SY 2022-2023

LEC 10
MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY 2nd Semester
PROF. CELYN GAMMAD BSMLS 3F

Topics #
Introduction 1 DEFECTIVE VIRUS
Terminologies 1
Theories Of Viral Origin 2 - virus particle that is functionally deficient in
Classification Of Viruses 2 some aspect of replication
Universal System of Virus Taxonomy 2
DNA-Containing Viruses 6 ENVELOPE
RNA-Containing Viruses 7
- lipid-containing membrane that surrounds
Viroids 10
some virus particles. Acquired during viral
Prions 11
Virus Structure 11 maturation by a budding process through a
Measurement Of Virus Sizes 11 cellular membrane
Virus Structure 12 PEPLOMERS
Chemical Composition of Viruses 12
- virus encoded glycoproteins exposed on the
surface of the envelope
General Properties of Viruses
NUCLEOCAPSID
Introduction

- Viruses are acellular infectious agents - protein–nucleic acid complex representing

- Obligate intracellular parasites
- Smallest infectious agents
- Consist of DNA or RNA genome, but not
both, surrounded by a protein coat
- Replicate only in living cells
- Inert in the extracellular environment
- Viruses vary greatly in:
• structure
• genome organization and expression
• strategies of replication and
transmission
- Host range for a given virus may be broad or
extremely limited
- They are known to infect unicellular
organisms
Terminologies Note!
CAPSID
the packaged form of the viral genome.
STRUCTURAL UNITS (PROTOMER)
- basic protein building blocks of the coat.
Collection of more than one nonidentical
protein subunit
SUBUNIT
- single folded viral polypeptide chain
VIRION
- complete virus particle
- serves to transfer the viral nucleic acid from
one cell to another
- Virion is identical with the nucleocapsid

- protein shell, or coat, that encloses the PAPILLOMAVIRUSES, PICORNAVIRUSES

nucleic acid genome
- virion is identical with the nucleocapsid
CAPSOMERES
HERPESVIRUSES, ORTHOMYXOVIRUSES:
- represent clusters of polypeptides, but the - nucleocapsid and envelope
morphologic units do not necessarily
correspond to the chemically defined
structural units

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FAMILIES

- major groupings based on virion

morphology, genome structure, and
strategies of replication.

GENERA

- subdivisions within family

- based on biological, genomic,
physicochemical, or serologic differences
This is the schematic diagram that explains the ORDERS
components of the complete virus particle or the
virion. A. is the envelope virus. If it has shape or bilog - used to group virus families that share
it is icosahedral. Note that not all icosahedral viruses common characteristics
have envelopes. B. with a helical symmetry Example:

- Mononegavirales- Bornaviridae
THEORIES OF VIRAL ORIGIN - Filoviridae
- Paramyxoviridae
- Viruses may be derived from DNA or RNA - Rhabdoviridae
nucleic acid components of host cells that
became able to replicate autonomously SYMMETRY
and evolve independently.
SPHERICAL/ICOSAHEDRAL
- Viruses may be degenerate forms of
intracellular parasites.
- They can either be ENVELOPED or NAKED
CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES - All DNA are considered ICOSAHEDRAL,
except Pox Virus
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
HELICAL/HELIX
- Virion morphology (icosahedral, cubic or
helical) - All helical viruses are considered ENVELOPED
- Virus genome properties (RNA/ DNA)
- Physicochemical properties (kaya ba sirahin COMPLEX STRUCTURE
nang ether or organic solvents?)
- Pox virus (only)
- If the virus is enveloped- susceptible sa
organic solvents Rhabdoviridae
- Virus protein properties
- Genome organization and replication - the only RNA viruses with bullet-shaped
- Antigenic properties capsid
- Biologic properties Most RNA viruses have a helical symmetry, except:
UNIVERSAL SYSTEM OF VIRUS TAXONOMY
- ICOSAHEDRAL RNA VIRUSES
- Viral taxonomy is divided into categories: - (mnemonic: “FC ang RT at PH”)
• 6 orders (-virales) • Flaviviruses
• 87 families (name ending in -viridae) • Calicivirus
• 19 subfamilies (-virinae) • Reovirus
• 348 genera (-virus) • Togavirus
• 2290 species • Picornavirus
• Hepevirus

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SIZE OF
PHYSICAL
NUCLEIC VIRION: VIRUS NUCLEIC
CAPSID ETHER NUMBER OF TYPE OF
ACID ENVELOPED PARTICLE ACID IN VIRUS FAMILY
SYMMETRY SENSITIVITY CAPSOMERES NUCLEIC
CORE OR NAKED SIZE (nm) VIRION
ACID
(kb/kbp)
DNA Icosahedral Naked Resistant 32 18-26 5.6 ss Parvoviridae
30 2.0-3.9 ss circular Anelloviridae
72 45 5 ds circular Polyoviridae
72 55 8 ds circular Papillomaviridae
252 70-90 26—45 ds Adenoviridae
Enveloped Sensitive 180 40-48 3.2 ds circular Hepadnaviridae
162 150-200 125-240 ds Herpesviridae
Complex Complex Resistant 230 x 400 130-375 ds Poxviridae
coats
RNA Icosahedral Naked Resistant 32 28-30 7.2-8.4 ss Picornaviridae
28-30 6.4-7.4 ss Astroviridae
32 27-40 7.4-8.3 ss Caliciviridae
27-34 7.2 ss Hepeviridae
35-40 4 ds Picobirnaviridae
segmented
60-80 16-27 ds Reoviridae
segmented
Enveloped Sensitive 42 50-70 9.7-11.8 ss Togaviridae
Unknown or Enveloped Sensitive 40-60 9.5-12.5 ss Flaviviridae
complex 50-300 10-14 ss Arenaviridae
segmented
120-160 27-32 ss Coronaviridae
80-110 7-11 ss diploid Retroviridae
Helical Enveloped Sensitive 80-120 10-13.6 ss Orthomyxoviridae
segmented
80-120 11-21 ss Bunyaviridae
segmented
80-125 8.5-10.5 ss Bornaviridae
75 x 180 13-16 ss Rhabdoviridae
150-300 16-20 ss Paramyxoviridae
80 x 1000 19.1 ss Filoviridae

GENOME FAMILY (SUBFAMILY) GENUS SPECIES

STRAND
dsDNA Adenoviridae Mastadenovirus Human mastadenoviruses A to G, Human adenovirus
C
Alphaherpesvirinae Simplexvirus Human herpesviruses 1 and 2, macacine herpesvirus
1
Varicellovirus Human herpesvirus 3
Betaherpesvirinae Cytomegalovirus Human herpesvirus 5
Herpesviridae Roseolovirus Human herpesvirus 6
Human herpesvirus 7
Gammaherpesvirinae Lymphocryptovirus Human herpesvirus 4
Rhadinovirus Human herpesvirus 8
Papillomaviridae Papillomavirus Human papillomavirus
Poxviridae (Chordopoxvirinae) Orthopoxvirus Cowpox virus, monkeypox virus, vaccinia virus, variola
virus
*Molluscipoxvirus Molluscum contagiosum virus
*Parapoxvirus Orf virus
*Yatapoxvirus Yaba monkey tumor virus

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dsDNA, Hepadnaviridae Orthohepadnavirus Hepatitis B virus

ssDNA
ssDNA Parvoviridae (Parvovirinae) Bocavirus Human Bocavirus
(Bocaparvovirus)
Erythrovirus Parvovirus B19
(Erythroparvovirus)
*Dependoparvovirus Adeno-associated dependoparvoviruses A and B
dsRNA Reoviridae (Sedoreovirinae) Rotavirus Rotaviruses A, B, and C
*Orbivirus Changuinola virus, Corriparta virus, Great Island virus,
Lebombo virus, Orungo virus
*Seadornavirus Banna virus
(Spinareovirinae) Coltivirus Colorado tick fever virus
*Orthoreovirus Mammalian orthoreovirus
ssRNA Arenaviridae Arenavirus Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Lassa virus,
Chapare virus, Guanarito virus, Junín virus, Lujo virus,
Machupo virus, Sabiá virus
Astroviridae Mamastrovirus Human astroviruses 1, 6, 8, and 9
Bunyaviridae Orthobunyavirus California encephalitis virus, Bunyamwera virus,
Bwamba virus, Guama virus, Madrid virus, Nyando
virus, Oropouche virus, Tacaiuma virus
Hantavirus Hantaan virus, Sin Nombre virus, Puumala virus,
Thottapalayam virus
Nairovirus Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Dugbe virus
Phlebovirus Rift Valley fever virus, Punta Toro virus, Sandfly fever
Naples virus
Caliciviridae Norovirus Norwalk virus
Sapovirus Sapporo virus
Coronaviridae (Coronavirinae) Alphacoronovirus Human coronavirus 229E, human coronavirus NL63
Betacoronavirus Betacoronavirus 1, human coronavirus HKU1, Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)–related
coronavirus
Filoviridae Marburgvirus Lake Victoria Marburg virus
Ebolavirus Zaire ebolavirus, Tai Forest ebolavirus, Sudan
ebolavirus, Bundibugyo ebolavirus
Flaviviridae Flavivirus Yellow fever virus,, dengue virus, Zika virus, Kyasanur
Forest disease virus, Langat virus, louping ill virus,
Murray Valley encephalitis virus, Omsk hemorrhagic
fever virus, Powassan virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus,
tickborne encephalitis virus, Wesselsbron virus, Yellow
fever virus
Japanese encephalitis West Nile Virus
complex
Hepeviridae Hepacivirus Hepatitis C virus
Hepevirus (was Hepatitis E virus
“hepatitis E-like viruses)
Orthomyxoviridae Influenzavirus A Influenza A virus
Influenzavirus B Influenza B virus
Influenzavirus C Influenza C virus
(Paramyxovirinae) Respirovirus Sendai virus, Human parainfluenza viruses 1 and 3
Morbillivirus Measles virus
Rubulavirus Mumps virus, Human parainfluenza viruses 2 and 4
Paramyxoviridae
Henipavirus Hendra virus, Nipah virus
(Pneumovirinae) Pneumovirus Human respiratory syncytial virus
Metapneumovirus Human metapneumovirus
Picornaviridae Enterovirus Pioloviruse
Rhinovirus Human Rhinovirus A

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Hepatovirus Hepatitis A virus

*Parechovirus Human parechovirus
Rhabdoviridae Lyssavirus Rabies virus
Retroviridae (Orthoretrovirinae) Lentivirus Human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2
Togaviridae Alphavirus equine encephalitis virus, Venezuelan equine
encephalitis virus, western equine encephalitis virus
Rubivirus Rubella virus

**Take note of the largest and smallest

DNA viruses

LARGEST DNA VIRUS:

- Pox Virus (230nm x 400nm)

SMALLEST DNA VIRUS:

- Parvoviridae (18-26nm)
- Circoviridae (15-25nm)

**Take note of the largest and smallest

RNA viruses

LARGEST RNA VIRUS:

- Filoviridae (80nm x 1000nm)

SMALLEST RNA VIRUS:

- Hepeviridae (27-34nm)
- Caliciviridae (27-40nm)
- Astroviridae (28-30nm)
- Picornaviridae (28-30nm)

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DNA-CONTAINING VIRUSES Merkel cell virus

PARVOVIRUS - majority of Merkel cell skin virus carcinomas

- Parvus = small SV40
- Particle size: 18 26 nm
- Symmetry: cubic symmetry with 32 - primate virus, can also infect humans
capsomeres
- Envelope: none PAPILLOMAVIRUSES
- Genome: linear, single stranded DNA, 5 6 kb - Papilla = nipple
in size - Aka wart viruses
- Replication: occurs only in actively dividing - Larger genome
cells capsid assembly takes place in - Particle size: 55nm
nucleus - Certain types are causative agents of
- Adeno associated satellite viruses are genital cancers in humans
defective - Host and tissue specific
HUMAN PARVOVIRUS B19 - Cannot be grown in cultured cells in vitro

ADENOVIRUSES
- replicates in immature erythroid cells causes
several adverse consequences, including - Size: medium-sized (70–90 nm) viruses
aplastic crisis, fifth disease, and fetal death - Symmetry: cubic symmetry with 252
capsomeres that have fibers
ANELLOVIRUSES
- Envelope: none
- Anello = ring - Genome: linear, double-stranded DNA, 26–
- Particle size: 30nm in diameter, icosahedral 45 kbp in size
virions - Replication: occurs in nucleus
- Envelope: none - Complex splicing patterns produce mRNAs
- Genome: circular, single stranded DNA, (-) - Infects mucous membranes and some
sense persist in lymphoid tissue
- Include TORQUE TENO VIRUSES - Cause acute respiratory diseases,
- No specific disease associations have been conjunctivitis and gastroenteritis
proven
HEPADNAVIRUSES
POLYOMAVIRUSES
- Size: small (40–48 nm)
- Poly = many, Oma = tumor - Shape: 27-nm icosahedral nucleocapsid
- Size: small, 45nm, non-enveloped within a closely adherent envelop
- Heat stable; ether-resistant - Genome:
- Symmetry: cubic • circular ds DNA molecules 3.2 kbp
- Genome: circular, double stranded DNA in size
- Have a slow growth cycle, stimulate cell • viral DNA contains a large single-
DNA synthesis, and replicate within the stranded gap
nucleus - Replication:
• involves repair of the single-
JC virus stranded gap in the DNA
• transcription of RNA
- progressive multifocal
• reverse transcription of the RNA to
leukoencephalopathy
make genomic DNA = LIVER
BK virus - Hepadnaviruses cause acute and chronic
hepatitis
- nepropathy in transplant recipients -

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- Viral types are known that infect mammals

RNA-CONTAINING VIRUSES
and ducks
PICORNAVIRUS
HERPESVIRUSES
- Size: small (28–30 nm)
- Size: 150–200 nm in diameter
- Nucleocapsid: 100 nm in diameter - Ether-resistant viruses
- Symmetry: cubic symmetry with162 - Symmetry: Cubic
- Genome :
capsomeres, surrounded by a lipid
• Single Stranded RNA
containing envelope
• Positive sense
- Genome: linear, double-stranded DNA, 125–
240 kbp in size Human Pathogen:
- Virions contain more than 30 proteins
- Latent infections may last for the life span of - Group infecting humans are considered
the host = GANGLIAL or LYMPHOBLASTOID Enteroviruses
CELLS - Polio, coxsackie virus. Echo viruses,
- Human herpesviruses include rhinoviruses. hepatovirus (hepa A)
• HSV 1 and 2 • Rhinoviruses
• varicellazoster virus o acid labile
• CMV o have a high density
• EBV • Other Enteroviruses
• human herpesviruses 6 and 7 o acid stable
• human herpesvirus 8 o have a lower density

POXVIRUSES ASTROVIRUSES

- Enveloped large BRICK-SHAPED OR OVOID - Size: 28–30 nm

VIRUSES - Display a distinctive STAR-SHAPED OUTLINE
- Particle Structure is COMPLEX on their surfaces
- Size: 220–450 nm long × 140–260 nm wide × - Genome: linear, positive-sense, single-
140–260 nm thick stranded RNA, 6.4– 7.4 kb in size
- Genome: linear, covalently closed, double- - Disease: Gastroenteritis in humans and
stranded DNA, 130–375 kbp in size. animals
- Particles contain about 100 proteins such as
a DNA dependent RNA polymerase CALCIVIRUSES
- Replication: occurs entirely within cytoplasm - Size: slightly larger to picornaviruses (27–40
- All poxviruses tend to produce skin lesions nm)
Human pathogens: - Have CUP-SHAPED DEPRESSIONS on surfaces
- Genome: ss, positive-sense RNA, 7.4–8.3 kb
- Smallpox in size
- Vaccinia - Envelope: none
- Molluscum contagiosum
Human Pathogens:
Animals pathogens:
- NOROVIRUSES = epidemic acute
- can infect humans gastroenteritis
• Cowpox - Other agents infect cats and sea lions as
• Monkeypox well as primates

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HEPEVIRUSES Arboviruses

- Size: small (27–34 nm) - complex cycle involving ARTHROPODS as

- Ether resistant vectors that transmit the viruses to
- Genome: single- stranded, positive-sense vertebrate hosts through their bite
RNA, 7.2 kb in size - Arboviruses human pathogens:
- lacks a genome-linked protein (VPg) • Dengue
- HUMAN HEPATITIS E VIRUS • Yellow fever
PICOBIRNAVIRUSES • West nile fever
• Encephalitis Viruses
- Size: Small (35–40 nm) with icosahedral
structure
- Enveloped: none Rodent-borne viruses
- Genome: linear, double stranded,
segmented (bipartite) RNA (2 segments), - are transmitted in rodents without an
totaling 4.0–4.5 kb arthropod vector
- Rodent-borne human diseases:
REOVIRUS
• Hanta-Virus Infection
- Size: medium-sized (60-80 nm) • Lassa Fever Virus
- Ether-resistant, Non-enveloped having
TOGAVIRUSES
Icosahedral symmetry
- Particles have two or three protein shells; - Many arboviruses that are major human
short spikes extend from the virion surface pathogens called the alphaviruses as well as
- Genome: Linear, Double-stranded RNA, the rubella viruses belong to togaviruses
segmented RNA - They have a lipid-containing envelope and
- Replication: occurs in cytoplasm are ether sensitive
- Genome:
ROTAVIRUSES
• Single-stranded with a positive (+)
- ”Wheel-shaped” appearance; causes sense RNA
Gastroenteritis - Particles mature by budding from host cell
membranes
COLTIVIRUS
Examples:
- includes Colorado Tick Fever Virus of
Humans - Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus
- Rubella Virus(no arthropod vector)
ARBOVIRUSES AND RODENT-BORNE VIRUSES - Alphavirus

- Ecologic groupings (not a virus family) of FLAVIVIRUS

viruses
- Enveloped viruses, 40-60 nm in diameter
Virus families: - Genome:
• Single-stranded with a positive(+) sense
- Flaviviridae RNA
- Arenaviridae - Mature virions accumulate within cisternae
- Bunyaviridae of ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)
- Reoviridae - Most members are transmitted by BLOOD-
- Rhabdoviridae SUCKING ARTHROPODS
- Togaviridae

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Examples: RETROVIRUSES

- Yellow Fever Virus - Spherical, enveloped viruses (80–110 nm)

- Dengue Virus - Genome:
- HCV (HCV has no known vector) • two copies of linear, positive-sense,
ss RNA
ARENAVIRUSES - Particles contain a helical nucleocapsid
within an icosahedral capsid
- Pleomorphic, enveloped viruses = 50-300
- Replication: virion contains a REVERSE
nm (110-130 nm)
TRANSCRIPTASE
- Genome:
- Virion assembly occurs by budding on
• Circular, Single-stranded that is
plasma membranes
negative(-) sense and segmented
- Leukemia and sarcoma viruses of animals
- Replication:
and humans, foamy viruses of primates, and
• In cytoplasm with assembly via
lentiviruses
budding on the plasma membrane
• HIV
- Particles have a “sandy” appearance
• Visna of sheep
during maturation
- Cause ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY
- Most members are unique to TROPICAL
SYNDROME (AIDS)
AMERICA
- All human pathogens cause chronic ORTHOMYXOVIRUSES
infections in rodents
- Size: medium-sized, 80- to 120-nm
Example: enveloped viruses
- Symmetry: helical symmetry
- Lassa Fever Virus - Either round or filamentous, with surface
CORONAVIRUSES projections that contain HEMAGGLUTININ or
NEURAMINIDASE activity
- Enveloped 120- to 160-nm particles - Genome:
- Genome: • linear, segmented, negative-sense,
• unsegmented genome of positive- ss RNA, totaling 10–13.6 kb in size.
sense, ss RNA, 27–32 kb in size - Replication:
• helical nucleopcapsid, 9–11 nm in • nucleocapsid is assembled in
diameter nucleus
- Resemble Orthomyxoviruses but have PETAL- • hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
SHAPED SURFACE PROJECTIONS similar to a accumulate in the cytoplasm
solar corona - Virus matures by budding
• Nucleocapsids develop in cytoplasm - All Orthomyxovirus are INFLUENZA VIRUS
and mature by budding into
cytoplasmic vesicles Example:
- Most human coronaviruses cause mild
- h1n1, h2n3
acute upper respiratory tract illnesses =
• h=hemeagglutinin
“COLDS”
• n=neuraminidase
Toroviruses
PARAMYXOVIRUSES
- gastroenteritis - Similar to but larger (150–300 nm) than
Animal Coronavirus: orthomyxoviruses
- Particles are pleomorphic
- Mouse hepatitis virus - Genome:
- Avian infectious bronchitis virus • linear, ss, nonsegmented, negative-
sense RNA is 16–20 kb in size

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- Genome:
- Nucleocapsid and Hemagglutinin
• Linear, single-stranded,
• formed in the cytoplasm nonsegmented negative sense RNA
- Genetically stable
virus
Human Pathogens: - Particles are formed by budding from the
cell membrane
- Mumps - Example: Rabies virus
- Measles
FILOVIRUSES
- Parainfluenza (Agent Of Croup)
- Metapneumo - Enveloped, pleomorphic viruses: very long
- Respiratory Syncytial Viruses and thread like.
- Typically are 80 nm wide and about 1000
BUNYAVIRUSES
nm long
- Spherical or pleomorphic, 80- to 120-nm - Envelope: Large peplomers
enveloped particles - Genome:
- Genome: • linear, negative-sense, ss RNA, 19 kb in
• triple segmented, circular, ss, size
negativesense or ambisense RNA, 11– - require maximum containment conditions
19 kb in overall size therefore Biosafety Level 4 is used
- Contain three circular, helically symmetric
Example:
nucleocapsids about 2.5 nm in diameter
and 200– 3000 nm in length
- Marburg and Ebola
- Replication:
• hemorrhagic fever (Africa)
• in cytoplasm, enveloped from golgi
- Majority of these viruses are transmitted to VIROIDS
vertebrates by arthropods except for
- small infectious agents that cause diseases
HANTAVIRUSES (aerosol or excreta from
rodents) of plants
- Viroids are agents that do not fit the
- Cause
definition of classic virus rather a nucleic
• HEMORRHAGIC FEVERS
acid molecules without a protein coat
• NEPHROPATHY
- None have been demonstrated to exist in
• severe PULMONARY SYNDROME
animals or human
BORNAVIRUSES - They replicate by an entirely noble
mechanism that does not encode any
- Enveloped, spherical (80–125 nm) viruses
products.
- Genome:
• The devastating plant diseases
• Linear, Single-stranded,
induced by viroids occur by an
nonsegmented negative sense RNA
unknown mechanism.
- Replication and transcription: occur in the
- Hepatitis B virus in humans has properties
nucleus similar to viroids.
- Borna disease virus is neurotropic in animals;
postulated to have association with
neuropsychiatric disorders of human Plant viroids

RHABDOVIRUSES - are single-stranded, covalently closed

- Enveloped virions resembles bullet-shaped circular RNA that does not encode any
(flat at one end and round on the other protein products - Rod-like structures
side)
- Measuring about 75 × 180 nm
- Envelope: 10um spikes

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PRIONS

- Infectious particles composed solely of

protein with no detectable nucleic acid
- Highly resistant to inactivation by heat,
formaldehyde, and UV light
- The prion protein is encoded by a single
cellular gene
- Causes “TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM
ENCEPHALOPATHIES:
• SCRAPIE = sheep
• MAD COW DISEASE = cattle
• KURU and CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB
DISEASE = humans HELICAL SYMMETRY
VIRUS STRUCTURE - Protein subunits are bound in a periodic way
to the viral nucleic acid winding it into a
TYPES OF SYMMETRY OF VIRUS PARTICLES
helix pattern
- Techniques used to resolve fine differences - Nucleo capsid is coiled inside a lipid-
in the basic morphology of viruses: containing envelope
- There is a regular, periodic interaction
Electron microscopy
between capsid protein and nucleic acid
- All animal viruses with helical symmetry
- Use heavy metal stain (Potassium
contain: RNA genomes
Phosphotungstate)
- All have flexible nucleocapsids except:
- Most widely used
Rhabdo viruses
Cryoelectron microscopy
COMPLEX STRUCTURES
- Quick freezing in vitreous ice - More complicated in structure
X-ray diffraction POXVIRUSES

- Small, nonenveloped virus - brick shaped with ridges on the external

CUBIC SYMMETRY
- All cubic symmetry observed with animal
viruses is of the ICOSAHEDRAL PATTERN =
most efficient arrangement for subunits in a
closed shell
• 20 faces (each an equilateral
triangle)
• 12 vertices; each with neighbours
• Fivefold, threefold, and twofold axes
of rotational symmetry
- Most viruses have icosahedral symmetry do
not have an icosahedral shape = spherical
surface and a
- core and lateral bodies inside
MEASUREMENT OF VIRUS SIZES
- most widely used method = direct
observation in electron microscope
- Sedimentation and Ultracentrifugation
• relationship between the size and the
shape of a particle and its rate of
sedimentation = particle density
(ultracentrifuge is used)
Comparative Measurements:

- Virus: 20 - 300nm
- Bacteriophage: 10 - 100nm
- Staphylococcus: 1000nm (1um)

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Virus Structure
- If DNA or RNA is binded with structural
proteins and also binded with enzymes and
nucleic acid binding proteins, it will form
NUCLEOCAPSID that are comprised with
Naked capsid virus.
- If nucleocapsid is binded with Glycoproteins
and membrane, it is comprised of
Enveloped virus.
Nucleocapsid
- is a protein of nucleic acid complex
representing the package form of the viral
genome.
Envelope
- is a lipid containing membrane that
surrounds some virus particles.
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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF VIRUSES
Viral Protein
Functions:
- Facilitate transfer of the Viral Nucleic Acid
from one host cell to another.
- Serve to protect the viral genome against
inactivation by nucleases.
- Participate in the attachment of the virus
particle to a susceptible cell.
- Provide the structural symmetry of the virus
particle.
- Determine the antigenic characteristics of
the virus.
- Essential for the initiation of the viral
replicative cycle when the virion enters the
host cell.
Viral Nucleic
- ACID RNA or DNA
- Encodes the genetic information necessary
for replication of the virus
- Single or double stranded, circular or linear,
and segmented or nonsegmented
- BASIS FOR CLASSIFYING VIRUSES INTO
FAMILIES.
Type of nucleic acid, strandedness, and size
- Viral DNA genome:
• 3.2 kbp(Hepadnavirus) to 375 kbp
(Poxviruses)
- Viral RNA genome:
• 4 kbp (Picornavirus) to 32 kbp
(Coronavirus)
VIRAL LIPID ENVELOPES
- Acquired when the viral nucleocapsid buds
through a cellular membrane in the course
of maturation
- Specific phospholipid composition of a virion
envelope is determined by the specific type
of cell membrane involved in the budding
process
- Lipid-containing viruses are sensitive to
treatment with ether and other organic
solvents indicating the disruption or loss of
lipid results in loss of infectivity.
-
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 LEC 10: General Properties of Viruses

- Non-lipid containing viruses are generally

resistant to ether and detergents

VIRAL GLYCOPROTEINS

- Envelope glycoproteins are virus encoded

- Attach the virus particle to a target cell
through cellular receptor
- Involved in the membrane fusion step of
infection
- Are also important viral antigens and
interaction of particle with neutralizing Ab
- X-ray crystallography provide insights into
the antigenic structure and functional
activities of viral glycoproteins

Alibania, Allam, Apolinario, Baculi, Bagalayos, Balabbo, Belango, Birung, Burgos, Dula, Forneas, Marcos,
13
Matalang, Miraballes, Porsenido, Unite