Unit-5

Need toy lmage ompressidn- with the advanceA

duvelopmnt in Ialernd , ul Londerenttng, mullimadi

and hghelyiniuon teivision thnolug4 u amourd

o unor matuon dhad u handled by Computu has

guown eyponerÜicllly oveu he paut de Ladlus

Hence, Alovaoe and trans ml sJio n of dugital imag-

Comppnunt of mulu'milia duima JAa major

Pro hlum. hat why we
laju maL lom pressjon.

for Comprelsi0. we aL
ul many Coclng algo.
Jiloe Run lungth tocling RLE
Hulfmann vding
Auth meti
whn
lodingRLE ecive
Run Lngth N
RLE
lam ymbo OCCu.
OCCu.
u
Long uguen o
expoiA dpollad udundanuy h Ladig
nmbur dy mbaly
 Run Lungh lwdury Losslus ompressi00
RLE wld tor t x t prog ram. RlE dimpla
or

-8 alaoitm.

ut tuke onL Examblt

0 0 0 00D I || | |I| |U|U 00000D000D000l 11||lII

to Store
Thstring Ld 4 bits

Jb -1 o, GJ [ 14J Co,13]t119
wwt v tos
Lprut all
no.
tind e min bllh hange to

tak +hil
tor th we

dhb 3. 0011D, !lllo, o|lo1, |1 od/

Srep-f Wt all Cod e ther
0olI0I|11D Dl/o/ // oo/

Now we aseawant do bit only to tore the

ring
000001I||1o0 lo 000l0/
AAAAAAA BBB BB PB BLBBCCCCCccccc DDpb ODOD

OO000O
O0011|
Hman Lodung
Hulman Lo duy tway developed hy

DA HY/man in 19s9. Daviol Hulman duvelop dhu algo

a luolentia Clas on IT. io 19 So tuyfmanCodus

otimal loclld dha moup one dymbo) tu ona

Cv cL wosd
T pavamltrs involved in tufman sduigu s falou
Entsopy
AvuLa9e Length
EtHeieney
Vau andt

Binay Hullman Locds -

0blat dhe human wdu dor dhu word (oMmITTES

Total y mbols =
9
Any Tbtal mumher OCCullne
prob Total Counl.

Plc) /9
PCO) I19
PCM) 1
PC1) 1/4
PCT) 2/4
PtE)=/
AAage in deua 0vdor
M
y19
214 2/1 3/9
19
219 2/9 219 211
2/ 5 219
C 2/
0

/9 Worel Lnqtu
Col wrd
Pro b 2
9YM 0
M 19
al
3
DO
D 000
/4 000
1/9

Averaas engdh K
L
4

+xì +3 ty+xy
x2x
2.5s bit/ dpmol

Pathb- feloq
2505 bds /luy.
2So 3
HIS) o7 17
fiueny L 2 S5

97
 025 0.25
9 0125 0:250 25
AO25S 025 0 : 2 5 0-2S-
o.25J

0 25 0 2S
0.25 0 125 0 12S
12S 0125 0125-
0 0 12S 012S

E 0 125 0.125
F O 0G25 L de Jung th.
0 0 062S woTd
S 2
A
0 25
B
0 125 00
0 125
D 3
E O 12S ol
0000
.
O.12S
F O00
O 1 2S
G
dungL)
= 2 k.d
Avenage

25x 2)+ lo:2sx2) Ho 12sx3)

= (0
+ 0.125 x4)
+(D125 X3)
+[0 12Sx3)
+ 0 12S Xt)
2 625 bia y
En 1 P
20

2 G bi
H(S)
itnu
eicierya) L
h pTo babilieu o5 Sowncay au
given belo
DettminL he Cod Loovcd of all hu u'ng Hu
toolung nd alio (aluulaty qut Qvg. Jgh
ente by and fieclenay.
a1) 0 3
2) 0
(43) 0

TK
T p b alshuly o dauuy u gen

olow>
X = 03 XL 0 1S
X2 0 25 Xq = 0-0S

XS= D 25

Ao
0'2
Go4
0 2
P
D 2 o2
020.2_
3

as 01T
Huthmudfc ColLn!- In uh muit Loding , tht
todht
ntval rom zerO to one j ali vicud auordung
te oCCwuntu ot dhe intensi ties
pro babi ulu o
does not inoli v iolual lolu
i thmii Coclung gun eralt
a
or eah chara ttor but pesuorm auth mic opesato'n
block o olala,butd on he prob of th n t ch,oraWith the
emub a txt IN DÍA
A SOwmce
Con.strucF arjth-
Probabilitey LA upectivilly
D
dgword
entedu ond duuod
mutc udihg Jo

o bi CDf
SYM
2/S 0
06

D
A
0 219
0.24 0 224
o4
A
Fo224 0 2208 to212 T
08 0 3

o2 0 208 0 211nC t0 2116

N
0 2 0 214 0 22

0.2
-O O16 O 208 o208
I A
Prb
T) UL= LL + oliyhtl y
04X0:

0 16
 UL L L +d x fx
UL LL +d l
O 24

UL LL + a fk 0 220
-0+ Xo8
OL = 0 208 +0 006 y0: 6
0 3. 0 2I|6

N) vL: LL
-

+D xe UL= 0 20D* O006X0

O1& + O.08XD l O 212

0192

bL 0 16+008 x0
0.2ob
OL 0l6 + O-06X O'6
= 0 224

O 20 8 +0 o] X0»4

214 2149

2o8 0 01x0 C
O
0 2176

0 20 +0 016 x0:8
220
aphly uth mutue Loclug on Messasu"ARENA
PCA) =0-5, PlB) =0 25 PCC) O25
word BACA.
 Boundauy L pMeSen tatioo i bon
Aflu an image has
methnds uch as thoxe
Jamentud into uguons by
ofdtgmeniel piyels
a9ggee
discustdlResulling
scoibed 1n a
orm
U ualluy J L Pluenlud and odl
proceng
uiabl Jov Jwther ompuDu uo
a LgLDn in val ves
Bauically HUpuLAnng
Choices in um
m 0
0f
tha AuGLon in
uupuLUnt
We Can
is Boundauy
ex texnal
characluristicy .
t i inal
t Jn Jems
we Can L D U n

Cha-acuwuAti C

upunt a
aL wud to
Chaun lode
Chain Code- nt
ht
uLncL of Jtseu'g
dtcug
o
a
Cooneeliol dLg
d19uenet
bound.auy by an
a nddireclhon
trectuon

rèel lungth.
Augment of dpeci
Lurt

8 point
pin
 CChaun Loda
Chcun Loclt Ul Umagu LpuLntoluon Thantecla
LL do Tdluruty orhah.ot uma

Chaun ode LpuLLnt by wo ou

point

8 8 Point 2

Point
3

t alai an Expmhll o -

ChunLo olo 0 303 22 | |

8 point

Choun tode > 0 I 706 Yy 4 2

Dis advanloge
w e chanae tot pojnd Chu Cod chana
we Rew then haun todt chan
chan
w e otduon olone en aluD chei
ww.
 Ahb dJund Nor male haun Loda;-

0Caleulat da Chun ads

Lalulalu Cirtular JiT uun
Galiulat Novm alire thain tede/Uape no

d nke en.anlu again

aluanga e v e

CFD 3 13 30303 anti dockii

ShapeNo 03033133
CHCFD)

CFD (Staut with fit zerb)

iLendtioo-Chang iud poind

221l03
CC 0 3
33I
CFD 3 3030
NCFD 0 3033133

nduhon- R u x )
Luerd
CC Olo33 22
CFD13 303033

HUFD o3o33 13?

!-I3olalun

hirc ndi hon-

CCO332 2
CPD 0 3o33 I33
HLFDb 5033 6
CED
 Boundau Desczipioss
The lung th ot a boun dusy

onL o ts mput olescriptor. T mumber ot

pixelu alongs a boundlauy gLves a ough obhToximatzon

o its length. for chain coded wve th ui

acung n both direclionA, tho mumber of veuial

and hoTizonial Lom poneniy plusJa uins th

mumbe ooliagonal om ponents ive l txact

Lung th
The dihmtur of a boundauy s duhid as

Dam LB) - max [DLPi,P

mLawHL and p and i

whuLD is a du lancL
diametr
aL point on th, bounda. The vauu Of the

thL Criertauon of a w ugmunt Conneetur

und.
xirenu poins that CDmpyie thi diameus
th
t h JuD

HL Ul. duLriplors ot
a bowndau
boundauy

umber- The Jiut dl/LLn ct ot a chaun

shabe
bowndauy dub
ends on the dlauting point
Locld
Thehab MUhber 0 uch a boundauy bauud on

4 directional ode
.
Note that t iut dunte Lo
mp utud hy
by
duatin the Chain Lodl a ürular uguanu
although th iut dituunu o a Chauintocls
Inolependand o Aolauon , in geneal hi dud bounday

dubendu on th ovientati on 0f Gud

CC =0 32 0032 bO 33 22

di1 3 3 33 3 0 3303 3030 303 0

0 3 30 33 3030 3o 3
Shaba 3333

Foie Descaipiors- Let k- p0int oig1tal boundory

point
af an abitray
inth x-plarne, twiung
pair (Xj) (1, y»l (zi
-

9)
-OTdLinal
LZ ) Lo
in dro VLiung th
th
auenLouNuLd
LK-dk- divetion
th Dunter tloukwise
In
bounduu L0y
the0sm alk)
0vdinals (an be expuused
tn
D-
hu
notalon ithe boundauy
. Wfh thu
nd. L)
as
the doucne.
dhe Lgune. 0
Lan b e psULenlec
tsel, K 0 l 2 k-1
R-1
1k)I) Jo K 0,lh2
Lk)
(o-ordinl
be t eated as a
ath o0rdt nath pai
Can
More Over
Mum be o thod.
mplex
 SCK) LK) +J Yk)
fOr K= 0,l2, - K-IThaut -aù Areatud
th ua au and th y -Qu GLAHhe
mgin asuy
ais ofa quencd o om plix number Although th

inter pe tatuon o dhs dtLg ulnoL wau HLlat.,t naiu

Of
bounday sthe was not
Changtd
towie descitor alUow u to bring the power
Oo touu thLOHy lohabe disca ipluop. Th math
ioLa Chaadeuze Q Lontow by a ui Of
numbey that u p u i tu fuLquantuy wntent o
0 whall habe Baud on
juquny ah alyris wLtan
Auta maL t o umbuM a t ollscvibe a

apL ater hun any noise.

TopLsg ttal Descaipthr Topologital propeutie al wlal

Jor go bal dis criptionx. o ugions un tha imag plana
A
Aimbly
icmply dinnd topologg is thu Atudy ot propesd

oo a that au unaectd by any dtynmaion

a long
Long a thuu 00 dearing d jpining of tha
 Fos exambl nomber
0f holes in the Lgon thu
propeuty obviously will not he leclud by a
Stxutching O Tolaton transfor mation In general

hooeveu the numbe of holu will chang th

Lgron torn oToldad.
The
The number ot ho leH and Lonnet lomponent
u a Can be uud o dutene e Lulr number

E C-H

EulAr no alse a o polo gical

properly
For Exampl

Eulur ual b O, 4nd

no
-ITespeuiny be any
A" has one Connectd Componun un d one hadu.
hous OnL two t
 seon of dueh a nuluwork int
Claiyin interioY
De naling the
Faces and hnls oftun i imporlent.
numbe Vutits by V and the numbey of tdau

y and n0. of Jaus by F givu tu follawing

velatwnshib lalled £ulr form ule

V- A+F C -H
E
VLTk

For Exgmble

1 Fu

d Hole

vutix 7
edo
FaLe
Connestid lomponent

HoLus 3
7 - ) +2 1 -3
Euler no

-2
 Relatio nal Descri ptosa- The Concepd of vewtiting

JLxbu. we
txpand thad tontept
ulu or dis(ribing9
in the ontext o1 ulalional duseriptora Thu

uuuoru and thav

apbly egually
aphiy utll u boumdauy or

maun
man pwpose to Captust in tha dorm of uOTiting
0v
ulu baaic rtpe titive p atleens in a bounduuy

onsidr thL Siml 8taircaL ttuctu. asume that

thi strueluu has been Lgmentud out of an imag

and hut want to descriksil in som formalwoy

elumunt and b.
B dining
By thi tuwD puimitive a,

duubt
ThL
ThL most ohvious p perty of the CDdud
in h peutIyenus of the ela menty a and b.
s u N L tthl Te witue rulu'
one po ssibility
a) S a fA
b) A b S, and
A b
whuu th numbe bulow th struunus repTeseni

the ovdy n
the which Tu ,,and 3 w applicd

203)
C2,1,2,1.3)

Textunt- An important apbroath to seg100

discvipton 4 So 9quantily ih terturu ontend

alho ugh no ormal dtinition of x u l exint,

This eles Cripbr provicly meawu e propexlus

uch au moothnLM , DaY senseus and ulut

Tk thru puinethle abpoach ulud imaqe praeain

d t Serihe. t entur o a Caon au

Staby tilal Charadlevi?t st as dmoth (o0arse 7ai

. StAuelual

3Spechval
.Strudural tchnjqu. dual with thi arrangmanl
pri mitives ueh ou the duscrlption o
of imagt par all l Aner
on reulavly paced
texuuu baud
 Spectral uwhniqu al baud on propuutuu of
the
the forte spedinum and uud primaily do
P
duliel gLobal peiocdi ciiy in an image by idnttyiy

high eneugy narrow peáks 1o thu dpeutrum.

Pattenns and atturn clauses-

A patlern u an auangemant of odtscri ptorA
Buch a thoxe du tuwed. The mam e atuub

d ottun In the pattlrn ecognition Jiluralul

d olenott descviptor

A pattern tlan u a jamlly ofpatlern a t dhau

orme ommbn propeuliu

Thoee.
Thsee cbmmon patern anan gemunt ud un pratie
aL vector (for uan tarve olucrip hon)
string
Tree CtoY Shrucwal ducriptor)
Joxrtas u h au
Tepretud hy bold
ve ctor QL
For
X, Z
 7

Re cognition Baud on Matching Re Cognit ion

eath clas
techn)qut baatd on matching epresent
An unknoon patt en
by a proto tykt patlerm ve.ctor
.
to hi Uau to which i dDkeat io
I a
Ssig ned
te rms of a predilintd
metric The imp Lut appas
which a i
the minimum dutance tlawifer
nam mbltes o mpub (Euclidan) dutane biuoun

and vutovs.
knouwn each of po ldtykt
TE Lho6ses the Smallut olistantc to m ake a

decision

Mioimum distance classitier

pre th Iyfe of
each
e
Suppos hat we auint
vetoroF H
b4 t e mean

patturn l a u
of hat las
palurn
j I,2. w

mj Nj ej
dele
io
Cord'honsG *

Seguan PaPaR,s,
AIo <6
a,Pa,P
Specked Approachas
Fownun peeuw oUaly i t
mest o d enloodrc ov
-D patiins O o
oe ceslo 3 kns

omiand penhs tv tu peuuw

Ptpa eatan
) T Jo corkiom
pAo
patuns
Eiot L ponan

bylhshtea rnteys
SCT 3 -spechuwn h n ,

Pan mub Satem

Jer , S( (O)

oAry
S (O) be
O Uaiqi
 cleorla
exur sin t
ADPr0.cE*, oY
id.c Mmotyo

Y entvA
o (woa oan
s t og 1
en
o on(al, P ) i s Ol,2,.
Coyespovolima togro

obuu th mea

Mgan
A
onlanecee
e C S = M()
t
Second mowni ouphon.
extus elusciphtan
tetuu
mpovdewnce
ntica

o
hind mo
TCXaRv e

Forth

u n a Approada-7
woor extu
Seco .
LecefsTE

S-as oxas

-crcle
riq
b->Circle doon

aaabecsaq

S t u n qesnaYnulhy
Crou
p o i nf
do

4
llaar SKau hona NA) h g hom _se hoghbous S
Re

P T(R) no o-1 ons) homs n

hon
orli
honsa r gds ed eguon co P
delo Ps R, s,P
Pq B, Pe, P
C
2N(A) 6

Cc) PaPy.P=o step2 b T(P)1

' ) PaP Pa = o

Ca R P.1P
(a') P-RPs =D

L NCP)-S
T NR)
a T(R) 23
o. Volleo
PP 1

CCD.cComdihe ep T(A)-3 PfPe

Velo l e

phd delat

TC 1
NC)E
Votlale ophod-dololed
Rnndhom

TCR)-2
PPPe
Pufefa-D
ep1 voloeo
Noro pe She (NCA) 1 sicp2

T() C o o l s
h o v

N7)3 NA)3
TC)-2 TC A) 2

Pa Ps o
Grdbor c/cky

doltc

r rt