UNIT -1 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTERS & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Computer: A computer is an electronic device that stores data, processes it, and performs operations on the data at high speed. The word computer comes from the word ‘compute’ which means to calculate. Led Monitor Spence 3 Mouse ae Keyboare Functions of. Computer: ‘A computer performs the following functions ~ Receiving Input Processing the information See the foyer Ea Producing output wor computer system is a combination of hardware and software. Hardware: The physical and tangible parts/components of the computer that can be seen and touched are known as hardware, Hardware consists of the physical components of a computer system such as: * input devices - keyboard, mouse, scanner, * output devices - monitor, printer, speakers, etc. * processing devices - CPU and * storage devices - CD, hard disk, DVD, etc. -{tangible: real and not imaginary) Software: Software is the set of programs and instructions that control the operation of a computer system. Ex-Windows, MS Office Suite, Chrome etc. Application areas of computer: Here, we are mentioning some areas where computers are broadly used: 1, Education: Computers are widely used in the fields of education. Schools and Colleges use computers in classrooms and labs to teach students. Teachers can search for teaching material and can explain difficult topics through presentation and audio-visual classes. 2. Medicine and Health: Computers are used for diagnosing illness, observing the state of patients, keeping the necessary records of patients and doctors etc. These are used in Electrocardiograph (ECG), Operation Theater, Pathology, X-Ray, CT-SCAN, MRI and other. Lakaya Institute and Management of Technology Near Bank of Baroda, Gufa Mandir Road, Lalghati, Bhopal, MP, £62030, For More Call- 9425015475, 98260154753, Business: Computers are used in business organizations for Payroll calculations, Budgeting, Sales anal Financial forecasting, Managing employee database, Maintenance of stocks, etc. 4, Banking: Today, bankingis almost totally dependent on computers. Banks provide the following facilities ‘+ Online accounting facility, which includes checking current balance, making deposits and overdrafts, checking interest charges, shares, and transactions records, ‘+ ATM machines which are completely automated are making it even easierfor customers todeal with banks. 5, Military: Computers are largely used in defence. Modern tanks, missiles, weapons, etc. are used it. Military also employs computerized control systems. “omputersare widely useful in modern communication like to send emails, chatting on social networking sites, video conferencing ete. 7. Government: Computers play an important role in government services. Some major fields in this category are Budgets, Sales tax department, Income tax department, Computation of male/female rat Computerization of voters lists, Computerization of PAN card, Weather forecasting etc. Advantages of Computer: ‘Multitasking - Multitasking is one among the main advantage of computer. Person can do multiple tasks, ‘multiple operation ata same time, calculate numerical problems within fewseconds. Computer can perform millions or trillions of works in one second. Speed - Now computerisn’ tjusta calculating device. Nowa day’scomputer has vital role in human life. One of the most advantages of computer is its incredible speed, which helps human to finish their task in few seconds. Accuracy ~ One among the basis advantage of computers which will perform not only calculations but also with accuracy. Store Data ~We can store a huge amount of data in computers and use whenever we need it. Task completer ~Completes tasks that might be impossible for humans to complete. Productivity -The level of productivity gets automatically doubled as the computer can done the work at very fast. Reliability ~Computers can perform same sort of work repeatedly without throwing up errors thanks to tiredness or boredom, which are quite common among humans. Disadvantages of Computer: Virus and hacking attacks -Virus may be a worm and hacking is just an unauthorized access over computer for a few purposes. Virus can go to other system from email attachment, viewing an infected website advertisement, through removable device like USB etc. (illicit: forbidden by law, rules) Online Cyber Crimes ~ Online cyber-crime means computer and network may have utilized in order to commit crime. Cyberstalking and fraud are the points which comes under online cyber-crimes. --(cyberstalking: to harass an individual, group, or organization) — Reduction employed opportunity ~Mainly past generation wasn’t used of the pc or they need the knowledge of computer they faced an enormous problem when computer came in field. High cost - Computers are expensive. Even the foremost affordable computers are still very expensive for a particular person. Distractions/disruptions If you've got ever spent hours browsing the web or watching videos on YouTube, then you recognize howdistracting computers can be! Because of their high entertainment value. Lakaya Institute and Management of Technology Near Bank of Baroda, Gufa Mandir Road, Lalghati, Bhopal, MP, £62030, For More Call- 9425015475, 9826015475Increases waste and impacts the environment —With the speed that computers and other electronics} get replaced, all of the old devices that get thrown away have a big impact on the environment. Health Problems ~ Prolonged use of computers can lead to various health Hazards. Too much sitting near the screen results in eye strain and drying up of the eyes. Also, prolonged sitting leads to neck and back problems, Components of the computer: Motherboard - A motherboard is a circuit board through which all the different components of a computer communications and it keeps everything together. The input and output devices are plugged into the motherboard for function. The motherboard components are Processors (CPU), BIOS, Disk Controllers, I/O Ports and Interfaces, BUS, CMOS and Slots. Input Unit - An input device allows information tobe entered into the computersystem, eitherfrom the user or anothercomputer. For => j sS aie! keyboard, mouse, microphone, joystick, barcode reader, scanner = a, ZB ome arom — information intoahuman-perceptible form. For example: monitor, projectors, headphone, speaker, printers, plotters etc. =) Central Processing Unit (CPU) - The CPUis called the brain of the computer since no action can take place ‘without its permission and execution as the main processing unit. It communicates with all the other components of the computer and has 3 components (Control unit, Memory unit and Arithmetic and Logical unit) that help in the smooth functioning of the computer. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) - AGraphics Processing Unit (GPU) isa chip or electronic circuit capable of rendering graphics for display on an GPU electronic device. The term "GPU" is often used interchangeably with “graphics card,” though the two are different. Although GPUs were initially popular with video editing and computer gaming, the rapid growth of crypto currencies has created a “ze new market for them. = 2 Generations of Computers: Computer continuously improved itself in terms of speed, accuracy, size, and price to urge the form of the fashionableday computer. Thislongperiodis often conveniently divided into the subsequent phases called computer generations: Generations Time Period Hardware Evolving + First Generation Computers (1940-1956) Vacuum Tube + SecondGeneration Computers (1956-1963) Transistor + Third Generation Computers (1964-1973) Integrated Circuits * Fourth Generation Computers (1971-Present) Microprocessors + Fifth Generation Computers (Present and beyond) Artificial Intelligence Below are some mechonical calculators before modern computers were invented 1. Abocus 3. Arithmemeter 5. Analytical Engine 2. Pascal's Calevlator 4. The Difference Engine 6. The Millionaire Lakaya Institute and Management of Technology Near Bank of Baroda, Gufa Mandir Road, Lalghati, Bhopal, MP, £62030, For More Call- 9425015475, 9826015475The First Generation of Computers- (the 1940s-1950s) 1. The main electronic component used in the computers of the 1940s to 1950s era were vacuum tubes. 2. The machine language was used as the programming language. 3, The sizes used to be very large which could take up entire rooms and the speed was very slow. 4, The only input/output devices were paper tape and punched cards. 5, Around 100 different vacuum tubes were used in order to produce the computers. Examples are UNIVAC1, ENIAC, IBM 701 and IBM 650, etc. The Second Generation of Computers- (the 1950s-1960s) 1 The main electronic component used in the computers of the 1950s to 1960s era were transistors. 2. The assembly language was used as the programming language. 3. The sizes were smalleras comparedto those of the first generation and they used to consume low power and generate less heat. 4, There was an improvement in speed 5, The input/output devices were magnetic tape and punched cards. Examples are IBM 1401, IBM 7094 AND IBM 7090, UNIVAC 1107, and so on. The Third Generation of Computers- (the 1960s-1970s) 1. The main electronic components usedin the computers of the era 1060s to 1970s were integrated circuits Ics. 2. High-level languages such as BASIC, COBOL, Pascal were used as the programming language. 3. The sizes were smaller and efficient and the computers were called minicom puters. 4, There was an improvement in reliability and speed as compared to the second generation of computers. 5. The input/output devices were keyboards, magnetic tape monitor, printer, etc. Examples are IBM 370, 18M 360, UNIVAC 1108 and so on The Fourth Generation of Computers- (1970s-present) 1. The main electronic components used in the fourth generation of computers are microprocessors and very large-scale integration (VSI) 2. When thousands of transistors are attached to a single microchip, it is known as VLSI. 3. Semiconductor memory storage units such as RAM, ROM, etc were introduced. 4, RAM (random-access memory)- Temporarily stores the programs and data and the contents are lost when the computeris shut down, 5, ROM (read-only memory)-Permanently stores the data and programs and the contents are retained even after shutting down the computer. 6. High-level languages such as Ci, JAVA, Python, JavaScript are used as programming languages. 7. The sizes are smaller and the speed has improved. 8. The input/output devices are a monitor, mouse, keyboard, printer, and so on. Examples are STAR 1000, APPLE II, IBMPC, and so on. The Fifth Generation of Computers- (present and the future) 1. The main electronic components that are used in the present generation of computers is Artificial Intelligence. 2. The fifth generation of computers understands the natural human language. 3, The speeds are really fast and the sizes are also small 4, The fifth-generation computers are portable and have a huge storage capacity. 5, The input/output devices are keyboards, monitors, touchscreen pens, printers, ight scanners, and so on. Examples are laptops, desktops, tablets, smartphones, ete. Lakaya Institute and Management of Technology Near Bank of Baroda, Gufa Mandir Road, Lalghati, Bhopal, MP, £62030, For More Call- 9425015475, 9826015475Types of Computers: There are five types of computers: 1, Supercomputer 4, Workstation 2. Mainframe computer 5. Micro Computer / PC (Personal Computer) 3,Minicomputer 1, Supercomputer: When we talk about speed, then the first name that comes to mind when thinking of computers is supercomputers. They are the biggest and fastest computers (in terms of speed of processing data). Supercomputers are designed such that they can process a huge amount of data, like processing trillions of instructions or data just in a second, This is because of the thousands of interconnected processors in supercomputers. Itis basically used in scientificand engineering applications such as weather forecasting, scientific simulations, and nuclear energy research. It was first developed by Roger Cray in 1976. India's First Supercomputer was PARAM 8000. Examples: Mihir, K Computer, Jaguar. 2. Mainframe computer: Mainframe computers are designed in such a way that it can support hundreds or thousands of users at the same time. It also supports multiple programs simultaneously. So, they can execute different processes simultaneously. All these features make the mainframe computer ideal for big organizations like banking, telecom sectors, etc., which process a high volume of data in general. These are also an expensive or costly computer. These computers have high storage capacity and great performance. Examples: IBM Z-Series, Nonstop. 3. Minicomputer: Minicomputeris a medium size multiprocessing computer. In this type of computer, there are two or more processors, and it supports 4 to 200 users at one time. Minicomputers are used in places like institutes or departments for different work like billing, accounting, inventory management etc. It is smaller than a ‘mainframe computer but larger in comparison to the microcomputer. Examples: HP 3000series, VAX series. 4. Workstation: Workstation is designed for technical or scientific applications. It consists of a fast microprocessor, with a large amount of RAM and high-speed graphic adapter. Itis a single-user computer. It generally used to performa specific task with great accuracy. These are expensive or high in cost. They are exclusively made for complex work purposes. They provide large storage capacity, with better graphics, and a more powerful CPU when compared to a PC. They are also used to handle animation, data analysis, audio and video creation, and editing. 5. PC (Personal Computer}: Itisalso known as a microcomputer. tis basically a general-purpose computer and designed for individual use. It consists of a microprocessor as a central processing unit (CPU), memory, input unit, and output unit. This kind of computer is suitable for personal work such as making an assignment, watching a movie, or at office for office work, etc. For example, Laptops and desktop computers. Types of personal computers: 1. Desktop Computer: The most common type of personal computeristhe desktop computer. Itis aPC that is designed to keep on a desk or a table. These are the system you see around you in schools, colleges, universities, homes and offices. Today’s desktop computers are more powerful than that of a few years ago. Lakaya Institute and Management of Technology Near Bank of Baroda, Gufa Mandir Road, Lalghati, Bhopal, MP, £62030, For More Call- 9425015475, 9826015475Personal computers are used for various types of tasks. Itis being used by everyone from pre-scho nuclear physicists. 2. laptop computer or notebook computer: These are another type of portable personal computer which is gettingmore popularity day by day. It is very small in size and can easily fit inside a brief case. They are also called laptop computers because people frequently set these devices on their lap, 3. Tablet computer: Tablet computer is the newest development in portable, full- featured personal computer. Tablet PCs offer all the functionality of a notebook computer. They are lighter and can accept inputfroma special pen called a stylus or a digital pen. Stylus is used to tap or write directly on the screen. Some tablet PCs also have a built-in microphones and special software that accepts input from the user's, voice. Some have a fold-out keyboard, so they can be transformed into a standard notebook computer. 4, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA): A personal digital assistant (PDA), also known as a handheld PC. PDA is a computerthat fits in the palm of your hand to help collectsuch information as contacts, appointments, files, and programs. 5. smartphone: Smartphones which are the most uses personal computers now a days, These are very small and can easily portable to your pocket. Smartphone is the smallest types of PC now days. It has made our life easy because we can easily take it with us and use whenever need. Storage Devices of Computer: A storage device is an integral part of the computer hardware which storesinformation/datato process the result of any computational work. Without a storage device, a computer would not be able to run or even boot up. It can also store information/databoth temporarily and permanently. Computer storage is of two types: 1. Primary Storage / Main memory / Internal Memory: Primary memoryis the computer memory that is directly accessible by CPU. It holds the data and instructions that the processor is currently working on. 2. Secondary Storage (Memory) / External Memory: The contents of the secondary memory first get transferred to the primary memory and then are accessed by the processor; this is because the processor does not directly interact with the secondary memory. Now, Let’s see the difference between Primary memory and Secondary memory in table: Primary memory Secondary memory Primarymemory istemporary. ‘© Secondary memory is permanent. Primary memory is directly accessible by © Secondary memoryis not directly accessible Processor/CPU. by the CPU, Primary memory devices are more expensive © Secondary memory devicesare less than secondary storage devices. expensive when compared to primary Primary memory is also known as Main memory devices. memory or Internal memory. ¢ Secondarymemoryis also known as External Nature of Parts of Primary memory varies, memory or Auxiliary memory. RAM. volatile innature. ROM- Non-volatile * 'salways Non-volatilein nature Examples: RAM, ROM, Cache memory, etc. © Examples: Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, Magnetic. Tapes, etc (Wolatile memory is @ ype of storage whose contents are erased when the system's power is tuned off or interrupted.) Lakaya Institute and Management of Technology Near Bank of Baroda, Gufa Mandir Road, Lalghati, Bhopal, MP, £62030, For More Call- 9425015475, 9826015475Now we will discuss differenttypes of storage devices available in the market. These storage devices have their own specification and use. Some of the commonly used storage devices are: 1. Primary storage devices: Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM is volatile memory, which means that the information temporarily stored in the module is erased when you restart or shut down your computer. Because the information is stored electrically on transistors, when there is no electric current, the data disappears. Each time you request a file or information, itis retrieved either from the computer's storage disk or the internet. When the computer is shut down, the memory is cleared until the process begins again. ‘Types of RAM: 1. Static RAM, or (SRAM): It is a superfast, low-density, more expensive type of memory. Data on an SRAM does not need to be rewritten as long as power is supplied to it 2. Dynamic RAM, or (DRAM): Dynamic RAM or DRAMis a type of memory manufactured using capacitors and transistors. This memory can hold data more densely than an SRAM and itis less expensive and slower. Read Only Memory (ROM): ROM stands for non-volatile memory in computers., which means the information is permanentlystored on the chip. The memory does not depend on an electric current to save data, instead, datais written to individual cells using binary code. Non-volatile memory is used for parts of the computer that do not change, such as the initial boot-up portion of the software, or the firmware instructions that make your printer run. Turning off the computer does not have any effect on ROM. Non- volatile memory cannot be changed by users. Types of ROM: 1. Programmable ROM: Its memory is written just the once and programmed electrically by the userat the time or when the initial chip fabrication 2. Erasable Programmable ROM: In EPROM, UV light is used to erase the EPROM’s content. 3. Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM: In EEPROM, electric signal is used to erase the EEPROM’ contents. 4, Mask ROM, Masked ROM is the original ROM type. Among the variations of ROM, MROM is, significant. This is not modifiable at all. The information is stored in the chip while manufacturing, and in the whole lifetime, the information can’t be erased or rewritten/modified These are the oldest types, and so they're cheap. Cache Memory: Cache memoryisa small-sized type of volatile computer memory that provides _high- speed data access to a processor and stores frequently used computer programs, applications and data. A temporary storage of memory, cache makes data retrieving easier and more efficient. It is the fastest memory in a computer. 2, Secondary Storage Devices: | - Magnetic Storage Devices- Magnetic storage or magnetic recordingis the storage of data on ‘a magnetized medium. Magneticstorage uses different patterns of magnetisation in amagnetizable material to store data, Lakaya Institute and Management of Technology Near Bank of Baroda, Gufa Mandir Road, Lalghati, Bhopal, MP, £62030, For More Call- 9425015475, 9826015475Floppy Disk:It is also known as a floppy diskette. It is generally used on @ personal computer to store data externally. A Floppy disk is made up of a plastic cartridge and secures with a protective case. Nowadays floppy disk is replaced by newand effective storage devices like USB, etc. Hard DisksIt is a storage device (HDD) that stores and retrieves data using magnetic storage. It is a non-volatile storage device that can be modified or deleted n number of times without any problem. Most of the computers and laptops have HDDs as their secondary storage device. The read-write speed of, HDDs is not so fast but decent. It ranges from a few GBs to a fewand more TB. ‘Magnetic Card: It is a card in which data is stored by modifying or rearranging the magnetism of tiny iron-based magnetic particles present on the band of the card. It is also known as a swipe card. It is used like a passcode (to enter into house or hotel room), credit card, identity card, etc. “Tape Cassette: It Is also known as @ music cassette, It is a rectangular flat container in which the data is stored in an analog magnetic tape. It is generally used to store audio recordings. I, Flash memory Det device to store data because is more reliable and efficient as compare to other storage devices. Some of the commonly used flash memory devices are: ‘es- It is a cheaper and portable storage device. It is the most commonly used Pen Dri is also known as a USB flash drive that includes flash memory with an integrated USB interface. We can directly connect these devices to our computers and laptops and read/write data into them in a much faster and efficient way. These devices are very portable. It ranges from 168 to 256GB generally. e ‘SSD: stands for Solid State Drive, a mass storage device like HDDs, It is more durable because it does not contain optical disks inside like hard disks. It needs less power as compared to hard disks, is lightweight, and has 10x faster read and write speed as compared to hard disks. But these are costly ‘as well. While SSDs serve an equivalent functionas hard drives, their internal components are much different. Unlike hard drives, SSDs don’t have any moving parts and thus they're called solid-state drives. It ranges from 150GB toa fewand more TB. ‘SD Card: It is known as a Secure Digital Card. It is generally used with electronic devices like phones, digital cameras, etc. to store larger data. Itis portable and the size of the SD card is also small so that it can easily fit into electronic devices. Itis available in different sizes like 2GB, 4GB, 8GB, etc. Memory Card It is generally used in digital cameras. printers, game consoles, etc. It is also used to store large amounts of data and is available in different sizes. To run a memory card on a computer you require a separate memory card reader. Lakaya Institute and Management of Technology Near Bank of Baroda, Gufa Mandir Road, Lalghati, Bhopal, MP, £62030, For More Call- 9425015475, 9826015475Tris also known as MMC, Itis an integrated circuit that is generally used in-car radios, digital cameras, etc. It is an external device to store data/information. Ill, Optical Storage Devices- Optical Storage Devices is also a removable storage device. optical storage isan electronicstorage medium that uses low-power laser beams to record and retrieve digital (binary) data. Following are some optical storage devices: CD: Disc. It contains tracks and sectors on its surface to store data, It is made up of polycarbonate plastic and is circularin shape. CD can store data up to 700MB. It is of two types: © CD-R: It stands for Compact Disc read-only. In this type of CD, once the data is written cannot be erased. It is read-only. Oy © CD-RW: It stands for Compact Disc Read-Write. In this type of CD, youcan easily It is knownas Compact write or erase data multiple times. DVD: It is known as Digital Versatile Disc. DVDs are circular flat optical discs used to store data. It comes in two different sizes one is 4.7GB single-layer discs and another one is 8.5GB double-layer discs. DVDs look like CDs but the storage capacity of DVDsis, more than as compared to CDs. Itis of two types: ‘* DVD-R: It stands for Digital Versatile Disc read-only. In this type of DVD, once the data is written cannot be erased. Itis read-only. tis generally used to write movies, etc. ‘+ DVD-RW:Itstands for Digital Versatile Disc Read-Write. In this type of DVD, you can easily write or erase data multiple times. Blu-ray Disc: It is just like CD and DVD but the storage capacity of blu ray is up to 25GB, To run a Blu-ray disc, you need a separate Blu-ray reader. This Blu-ray technology is used to read a disc from a blue-violet laser due to which the information is stored in greater density with a longer wavelength. IV, Cloud and Virtual Storage- Nowadays, secondary memory has been upgraded to virtual or cloud storage devices. We can store our files and other stuff in the cloud and the data is stored for as long as. we pay for the cloud storage. There are many companies that provide cloud services largely Google, Amazon, Mictosoft, etc. We can pay the rent for the amount of space we need and we get multiple benefits out of it. Though it is actually being stored in a physical device located in the data centres of the service provider, the user doesn't interact with the physical device and its maintenance. For example: Google Drive, One Drive, Amazon Web Services offers AWS S3 as a type of storage where users can store data virtually instead of being stored in physical hard drive devices. These sorts of innovations represent the frontier of where storage media goes. Lakaya Institute and Management of Technology Near Bank of Baroda, Gufa Mandir Road, Lalghati, Bhopal, MP, £62030, For More Call- 9425015475, 9826015475