FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND BUILT

ENVIRONMENT

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL, METALLURGICAL & MATERIALS ENGINEERING

TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

COURSE NAME: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

COURSE CODE: HMT216B

Heat and Mass flow instability and secondary flow effects in cylinder measuring system.

COMPILED BY HENDRICK MASENYA (2023)

REVISED BY PROF RKK MBAYA (2023)

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 Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 3
2. THEORY ........................................................................................................................................... 3
3. START UP ......................................................................................................................................... 6
4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE .................................................................................................... 6
5. CALCULATIONS ............................................................................................................................. 6
6. DATA SORTING ............................................................................................................................... 7

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 1. INTRODUCTION

Elastic instability is proposed as a promising method to intensify heat transfer under very low Reynolds
number conditions. However, the onset of elastic instability and its influence on heat transfer is highly
dependent on the rheological properties of the fluid. By varying the Heat Transfer fluid at different
temperatures, the heat transfer performance due to the variations of rheology is investigated in a swirling
flow configuration between the measuring cylinder and the measuring bob Figure 1 with attached
Viscotherm for heat exchanger. In particular, the heat transfer performance based on pure elastic
instability shows larger enhancement than that of inertial-elastic instability at low Reynolds number.

Figure 1: MCR302 Anton-Paar Rheometer and Viscotherm.

Efficient heat transfer plays an important role in many industrial sectors including power generation,
information computing technology, chemical production, and ultra-high heat flux encountered in
aerospace field. Driven by industrial needs of process intensification and device miniaturization, the
development of high-performance heat transfer technique at low Reynolds number, Re, has been
intensively investigated in the past a few decades. A conventional method to intensify heat transfer at
low Re number is to induce turbulent-like flow motion by geometrical modifications, which however is
not always practical due to the laminar flow nature encountered.

2. THEORY
Secondary flow effects may occur when measuring low-viscosity liquids at high shear rates. This may
lead to turbulent flow behavior, and consequently, to an increasing flow resistance. The following refers
to ideally viscous fluids only, showing no significant elastic behavior.

a. Tylor vortices and the Ta number in the annual gap of a Searly cylinder MS if the bob is rotating
and the cup is stationery, for liquids flowing in the annular gap of a concentric cylinder MS there
is a critical upper limit between laminar and turbulent flow behaviour at which flow instabilities
are occurring (i.e. when using the Searle method). This is due to centrifugal forces and inertial
effects caused by the mass of the fluid. It is possible the corresponding limiting value using the
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 Tylor number (Ta) which depends on the rotational speed, here in terms of the angular velocity ω
in [rads/s] or in [s-1], and on the radius Ri [m] of the bob, on the density ρ [kg/m3] and viscosity
η [Pas] of the liquid, as well as on the shear gap dimension of the cylinder MS, here in terms of
the ratio of the radii δcc.
Note: Tylor vortices do not appear in cylinder MS showing a rotational cup and a stationery bob.

Calculation of the Ta number

[𝜔𝑐 .𝜌 .𝑅𝑖 2 .(δcc−1)]

Equation 1. 𝑇𝑎 = ≥ 41.2
η

Therefore, the stability criterion for the critical angular velocity ωc when Ta vortices occurring are met
if:

(41.2 .η)
Equation 2. 𝜔𝑐 = 3
[𝜌 .𝑅𝑖 2 .(δcc−1)2 ]

Figure 2: Viscosity flow curve.

b. Reynolds number in the circular gap of a cylinder MS. Turbulent flow behavior also occurs if the
critical Reynolds number (Re) is reached. The Re number characterizes the ration of the forces
due to mass inertia of the fluid and flow resistance of the fluid.
Note: Flow instabilities according to Reynolds are occurring for both kinds of cylinder MS, and
therefore, as well when working with the Searle method as well as the Couette method.

Calculation of Re number in the general form:

Equation 3. 𝑅𝑒 = (𝑉𝑚 . 𝐿 . 𝜌)/η

With the density ρ [kg/m3], the viscosity η [Pas], and the mean velocity 𝑉𝑚 [m/s] of the fluid, the
geometrical dimension L [m].
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For an annular gap: Equation 4. L= (Re – Ri)

Related to the middle of the gap holds, using the “representation values”.

Equation 5. 𝑉𝑚 = ω. Rrep, with Rrep = (Re + Ri) / 2

With the angular velocity ω [rads/s]. Therefore

Equation 6. 𝑅𝑒 = [ ω. (Re + Ri). (Re – Ri). ρ] / (2. η) = [ω. ρ. (Re2 – Ri2)] / (2. η)

Or 𝑅𝑒 = [𝜔 . 𝜌 . 𝑅𝑖 2 . (𝛿𝑐𝑐 − 1)]/(2 . η)

There are two critical Re numbers existing:

1). Rec1 ≥1 occurrence of “end effects”, causing flow instabilities around the edges of the upper and
lower end of the cylindrical part of the bob.
2). Rec2 ≥1000 (to 10 000): occurrence of turbulence in the circular gap itself.

Table 1: Relation between the ratio of the radii of cup and bob, and the resulting gap dimensions.
Ri[mm] 𝛿𝑐𝑐 Re [mm] Gap (Re – Ri) [mm]
12.5 1.2000 15.000 2.5
12.5 1.0847 13. 559 1.06 ≈ 1.0
12.5 1.0100 12.625 0.125 ≈ 0.1

Convection Heat Transfer

In convective heat transfer, the bulk fluid motion of the fluid plays a major role in the overall energy
transfer process. Therefore, knowledge of the velocity distribution near a solid surface is essential.
The controlling equation for convection is:

∆𝑇
Equation 7. 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = = ℎ𝐴(𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇∝ )
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣

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Equation 8. 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 =
ℎ𝐴
Equation 9. As = лDL,

L = Length of rod, (distance from T1 to T8), (m)

D = diameter of rod, (m)
h = heat transfer coefficient, W/ (m2. k)
Tw= Surface temperature, °C
T͚ = Fluid temperature, °C
A= total convection area, m2

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 3. START UP

• Switch on the compressor and block the filters so the air could flow through the Rheometer.
• Make sure that the air pressure is on 6bars.
• Switch on the Rheometer with the on/off button on the left side of the Rheometer.
• Open the Rheology software on the PC.
• Adjust the air flow rate between 150 to 200 LN/h.
• Remove any attached measuring device on the Rheometer and initialize the system.
• Connect the viscotherm for heat exchanger to regulate the temperature.

4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Table 2: Heat transfer fluid properties.

Heat transfer fluid 32 Temp. °C Kin. Viscosity (mm2/s) Density @ 20°C (kg/L)
specified
Grades LS#2, No.2-D 40
(ASTM D445)

• Remove the temperature hood cover.

• Attach the Anton Paar Measuring system CC18 – 18mm cup and bob measuring system.
• Screw the cup off and fill it with the sample until the measuring level. NB!! Do not over fill.
• Place the measuring cup to it measuring position and screw it tight.
• Switch on the viscotherm on the rheology software.
• Set the temperature on the viscotherm to 15°C and set the Rheometer temperature to 25°C.
• Open the Viscosity flow curve project on the software and set the testing temperature from 25°C to
100°C.
• Set the measuring gap to 5mm.
• Start the test and wait till the temperature is stable.
• Repeat the test on 100°C and wait for the temperature to be stable.

5. CALCULATIONS
1. Calculate Tylor vortices for rotational cup and stationery bob.
2. Calculate critical angular velocity ωc.
3. Calculate the Re number and determine the occurrence.
4. Calculate the 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 , state if its forced or natural convection.
5. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient.
Note: calculations must be done for 25°C and 100 °C

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 6. DATA SORTING

For all the readings taken and final calculations, the findings should be presenting in the form of the
following table:

Table 3: Raw data presentation

Tem-
Point Shear Shear Viscos- pera-
No. Strain Stress ity Torque ture

[1] [Pa] [mPa.s] [µN·m] [°C]

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21