Ammonia Amine

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Amide

If Amide is reacted with "NH4" ->

Only for primary & Secondary amine!
CH3COCl + 2NH3 → CH3CONH2 + NH4C
Tertiary can't due to absence of H to form HCL

Determining pH
Isoelectric point
= pH when Zwitterion
Average pKA of NH3 & COO
Soluble in water:
Alcohol Water
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OH & H -> H2O + peptide (Ends with amine & carboxyl)
Hydrolisis / dehydration Ester Carboxylic
Less than 50 Aa
Polymer
Acyl Chloride
Primary - Amino acid sequence in peptide chain -> DNA create structure & function Reduction Creating = Oxidation
Agent = Lithium Aluminium Hydride (LiALH4) Use primary alcohol / aldehyde
Secondary - Shape of protein's backbone where short polypeptides are folded by hydrogen bonds Reduction directly to primary alcohol (No aldehyde)
Oxidizing agent = Potassium dichromate (VI)
Amino Acid - Peptide - Protein Tertiary - 3D structure of polypeptide by secondary folding & twisting & forming bonds Need heat
Weak
Carboxylic Acid Physical properties
Quaternary - 2 or more folded polypeptide Alpha helix
1. Boiling point
12 from body Beta sheet
Esterification Carbonyl & OH -> Higher when mass is heavier & more hydrogen bonding
Monomer (20 types)
Structure:
8 from food
Due to weaker attractive force in hydrophobic part ...-oic acid 2. Solubility in water
-> The shorter chain = easier & form hydrogen bond with water
Determine by R group interaction (Ionic bonds)
Backbones -> Hydrogen bonds
Nonpolar & hydrophobic
Polar & water-loving
Due to "O" -> slightly polar Van der Waals attraction Neutralization Hydrolysis Nitrile to Carboxylic Saponification
Using alkali 1. Acid (1 step)
NH/NH/N Basic
Product = salt & water
COOH Acidic
(Note: Zwitterion = charges however net = 0)
0 - 2.4
lose H in COOH
2.5-9.3 9.4-14
Gain H in NH3 + H2O Halogenation
Contain COO- & NH3
Substitute OH to Halogen
Condensation Polyester & Ester Esterification
Do not need heat
2. Base / Alkaline (2 step) Two monomers (reactive ends) Carboxyl group & Alcohol & (acid)
Usually with PCL5 Three organic acid that can form with alcohol:
OH & H -> Polyester + H2O
1. Acid anhydride
2. Acid chloride
3. Carboxylic acid

Hydrolysis
1. With acid
Name: Alkyl joined to O, Alkyl joined to C-oate
Reverse esterification
Low melting point Requires heat
Low boiling point Strong Acid = catalyst
Dissolve in water Ester + water -(H+ Catalyst)-> Alcohol + carboxylic
Fragrant smells
2. With base
Accept hydrogen bonds but not donor
Complete reaction (cannot go back)
Produce carboxylate salt

Reactions:
SN1 & SN2 2. Nucleophilic substitutions (Haloalkanes) 1. Acid & Base
Attack to produce secondary amine With water
Reduction with Iodine Product: Secondary alkane & Hydro-halogen Amines dissolve with water to form WEAK alkaline solutions.
Physical Properties
1. Solubility increase-> Chain length increase (C2H5)2NH + C2H5Br → HBr + (C2H5 )3N triethylamine, 2° amine
⇌
Ex: CH3NH2(g) + H2O(l) CH3NH3 + (aq) + OH¯(aq)
2. Boiling point increase-> Chain increase With Acid
3. Polar 3. Ethanoyl Chloride (CH3COCL)
4. Chain increase -> Stronger smell

-al -one
Aldehyde Carbonyl Group Ketone

Aliphatic & Aromatic

Normal Amine Contain aryl group C6H5NH2(l) + HCl(aq) → C6H5NH3 +Cl¯(aq) phenylammonium chloride
C6H5NH3 +Cl¯(aq) + NaOH(aq) → C6H5NH2 (l) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Oxidation to see Aldehyde

Soluble in water -> forming hydrogen bonds

Solubility As the molecules get heavier, solubility decrease
Acidified Fehling Benedict Tollen
Potassium Make sure all halogen are reacted
Increase as molar mass increase
Dichromate Amine Physical Properties
Boiling points Number of Hydrogen bonds between amine increases
Aldehyde -> From primary to aldehyde to carboxylic Physical Properties
Creating Amine using Ammonia and ... Basicities (weak)
Requires high pressure & excess ammonia
From halogenoalkanes - More basic than NH3 Depend on lone pair picking up protons
Ketone (Very hard) -> From secondary to Ketone C2H5Br +NH3(aq/alc) → C2H5NH2 + HBr Compound containing nitrogen

The more alkyl, the more basic The greater density electron, the more basic
(Only because no H left) (came from NH3 ammonia)
Nitrile reduction using Li+AlH4 - From nitriles - All can react with strong acid (Nucelophile) Primary > Secondary > Tertiary
as reducing agent
Structure:

R - N (Alkyl + Amine)
Aromatic amines -
Phenyl rings with amine attached

If it have a ring = very weak base

Reactions
1. Combustion Produce CO2 + H20 5. Esterification 6. Metal - Need two monomers (Dicarboxylic acid & diamine)
- Reach through acid & base group
- Form CONH group
2. Convert to Halogeonalkane Polyamide
Reactions 6 carbons Poly(Propenamide)
1. Nucleophilic substitution
Product = Primary alcohol
3. Dehydration to Alkene Reactant = NaOH or KOH
Benzene rings
addition polymer-> polymer that forms by only
linking of monomers
Amide
Formations: Traits:
Carbonyl group & amine group Form hydrogen bond with water -> soluble because carbonyl & nitrogen polar
4. Oxidation (Reduce 2 H) Need heat Carbonyl group & Amino by amide linkage
Acyl chloride & concentrated ammonia Solid (Methanamide - liquid)
Using Reflux Distillation Alkane + Amine High boiling point due to hydrogen bonds
Not reactive due to stability

Alcohol & Halogenoalkanes Reactivity:

1. Iodine
2. Bromine
3. Chloride
4. Fluorine

Properties
Form hydrogen bonds with water
More polar than Hydrocarbon (Better solvent)
As the chain gets shorter = lower boiling point
& better solvent

S. Angelina Budilarto