Shariah

Interview
Hand book

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Contents
Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 4
Message from the Head of PDSC........................................................................................................... 4
Message from Manager Internal Trainings ............................................................................................. 4
1. History of Islamic Banking ............................................................................................................ 5
2. RIBA ............................................................................................................................................. 5
2.1 What is Meant By Riba? .............................................................................................................. 5
2.2 Al Fadl..................................................................................................................................... 5
2.3 Al Nasiah / Riba al Quran ........................................................................................................ 5
3. What is Maisir ............................................................................................................................... 6
4. What is Gharar? ............................................................................................................................. 6
5. Conditions for a valid sale.............................................................................................................. 6
6. Difference between Islamic Banking and conventional Banking ..................................................... 6
7. Profit sharing ratios of PKR and FCY ............................................................................................ 7
8. Dates for announcement of weightage and profit ............................................................................ 7
9. What are weightages? .................................................................................................................... 7
9.1 Basis of weightages ................................................................................................................... 7
10. Distributable profit versus Gross profit sharing with customers .................................................. 7
11. Underlying contract of Current and Saving Accounts ................................................................. 7
12. Profit and Loss sharing for Islamic Financial Institutions............................................................ 8
13. Avenues of Investment for IBs ................................................................................................... 9
14. Penalty on premature withdrawal ............................................................................................... 9
15. Free benefits on case of C/A / Premium Banking........................................................................ 9
16. What is Mudarabah? .................................................................................................................. 9
16.1 Mudarabah Al-Muqayyada: Restricted ....................................................................................... 9
16.2 Mudarabah Al-Mutlaqah: Unrestricted ....................................................................................... 9
17. What is Musharakah? ............................................................................................................... 10
17.1 Distribution of Loss in case of Musharakah: ......................................................................... 11
18. What is Bai Muajjal? ............................................................................................................... 11
19. What is Musawamah? .............................................................................................................. 11
20. What is Ijarah? ......................................................................................................................... 12
21. What are the major modes of Financing used by Islamic Banks? .............................................. 13
1) Participatory modes of Finance .................................................................................................... 13
2) Non Participatory modes of Finance ............................................................................................ 13
3) Sub contracts ............................................................................................................................... 13
22. Underlying contact in the Islamic Bank consumer products ...................................................... 13
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23. Can an interest benchmark (eg KIBOR) be used for calculating profit in an Islamic Bank ? ...... 14
24. Does Islamic Banking cater to the banking needs of non-Muslims? .......................................... 14
25. If ijarah amount is tagged to a known interest rate benchmark (KIBOR) it will create
uncertainty (Gharar) .Will Ijarah contract be still valid? ..................................................................... 14
26. What is Bai-Salam?.................................................................................................................. 14
27. What Are Sukuk? ..................................................................................................................... 15
28. What is Shariah Risk? .............................................................................................................. 15
29. Who is responsible for Shariah Compliance in an Islamic Financial Institution? ....................... 16
30. What is AAOIFI ...................................................................................................................... 16
30.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................................ 16
31. What Is the Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB)?.............................................................. 16
31.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................................ 16
32. Role of International Islamic Authorities in perspective............................................................ 17
33. Further reading ........................................................................................................................ 18
Other useful sites ............................................................................................................................. 18
Books .............................................................................................................................................. 19
References........................................................................................................................................... 19

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Introduction
This hand book is prepared to serve as a guide for our staff
members to equip them with basic Islamic Banking and Finance
knowledge. It contains all relevant areas of knowledge that cover
the theoretical as well as practical aspects of Islamic Banking.
This handbook by no means an exhaustive source. In fact this is designed to serve as the first
step in the journey toward learning.

Message from the Head of PDSC

I take this opportunity to welcome you to Meezan Bank and wish you a successful, rewarding
and fulfilling journey. Meezan Bank’s vision of “establishing Islamic Banking as the banking of
first choice” necessitates that we must keep our selves abreast with the knowledge of Islamic
Banking. This handbook is the first step in that journey of learning.

We at Meezan Bank, are fortunate to have learning opportunities in the form of books, reading
material and trainings, that enabling growth and enrichment in our knowledge base. This
handbook is highly recommended for all our staff members specially the new joiners. I hope
this shall serve as the first step in your learning journey.

Regards

Ahmed Ali Siddiqui

Head PDSC

Message from Manager Internal Trainings

The first complied handbook for Shariah interview of our staff members is with you. It aims at
A) Standardization of knowledge and understanding of Islamic Banking basics
B) Present our staff a one stop solution for interview preparation

This hand book shall serve as a dynamic reference source for basic understanding of Islamic
banking. The contents have been adopted from multiple sources which have been acknowledged
in the reference section. I am honored to present you this handbook and look forward to hear
from you.

Regards

M. Hasan Amir

Email: hassan.amir@meezanbank.com

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1. History of Islamic Banking
The following timeline shows the history of Islamic banking

Islamic Banking is not a new concept. It is pertinent to know that different modes of Islamic Banking eg.
Musharakah, Mudarabah, Murabaha, Ijarah etc used by Islamic Commercial Banks today were also used in the
days of the holy Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬.

2. RIBA
2.1 What is Meant By Riba?
Answer: The word "Riba" means excess, increase or addition, which correctly interpreted according
to Shariah terminology, implies any excess compensation without due consideration (consideration
does not include time value of money). This definition of Riba is derived from the Quran and is
unanimously accepted by all Islamic scholars. In simple words, any excess benefit (monetary or non
monetary, fixed or variable) above the principal in a contract of loan is called Riba.

2.2 Al Fadl
Abu Said al Khudri Radi-Allahu anhu narrated that Holy Prophet (Peace be upon him) said:
"Gold for gold, silver for silver, wheat for wheat, barley for barley, dates for dates and salt for
salt, like for like, payment made hand by hand. If anyone gives more or asks for more, he has
dealt in riba. The receiver and giver are equally guilty"

2.3 Al Nasiah / Riba al Quran

In the holy Quran, Allah (SWT) says in Sura Al-Baqarah (2-279): “ …..And if you repent, yours
is your principal”. It is reported by Harith ibe Abi Usamah in his Musnad that Sayyidna Ali
Radi-Allahu Anhu reportedly referred that the holy Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬said that: "Every loan that
derives a benefit (to the lender) is riba".
3. What is Maisir

Maisir means a game involving hazardous events – particularly a

game of chance played by means of divining arrows. This was a
popular game at the time of the Holy Prophet (‫ ) ﷺ‬. Maisir comes
in various categories. Some of these types of maisir are seeking omens.

4. What is Gharar?

Gharar describes speculative transactions. Concept involves excessive risk and supposed to
foster uncertainty and fraudulent behavior. Gharar generally translated as risk, hazard or
uncertainty.

Hadith has clearly forbidden the purchase of the unborn animal in its mother’s womb, the sale
of the milk in the udder without measurement, the purchase of spoils of war prior to their
distribution, the purchase of charities prior to their receipt, and the purchase of the catch of a
diver. (Ahmed and Ibn Majah)

5. Conditions for a valid sale

There are four basic conditions of a valid sale 1) Offer and Acceptance 2) Possession 3) Ownership
4) Existence

6. Difference between Islamic Banking and conventional Banking

Conventional Banking Islamic Banking

Money is a commodity besides medium of exchange and Money is not a commodity though it is used as a medium of
store of value. Therefore, it can be sold at a price higher exchange and store of value. Therefore, it cannot be sold at a price
than its face value and it can also be rented out. higher than its face value or rented out.

Profit on trade of goods or charging on providing service is the

Time value is the basis for charging interest on capital. basis for earning profit.

Islamic bank operates on the basis of profit and loss sharing. In

Interest is charged even in case the organization suffers case, the businessman has suffered losses, the bank will share
losses by using bank’s funds. Therefore, it is not based on these losses based on the mode of finance used (Mudarabah,
profit and loss sharing. Musharakah).

While disbursing cash finance, running finance or The execution of agreements for the exchange of goods & services
working capital finance, no agreement for exchange of is a must, while disbursing funds under Murabaha, Salam & Istisna
goods & services is made. contracts.

Islamic banking tends to create link with the real sectors of the
economic system by using trade related activities. Since, the
Conventional banks use money as a commodity which money is linked with the real assets therefore it contributes directly
leads to inflation. in the economic development

Underlying principles are derived from Capitalism Underlying principles are based on teaching of Shariah

All Deposits are guaranteed Only Qard based deposits are guaranteed

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7. Profit sharing ratios of PKR and FCY
The Profit Sharing Ratio for Pak Rupee is 45:55
(45 for Mudarib / Bank and 55 for Rab ul Maal / Customer)

The Profit Sharing Ratio for US Dollar is 75:25

(75 for Mudarib / Bank and 25 for Rab ul Maal / Customer)

The Profit Sharing Ratio for GBP and Euro is 90:10

(90 for Mudarib / Bank and 10 for Rab ul Maal / Customer)

8. Dates for announcement of weightage and profit

PSR & Weighatges are announced at least 3 working days before the beginning of the month.
Profit rate is announced on the first working day (allowed up to 7 th working day).

9. What are weightages?

The concept of weightage is simplified as the “value of investment at the time of profit payment
in the eyes of the bank”. It is also defined as relative importance of investment compared to
other investment types (Account / Certificate types).

If the weightage of a certain account or certificate is announced as being 0.5 it means that every
rupee invested in that product (account / certificate) shall be viewed by the bank is Rs. 0.5/- at
the time of profit calculation.

9.1 Basis of weightages

1) Tenure
2) Amount
3) Profit payment option
4) Market forces
5) Management decision

10. Distributable profit versus Gross profit sharing with customers

Meezan Bank shares distributable profit with its customers which is shown the diagram next
page.

11. Underlying contract of Current and Saving Accounts

Current Account is based on Qard

Saving account or any other account / certificate that is remunerative (profit bearing) is
accepted under the contract of Mudarabah.
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12.Profit and Loss sharing for Islamic Financial
Institutions

Below is the diagram that depicts the movement of funds and shows how the customer of a
Mudarabah based deposit receives his profit. This diagram is adopted from the Instruction for
profit and loss sharing and Pool Management for Islamic Financial Institutions

Gross Income

Less Direct Expenses

Net Income of Pool

Mudrib’s Share Rab ul Maal’s Share

Weightage System

Payment to Depositors as
per Weighatge
(Distributable Profit)
13. Avenues of Investment for IBs

Islamic Banks invest in different Shariah complaint avenues like

Ijarah, Murabaha, Istisna, Salam, Musharakah (and its types) and
Sukook.

14. Penalty on premature withdrawal

In case of early encashment of any Mudarabah based certificate (eg MMC, COII(s) & MAC)
issued by Meezan Bank, the certificate is redeemed at a price calculated with reference to the
product category mentioned in the early redemption schedule.

In case of early / premature encashment of certificates based on Mudarbah, the applicable rate
on such certificates shall be that of the nearest completed tenure. For example, if a 5-year
certificate en-cashed after one year shall be assigned the weightage of one-year certificate.

From Shariah point-of-view the redemption of customer’s share in the Mudarabah pool is sone
by the Bank on behalf of the deposit pool i.e leaving customer is selling his share to the existing
deposit pool holders.

15. Free benefits on case of C/A / Premium Banking

The free products and services are offered to all customers irrespective of their type of
relationship / nature of contract with the Bank. Customers of both types of contract Mudarabah
and Qard are offered these free services and products.

16. What is Mudarabah?

A form of partnership where one party provides the funds while the other party provides
expertise. The people who bring in money are called "Rab-ul-Maal" while the management and
work is an exclusive responsibility of the "Mudarib". The profit sharing ratio is determined at
the time of entering into the Mudarabah agreement whereas in case of loss it is borne by the
Rab-ul-Mal only. In case of Islamic banks, the depositors are called Rabb-ul-Maal and the bank
is called Mudarib.

There are two types of Mudarabah:

16.1 Mudarabah Al-Muqayyada: Restricted

Rab-ul-Maalmal who, in case of Islamic bank, is depositor specifies a particular business or a

particular place for the mudarib (bank), in which case he shall invest the money.

16.2 Mudarabah Al-Mutlaqah: Unrestricted

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In case where Rab-ul-maal (depositor) gives full freedom to the
Mudarib (bank) to undertake whatever business he deems fit.

It is necessary for the validity of Mudarabah that the parties agree

on a certain formula of sharing the actual profit right at the
beginning of the contract. The Shariah has prescribed no particular
proportion of profit sharing rather it has been left to the mutual
consent of the parties.

For the deposit management, Islamic banks create different pools of investment keeping in view
the risk and maturity profile of the depositors. The deposits of the customers are placed in these
pools and profit is distributed between the bank and the depositors as per weightages assigned at
the time of agreement. Mudarabah agreement cannot allow a lump sum amount of profit for any
party nor can it determine the share of any party at a specific rate tied up with the capital.

For example, if the capital is Rs.100,000/-, parties cannot agree on a condition that Rs.10,000
out of the profit shall be the share of the Mudarib nor can they say that profit equivalent to 20%
of the capital shall be given to Rab-ul- Maal.

However they can agree that 40% of the actual profit shall go to the Mudarib and 60% to the
Rab-ulMaal or vice versa.

17. What is Musharakah?

Musharakah means a relationship established under a contract by the mutual consent of the
parties for sharing of profits and losses in the joint business. Under Islamic banking, it is an
agreement under which the Islamic bank provides funds which are mixed with the funds of the
business enterprise and others. All providers of capital are entitled to participate in management
but not necessarily required to do so. The profit is distributed among the partners in pre-agreed
ratios, while the loss is borne by each partner strictly in proportion to respective capital
contributions. The following are the rules with regard to profit and loss sharing in Musharakah:

1. The profit sharing ratio for each partner must be determined in proportion to the actual profit
accrued to the business and not in proportion to the capital invested by him. For example, if it is
agreed between them that 'A' will get 10% of his investment, the contract is not valid.

2. It is not allowed to fix a lump sum amount for anyone of the partners or any rate of profit
tied up with his investment. Therefore if 'A' & 'B' enter into a partnership and it is agreed
between them that 'A' shall be given Rs.10,000/- per month as his share in the profit and the rest
will go to 'B', the partnership is invalid.

3. If both partners agree that each will get percentage of profit based on his capital percentage,
whether both work or not, it is allowed.

4. It is also allowed that if an investor is working, his profit share could be higher than his
capital contribution irrespective of whether the other partner is working or not. For instance, if
'A' & 'B' have invested Rs.1000/- each in a business and it is agreed that only 'A' will work and
will get two third of the profit while 'B' will get one third. Similarly if the condition of work is
also imposed on 'B' in the agreement, then also the proportion of profit for 'A' can be more than
his investment.

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 5. If a partner has put an express condition in the agreement that
he will not work for the Musharakah and will remain a sleeping
partner throughout the term of Musharakah, then his share of
profit cannot be more than the ratio of his investment.

6. It is allowed that if a partner is not working, his share of profit

can be established at a rate lower than his capital share.

7. If both are working partners, the share of profit can differ from the ratio of investment. For
example, Mr. A and Mr. B both have invested Rs.1000/- each. However, Mr. A gets one third of
the total profit and Bakar will get two third, this is allowed.

8. If only a few partners are active and others are only sleeping partners, then the share in the
profit of the active partner could be fixed at higher than his ratio of investment eg. 'A' & 'B' put
in Rs.100 each and it is agreed that only 'A' will work, then 'A' can take more than 50% of the
profit as his share. The excess he receives over his investment will be compensation for his
services.

17.1 Distribution of Loss in case of Musharakah:

All scholars are unanimous on the principle of loss sharing in Shariah based on the saying of
Syedna Ali ibn Talib that is as follows: "Loss is distributed exactly according to the ratio of
investment and the profit is divided according to the agreement of the partners." Therefore the
loss is always subject to the ratio of investment. For example, if Mr. A has invested 40% of the
capital and Mr. B has invested 60%, they must suffer the loss in the same ratio, not more, not
less. Any condition contrary to this principle shall render the contract invalid.

18. What is Bai Muajjal?

Bai' Muajjal is the Arabic equivalent of "sale on deferred payment basis". The deferred payment
becomes a debt payable by the buyer in lump sum or in installments as may be agreed between
the two parties. In Bai' Muajjal, all those items can be sold on deferred payment basis which
come under the definition of tangible goods where quality does not make a difference but the
intrinsic value does. Those assets do not come under definition of capital where quality can be
compensated for by the price and Shariah scholars have an 'ijmah' (consensus) that demanding a
high price in deferred payment in such a case is permissible.

19. What is Musawamah?

Musawamah is a general and regular kind of sale in which price of the commodity to be traded
is bargained between seller and the buyer without any reference to the price paid or cost
incurred by the seller. Thus, it is different from Murabaha in respect of pricing formula. Unlike
Murabaha, seller in Musawamah is not obliged to reveal his cost. Both the parties negotiate on
the price. All other conditions relevant to Murabaha are valid for Musawamah as well.
Musawamah can be used where the seller is not in a position to ascertain precisely the costs of
commodities that he is offering to sell.

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20. What is Ijarah?

Ijarah refers to transferring the usufruct of an asset but not its

ownership. Under Islamic banking, the bank transfers the usufruct
to another person for an agreed period at an agreed consideration.
The asset under Ijarah should be valuable, non-perishable, non-
consumable identified and quantified. All those things which do
not maintain their corpus during their use cannot become the subject matter of Ijarah, for
instance money, wheat etc.

The following main points are considered in the Ijarah transaction:

1. As the corpus of the leased asset remains in the ownership of the Islamic bank, all
the liabilities emerging from the ownership shall be borne by the bank. It is necessary
for a valid lease that the leased asset is fully identified by the parties.

2. The lessee (customer) cannot use the leased asset for any purpose other than the
purpose specified in the lease agreement. However, if no such purpose is specified in the
agreement, the lessee can use it for whatever legitimate purpose it is used in the normal course.

3. The lessee is liable to compensate the lessor (bank) for any harm to the leased asset caused
by any misuse or willful negligence. The leased asset shall remain in the risk of the bank
throughout the lease period in the sense that any harm or loss caused by the factors beyond the
control of the lessee shall be borne by the lessor.

4. A property jointly owned by two or more

persons can be leased out and the rental shall be distributed between all joint owners
according to the proportion of their respective shares in the property. A joint owner
of a property can lease his proportionate share only to his co-sharer and not to any other
person.

5. The rental must be determined at the time of contract for the whole period of
lease. It is permissible that different amounts of rent are fixed for different phases
during the lease period, provided that the amount of rent for each phase is specifically agreed
upon at the time of executing a lease. If the rent for a subsequent phase of the lease period has
not been determined or has been left at the option of the less or, the lease is not valid.

6. The determination of rental with regard to the aggregate cost incurred in the
purchase of the asset by the lessor, as normally done in financial leases, is not against
the rules of Shariah, if both parties agree to it, provided that all other conditions of a
valid lease prescribed by the Shariah are fully adhered to.

7. The lessor cannot increase the rent unilaterally, and any agreement to this effect is void.
8. The lease period shall commence from the date on which the leased asset has been delivered
to the lessee.

9. If the leased asset has totally lost the function for which it was leased, the contract
will stand terminated.

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 10. The rentals can be used on or benchmarked with some Index
as well. In this case the ceiling and floor rentals would
specifically be mentioned in the agreement for validity of lease.

11. At the end of the lease period, the ownership of the property
may be transferred to the lessee against a nominal price
through a separate sale deed to be executed
after the expiry of the lease.

21. What are the major modes of Financing used by Islamic Banks?

1) Participatory modes of Finance

a) Mudarabah
b) Musharakah

2) Non Participatory modes of Finance

a) Murabaha
b) Musawamah
c) Salam
d) Istisna
e) Ijarah
f) Ijarah wa Iqtina (Ijarah Muntahiyyah Bittamleek)

3) Sub contracts
a) Wakalah
b) Kafalah
c) Rahn

22. Underlying contact in the Islamic Bank consumer products

1) House Finance: DM (Diminishing Musharakah / Musharakah Mutanaqisah). The

customer buys the share of the bank in the property. The Bank charges rent proportion to
its share of ownership in the property from the customer.
2) Car Finance: The Islamic Mode of Ijarah (rent) is used in car finance in Meezan Bank.
Throughout the tenure the car belongs to the Bank and at the end of the tenure the Bank
sells the car to the customer.
3) Laptop: The Islamic contract of Musawamah is used here.
4) Labbaik Hajj financing: This product is based on Qard. The bank does not earn
anything ffom the customer in this product as it is based on Qard. This product
facilitates the customer on performing Hajj and Umrah and pay in installments.

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 23. Can an interest benchmark (eg KIBOR) be used for
calculating profit in an Islamic Bank ?

Yes it can be used as a benchmark. However, Islamic Banks should

ideally have a separate benchmark. Since, the industry is in its
initial stage of development, it is using the available benchmark for
the banking industry. It is expected that once it is grown to a sizable
level, it would have its own benchmark. However, using Interest Rate benchmark for
determining the profit of any permissible transaction does not render the transaction as invalid
or haram. It is the nature/mechanism of the transaction that determines its validity or otherwise.

24. Does Islamic Banking cater to the banking needs of non-Muslims?

Yes. It caters to banking needs of all customers irrespective of their faith. Islamic Banking
conforms to the tenets of Shariah.

25. If ijarah amount is tagged to a known interest rate benchmark (KIBOR) it

will create uncertainty (Gharar) .Will Ijarah contract be still valid?

It is one of the basic requirements of Shariah that the parties to the contract must exactly know
its considerations. Under Ijarah agreement, amount of rent is one of the prime considerations
of the agreement. So far as the parties are agreed with mutual consent upon a well-
defined benchmark which would serve as a criterion for determining the rent, and whatever
amount is determined, based on such benchmark, will be acceptable to both parties, therefore,
there should not be any dispute.

However, in order to save the parties from unforeseen losses due to the either way
movement in the interest rate, the scholars have advised that there should be a floor and cap for
the amount of rentals stipulated in the contract in case variable benchmarks is taken to
determine the rental amount.

26. What is Bai-Salam?

Salam means a contract in which advance payment is made for goods to be delivered at
a future date. The seller undertakes to supply some specific goods to the buyer at a future date
in exchange of an advance price fully paid at the time of contract. It is necessary that the
quality of the commodity intended to be purchased is fully specified leaving no ambiguity
leading to dispute. Bai Salam covers almost everything which is capable of being
definitely described as to quantity, quality and workmanship. For Islamic banks, this
product is ideal for agriculture financing, however, this can also be used to finance the
working capital needs of the customers.

The permissibility of Salam is an exception to the general rule that prohibits forward sale. Bai-
Salam has been permitted by the holy Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬himself, without any difference of
opinion among the early or the contemporary jurists, notwithstanding the general
principle of Shariah that the sale of a commodity which is not in the possession of the
seller is not permitted. Upon migration from Makkah, the Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬came to Madinah,
where the people used to pay in advance the price of fruit or dates to be delivered over one, two
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or three years. However, such sale was carried out without
specifying the quality, measure or weight of the commodity or
the time of delivery.

The holy Prophet(‫ )ﷺ‬ordained: “Whoever pays money in

advance for fruit to be delivered later should pay it for a
known quality, specified measure and weight (of dates or fruit)
of course along with the price and time of delivery”

27. What Are Sukuk?

The term Sukuk is the Arabic plural of Sakk which means a ‘legal instrument, deed, cheque.’
Sukuk are financial certificates but can be seen as the Islamic equivalent of a bond. However,
fixed income and interest-bearing bonds are not permissible in Islam; hence Sukuk are
securities that comply with Sharia’a law and its investment principles.

28. What is Shariah Risk?

The risk that arises from an Islamic Bank’s failure to comply with the Shariah rules and
principles determined by the Shariah Board of the Islamic Bank and/or Regulator (SBP).

Source: Karim Ginena, “Sharī‘ah Risk and Corporate Governance of Islamic Banks,”

Corporate Governance 14, No. 1, (2014): 92.

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29. Who is responsible for Shariah Compliance in an
Islamic Financial Institution?
Everyone working in an Islamic Financial Institution is
responsible for Shariah Compliance in each and every aspect of
dealings professionally as well as personally. This is because each
person associated with an Islamic Banking Institution is a Brand
Ambassador and represents Islamic values.

To check if minimum compliance is met and ensured, IBIs have a mechanism for Shariah Audit
in place which performs periodic Shariah audits.

30. What is AAOIFI

Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) is a
Bahrain based not-for-profit organization that was established to maintain and promote Shariah
standards for Islamic financial institutions, participants and the overall industry. The
Commission also organizes a number of professional development programs (especially the
Islamic legal accountant program and the observer program and forensic auditor) in their effort
to upgrade the human resources working in the industry and the development of governance
structures controls the institutions.

30.1 Objectives

1. To develop accounting and auditing thoughts relevant to Islamic financial institutions

2. To disseminate accounting and auditing thoughts relevant to Islamic financial
institutions and its applications through training, seminars, publication of periodical
newsletters, carrying out and commissioning of research and other means
3. To prepare, promulgate and interpret accounting and auditing standards for Islamic
financial institutions
4. To review and amend accounting and auditing standards for Islamic financial
institutions

31. What Is the Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB)?

The IFSB is an international organisation that issues guiding principles and standards
within the banking, insurance and capital market sectors in order to promote stability in
the Islamic financial services industry.

31.1 Objectives
1. To promote the development of a prudent and transparent Islamic financial services industry
through introducing new, or adapting existing, international standards consistent with
Sharia’a principles and recommending these for adoption
2. To provide guidance on the effective supervision and regulation of institutions offering
Islamic financial products and to develop, for the Islamic financial services industry, the
criteria for identifying, measuring, managing and disclosing risks, taking into account
international standards for valuation, income and expense calculation and disclosure

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3. To liaise and cooperate with relevant organisations
currently setting standards for the stability and the
soundness of the international monetary and financial
systems and those of the member countries
4. To enhance and coordinate initiatives to develop
instruments and procedures for efficient operations and risk
management
5. To encourage co-operation amongst member countries in developing the Islamic financial
services industry
6. To facilitate training and personnel development and skills in areas relevant to the effective
regulation of the Islamic financial services industry and related markets
7. To undertake research into, and publish studies and surveys on, the Islamic financial
services industry
8. To establish a database of Islamic banks, financial institutions and industry experts
9. Any other objectives which the General Assembly of the IFSB may agree on from time to
time.

32. Role of International Islamic Authorities in perspective.

The diagram below clearly segregates the role of each international IB agency.

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33. Further reading
Other useful sites
1. http://www.icmif.org/
2. http://islamic-finance.net/
3. http://monzer.kahf.com/index.html
4. http://www.kazi.org/
5. www.islamicbookstore.com
6. www.islamic-banking.com
7. http://kitaabun.com/shopping3/
8. www.halalco.com/economics.html
9. www.islamic-economics.com
10. www.islampub.com/books/econom.html
11. www.siddiqi.com/mns
12. http://www.ruf.rice.edu/∼elgamal/files/islamic.html
13. www.islamonline.net
14. www.islamicfi.com
15. www.aibim.com.my
16. www.islamicbankingnetwork.com
17. www.islamicbanking-finance.com/facts.html
18. www.riba-free-banking.com
19. www.dfm.co.ae
20. www.adsm.co.ae
21. http://islamicity.com/finance/IslamicBanking_Evolution.html
22. http://islamiccenter.kau.edu.sa/english/publications/publications.
23. http://islamiccenter.kau.edu.sa/english/Publications/Obaidullah/ifs/ifs.html
24. http://www.Islamicbankingcourses.com
25. http://www.iiff.com/index.cfm/page/content/contentid/118/menuid/111
26. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijtihad
27. http://www.islamicfinancenews.com
28. http://www.cibafi.org
29. http://islamic-finance.net
30. http://site.securities.com
31. http://www.arabfinancialforum.org/
32. http://www.ruf.rice.edu/∼elgamal/files/interest.pd
33. http://www.djindexes.com/jsp/islamicMarket.jsp?sideMenu=true
34. http://www.aibim.com.my

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Books
1) Islamic Finance: Revised and Updated Edition of Meezan Bank’s Guide to Islamic
Banking by Dr. Imran Usmani
2) Islamic Finance for Dummies by Faleel Jamaldeen
3) Frequently Asked Questions on Islamic Banking by Brain Kettell
4) The Art of Riba Free Islamic Banking by Yahia Abdul Rahman
5) Fundamentals of Islamic Money and Capital Markets by M. Azmi Omer etall
6) Islamic Finance and the new Financial System by Tariq Alrifai
7) Islamic Commercial Law by M. Yusuf Saleem

References

Instructions for Profit & Loss Distribution and Pool Management for Islamic Banking Institutions (IBIs)
Islamic Bank of Maldives http://www.mib.com.mv/blog/guide-to-islamic-banking/about-islamic-
banking
SBP IB FAQs http://www.sbp.org.pk/departments/ibd/faqs.pdf
http://www.sbp.org.pk/departments/ibd/faqs_irti_dr_munawar_iqbal.pdf
Guide to Islamic Banking by Dr. Imran Usmani.
SBP: Islamic Banking Bulletin Sept 2015
FAQs of Islamic Banking by Brian Kettell

Contributions:

The Retail Banking Team: Deposits and Pool Management write-up

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