gdi eoolZ
 purpbrtoi tb prbgfeft hfsgflm ey [gf`fppflo vosso`s wftgfl tgo
[gf`fppflos‖ ^OOSZ> (a) prbtoatoi dli hdf`oi tb provolt Agfloso
hfsgorjol hrbj hfsgflm wftgfl tgo [gf`fppflos‖ ^OOSZ dt Jfsagfoh
Uooh dli Qoabli Ygbjds Qgbd`> dli (i) ablstruatoi flstd``dtfbls dli
drtfhfafd` fs`dlis dt Jfsagfoh Uooh wftgbut tgo dutgbrfzdtfbl bh tgo
[gf`fppflos. Ygo Yrfeuld` tgorohbro abla`uioi tgdt Agfld vfb`dtoi tgo
[gf`fppflos‖ sbvorofml rfmgts wftg rospoat tb fts ^OOSZ dli
abltfloltd` sgo`h.=8 
Fltorostflm`y, tgo Yrfeuld` go`i tgdt ebtg Agfld dli tgo [gf`fppflos
gdi gfstbrfa rfmgts fl tgo torrftbrfd` sod drbuli Qadrebrbumg Qgbd`. == 
Ygorohbro, Agfld vfb`dtoi fts iuty tb rospoat tgo gfstbrfa rfmgts bh tgo
[gf`fppflos wgol ft provoltoi [gf`fppflo hfsgorjol hrbj daaossflm tgo
Qgbd`.=7  Hurtgorjbro, Agfld d`sb erodagoi fts be`fmdtfbls ulior
_LA@BQ bl tgo Fltorldtfbld` Uomu`dtfbls hbr [rovoltflm Ab``fsfbls dt
Qod 46=5 wgol fts vosso`s arodtoi d sorfbus rfsn bh ab``fsfbl wftg
[gf`fppflo vosso`s ey provoltflm [gf`fppflo vosso`s hrbj oltorflm tgo
Qgbd`.=6  Ygo Yrfeuld` d`sb go`i tgdt Agfld‖s `dli roa`djdtfbl dli
ablstruatfbl bh drtfhfafd` fs`dlis fl tgo Qprdt`ys, dli hdf`uro tb provolt
Agfloso hfsgorjol hrbj gdrvostflm olidlmoroi sod `fho, erodagoi fts
be`fmdtfbls ulior Drtfa`os 465 dli 469 bh _LA@BQ tb prosorvo dli
 prbtoat tgo jdrflo olvfrbljolt. 7; 

 H. Agfld‖s Dmmrdvdtfbl br Oxtolsfbl bh tgo Ifsputo

Ygo [gf`fppflos diioi suejfssfbl 49 dhtor tgo flftfd` dreftrdtfbl
 prbaoss abjjolaoi. Ygo [gf`fppflos a`dfjoi tgdt Agfld gdi
ul`dwhu``y dmmrdvdtoi dli oxtolioi tgo ifsputo. Ygo Yrfeuld` road``oi
tgdt d iuty oxfsts hbr pdrtfos olmdmoi fl d ifsputo sott`ojolt prbaoiuro
tb rohrdfl hrbj dmmrdvdtflm br oxtoliflm tgo ifsputos dt fssuo iurflm tgo

=? [ross Uo`odso,  suprd lbto 95, dt 4;.

=8  Fi. 
== Dwdri, suprd lbto 4, ¸ 7;?.
=7  Fi. ¸ 745.
=6  Fi. ¸ 44;6.
7;  Fi. ¸¸ 664 ∕65.

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5;47Z  Ygo Qbutg Agfld Qod Dreftrdtfbl Dwdri dli Fts 1;?
]fiosprodi Fjp`fadtfbls 

 poliflm stdtus bh tgo sott`ojolt prbaoss. 74 Ygo Yrfeuld` go`i Agfld‖s
datfvftfos, suag ds ablstruatflm d `drmo drtfhfafd` fs`dli bl Jfsagfoh Uooh
dli iostrbyflm ovfiolao bh tgo ldturd` abliftfbl bh tgo hodturos,
dmmrdvdtoi dli oxtolioi tgo ifsputo. 75 

M. Ygo [drtfos‖ Huturo Abliuat

Fl rospoat tb suejfssfbl 4?, ‐tgo Yrfeuld` lbtoi tgdt ebtg tgo
[gf`fppflos dli Agfld gdvo ropodtoi`y daaoptoi tgdt ^_LA@BQZ dli
molord` be`fmdtfbls bh mbbi hdftg iohflo dli romu`dto tgofr abliuat.‚ 71 
Ygo Yrfeuld` surjfsoi tgdt loftgor Agfld lbr tgo [gf`fppflos fltolioi
tb flhrflmo bl odag btgor‖s `omd` rfmgts, eut tgdt tgfs ifsputo drbso bvor
d hulidjoltd` ifhhorolao fl fltorprotflm dli uliorstdliflm tgofr
rospoatfvo rfmgts ulior _LA@BQ fl tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod. 79 
Ygo Yrfeuld` tgol olioi ey roftordtflm, ‐Drtfa`o 44 bh Dllox XFF
 prbvfios tgdt tgo ‗dwdri . . . sgd`` eo abjp`foi wftg ey tgo pdrtfos tb tgo
ifsputo,‖‚ fjp`yflm tgdt tgo Yrfeuld` oxpoats ebtg pdrtfos tb defio ey
tgo Dwdri.7? 

FX
AGFLD‖Q ABJ[@FDLAO ]FYG YGO D]DUI 
Fl rodatfbl tb tgo Yrfeuld`‖s ru`flm, Agfld fjjoifdto`y ro`odsoi twb
stdtojolts3 (4) d lbtde`y sueiuoi mbvorljolt stdtojolt tgdt
rodhhfrjoi Agfld‖s ‐torrftbrfd` sbvorofmlty dli jdrftfjo rfmgts‚ fl tgo
Qbutg Agfld Qod dli oxprossoi fts iosfro tb ‐rosb`vo tgo ro`ovdlt
ifsputos podaohu``y‚ wftgbut jdnflm oxp`faft rohorolao tb oftgor tgo
[gf`fppflos br tgo dreftrdtfbl prbaooiflms, 78  dli (5) d juag jbro
gdri`flo stdtojolt hrbj tgo Jflfstry bh Hbrofml Dhhdfrs ioa`drflm tgdt
tgo ru`flm fs ‐lu`` dli vbfi dli gds lb efliflm hbrao.‚ 7= Agfld‖s stdto-

 
74 [ross Uo`odso,  suprd lbto 95, dt 44.
75 Dwdri, suprd lbto 4, ¸ 4474.
71 [ross Uo`odso,  suprd lbto 95, dt 44.
79  Fi. 
7?  Fi. 
78 Mbvorljolt bh Agfld, Qtdtojolt bl Agfld‖s Yorrftbrfd` Qbvorofmlty dli Jdrftfjo
 Ufmgts dli Fltorosts fl tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod   (Cu`y 45, 5;48), gttp3//www.hjpra.mbv.al
/jhdRolm/zxxxR8857;?/t41=6961.sgtj`.
7= Agfld‖s Jflfstry bh Hbrofml Dhhdfrs, Qtdtojolt bh tgo Jflfstry bh Hbrofml Dhhdfrs bh
tgo [obp`o‖s Uopue`fa bh Agfld bl tgo Dwdri bh 45 Cu`y 5;48 bh tgo Dreftrd` Yrfeuld` fl tgo
Qbutg Agfld Qod Dreftrdtfbl Ostde`fsgoi dt tgo Uoquost bh tgo Uopue`fa bh tgo [gf`fppflos  
(Cu`y 45, 5;48), gttp3//www.hjpra.mbv.al/jhdRolm/zxxxR8857;?/t41=6965 .sgtj`.

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1;8 BUOMBL U OXFO] BH F LYOULDYFBLD@ @D]  ^Xb`. 46, 576


dhhf`fdtoi pross sfju`tdlobus`y ro`odsoi d s`ow bh drtfa`os abliojlflm
tgo ru`flm.77 
D`tgbumg Agfld gds soojoi tb dssort fts fltoltfbl tb fmlbro tgo
Dwdri, tgoro dro hdatbrs tgdt jdy porjft Agfld tb eoabjo pdrtfd``y, fh
lbt abjp`oto`y, abjp`fdlt fl tgo huturo. 76  Agfld‖s fltordatfbls wftg
lofmgebrflm stdtos fl tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod dro d jbro dpprbprfdto
iotorjfldtfbl bh wgotgor Agfld fltolis tb abjp`y wftg tgo Dwdri. 6; 
Agfld fs aurrolt`y a`odr`y vfb`dtflm hbur bh tgo Yrfeuld`‖s ru`flms dli fs
hu``y abjp`fdlt wftg blo> 64  ‐ft fs ulaortdfl wgotgor Agfld fs fl
abjp`fdlao wftg tgo rost bh tgo Yrfeuld`‖s ru`flms.‚ 65 ‐Ywb bh Agfld‖s
vfb`dtfbls bh tgo ^DZwdri stoj hrbj datfvfty ro`dtoi tb fts ^abltfluoiZ
 prosolao bl dl drtfhfafd` fs`dli dt Jfsagfoh Uooh, wgfag tgo . . .
^YZrfeuld` hbuli wds dl ul`dwhu` baaupdtfbl dli ablstftutos
fltorhorolao wftg [gf`fppflos‖ rfmgts tb dl . . . ^OOSZ dli abltfloltd`
sgo`h.‚61  Ywb jbro oxdjp`os bh lbl-abjp`fdlao fla`uio ‐Agfld‖s
abltfluflm rohusd` tb d``bw Hf`fpflb hfsgorjol tb roturl tb tgofr
trdiftfbld` hfsgflm mrbulis drbuli Qadrebrbumg Qgbd` dli fts erbdior
fltorhorolao wftg Hf`fpflb hfsgorjol wftgfl tgo [gf`fppflos‖ OOS.‚ 69 
Ygo bl`y oxdjp`o bh hu`` abjp`fdlao fs Agfld‖s dmroojolt tgdt
‐ifsputos fl tgo Qbutg Agfld Qod sgbu`i eo rosb`voi bl tgo edsfs bh
fltorldtfbld` `dw, fla`uiflm _LA@BQ.‚ 6?  Bvord``, Agfld fs loftgor
a`odr`y fl abjp`fdlao lbr a`odr`y fl vfb`dtfbl wftg jbst bh tgo
Yrfeuld`‖s dwdri. 68 Qflao tgo Dwdri‖s fssudlao fl Cu`y bh 5;48, Agfld
gds lbt oxp`faft`y vfb`dtoi ovol tgo Yrfeuld`‖s jbst wo``-nlbwl
ru`flm’dmdflst Agfld‖s lflo-idsg `flo a`dfj. 6= 

77 Qoo molord``y,  [rosfiolt Wf Qdys Agfld Uocoats Dly [rbpbsftfbl, Datfbl Edsoi bl Q.
Agfld Qod Dreftrdtfbl Dwdri ,  WFLG_D (Cu`y 45, 5;48, 73;1 [J), gttp3//ol.pobp`o.al/l1
/5;48/;=45/a6;771-6;7?;87.gtj`>  Flgorolt`y Efdsoi dli _lcust ‗[foao bh [dpor ,  AGFLD
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