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    10 views6 pages

    Dankelman (2004)

    Uploaded by

    nikita w

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 6
    Caper 3. Eavieameat and Sustelable Development: A Compa... pwwblskweleferense. cm pon.ibmansh eh abs ¢ Blackwell 0 Reference Online Bibliographic Detalls ‘A.Companion to Gender Studies ted by: Philomena sed, David Thea Goldberg and Audrey Kobayasht f¥sbns 9720631221098 pe Prine publication dite: 2008 Chapter 33. Environment and Sustainable Development Inve Danna subject Gender stuies | | (ecgrapty» Development | pot 10.1171 /69780631221098.2004 00038. Sections = AShortHistory += Gender-neutral * Women and the Environment * Gender and Envionment + coferinim = Beyond Ecofeminsm in race + Forward Looking 1 References + Further reading AA Short History Environment has become a major socio-political issue only during the past 40 yeas. Societal concer for the environment has developed not because people started to vale It pe se, but because of problems, which were becoming increasingly visble, Until the 19605 the envionment was the exclusive esearch subject ofthe nara scence, while the soca, peli, and histo scences primarily studled human relations, he envronmental and socal spheres of We seemed tobe completely ‘separated. Only fe attempted to beige these spheres for example, in tudes on peopl’ iteacion wth te physical ervronment by some antwopolgits and production scents (ueh as forestry and grcaltual Scents, ache! Carson «bolt rom the US, ha sted andl published widely an ocean fe, Her Book The Chapter 3. Eavcnmen! od Sueinsble Development: A Camps... psewblackelheenc om erox.th nena ed ea Around Us nally pulsed in 1950, was an immense success. n 1958, prompted byte fom 2 ena who tld of her wm biter exparence ofa word made Meless, Carson calzed hat be hd to Wate he next book, Silent Song (1962). beer the most controversial and instrumental publton Inaisng erronmental awareness Carson showed in appealing prose how alluion by pesticides and _p Sta toxin woud endanger mary nontre specs, anda ther nthe food can peo {hem-selves, Carson woul sake and mraken the wari, as Hes (1989) mentioned in her biography of the sents Cason's work resulted ia extensive environmental lest athe establishment of| ‘nvtonmenal agencies in many countries, aswell as bars on dangerous pesticides Ike DOT. She wrote [Savwornan nie the sce fl, and eapaired fundamental su gol of wore In cence Se ‘es undertning the need fran anata of scence andi ecologies. She chalenged the drectons, Dries, and vl ofthe scence-Incstry-goverment complex Mais atitude toward nature is Todey ericaly Important, simply because fs newfound power o destroy. now wage war on fther organs trning against them al he terme armaments of modern chemistry, and we asume a Fight push woe species onthe rink of extinction (1962). ‘A decade Ite, the English pola cits Barbara Wardwared that he two worlds of man the ‘isptere of nherkane ad the technosphere of his creation ~ are out of balance and in deep Conf. But hunarknd nabs only one earth ard and Dubos 1972). This work ld the foundation {forthe fist Unted Nations Conference onthe Huan Erlronment, eld a Stoel n Jn 1972, tn that same year Dont Meadows was the principal author ofthe controversial book The Limits © ‘Goth of wat was ltr called the repr of te Clu of Rome With Denis Meadows, Jergen Randers, {nd ile Behrens she formed a young team of Scents at the Masachusets Institute oF ‘Tecnology They sen wo years programming @ computer to act a amedel ofthe erie word ‘World 3 scenaio after senario, Weld 3 callapsed ata certain poi due to accelerating popation ‘roth, resource use, and plhtion Meadows ta. 1972). AUKsso (99) kane her proptlcwork {otha of Castanea, the youngest daughter of the last King of Toy Apollo gave her the gi of brooke, but in such away that nobody would belive her prophecies, Cassandra coud ee the dangers thestening others, bat was unable to prevent her _Akhaugh nature consenation organizations sich 25 he UCN GnterationalUnlon forthe Conservation (of Narre) and WF Word Wile Fund had been in existence since 1948, environmental organizations ‘Working at local and rationales emerged largely inthe 19705, a5 concerns about the Interconnection between the hurnan environment, or socosohere, ad the natural word, the biosphere, became more cera Te World Conseaton tatny underied In 1980 that natural resources Conservation was essa forth sustainable development of humanking QUCN, UNE, WF 1980. The ‘Word Commission on srvronment and Development or Brundiand Commission, nared after i {haliperson tr. Gra Harem Brundtland from Norway elaborated the concept of sustainable ‘evelopment in ts report, Qur Cynon Fate étined sustainable development as “development that meets the needs of prezentpenerations without compromising the possiblities of future generations to nee ther needs" (UCED 1987), This paved the rad forthe United Nations Conference on Environment 4nd Development (UNCED), held in Rt de ane in 1992, Gender-neutral? qpste Ste [A ists, the relationship between society and te physical environment appears gender-nevral, ) fffecing both men and women in asia way, uta closer lok evel that isnot petal at al the _ocio-cutural construction ofelationsups between men and women meas that the ikages between “P oeople an he environment work diferent for the. The development of UNCED and ts outcome, ‘Agena 21, srated th ery sly, Women frm araund the world were convinced tat men should fot st te agenda exclusively In this UN process that addressed the future of humankind, and that y “women's oles and concern should azo be inlided. vlomen entered the UNCED process with ther ‘own comprehensive and iterated vision, which emerged from the First Women's World Congres for 3 Healthy mane, organized by the Women's Enronment and Development Organization EDO) an fitended by 1500 women from £3 counts 1991 (a Mam. Tha congress adoped its own platform men's Acton Agena 2" - which presented a gender-consiau perspective on major alba sues Such as governance, economy, poverty, food sec, enronment, health, energy and echnooay {QMeD0 1901. n the wore’ et the Planet Femina the NGO Forum in 1092 lode ane, ‘women rom ll comer ofthe word shared their vows on these global development sues. The ese [UNCED was an engendered Agenda 2, which hcuded a separate chapter (24) ented "lob Acton ters ‘ose016 14:41 fnvronmen and Ssanale Development: A Comps. ipshrwnblakwelfeene com ezroxy mona edu.auubs. {ec Women towards Sustainable and Equitable Development” It acknowledged the nee to ntegrate women and gender all goverment evel and in all UN-elatedacvbeson sustainable evelopment. How did an engendered vision of enizenment and sustanable development come about? And why was ogi step? ‘1980 the hstortan of scence Carohm Merchant published he germinal Book The Oeath oF Natur: women, Ecology andthe Scientific Revolution The book reasseses the scent revoaton ofthe hceenth and seventeenth centres, ding which Wester culture took its present ecmelosieally “rented growt-ininged form, Merchant alo explores the historia conectors becwecn were [eeues and ecology When te scenic evolution, wih founders of modern scence such as Francs ‘Bacon, lla Harvey, and René Descartes, tok Hod, the casas ceased tobe viewed as an organism and instead became a machine tat could be regulated and manipulate. This ruil shift toward the ‘mechanic world-view ~ the deat of ature” accelerated the expltation of human and natural ‘esources in the name of progress mature was reduced to a esouree for economic production tobe ‘controle and dissected trough experiment, women were relied to psichle md reproductive resources, The Sctich Protestant reform John Knee, for example, advocated in is book st Bast oF the Trmoet C1558) thi women shouldbe kept n thei pee nthe natal are, wich was pase, Diyscly weaker, and that ofan obecent servant. With Knox, many ors espouse men's command ‘ver women (Merchant 1980) Women and the Environment. ‘Some organizations that focused on the day-to-day ves of women and men adopted ferent premise, again that women had been rendered isbn ennronmental concerns and debates. Te CenerforScence and Enianment (C38), based n New Deh argued Probably no other sroup is more affected by envionment destruction than poor village ‘women. Evry dawn brings wth along march in search offs, fodder and water, Ke does rot matter he women ar ol, young or pregnant cracal household need ave tobe ‘st day fer wear dy, As ecolopel conditions worse, the long march becomes even longer and more tiresome. Caught between poverty and environmental destruction, poor _ rua women nin coud wll be racing the lis of physi endurance (cse 1085: 172) -n 1985 the second UN Decade for Women Conference was held in Nabi. At the NGO Forum 85, the Ineermtinal organization Environment Uaison Center (pW ELCD organized a sres of workshops on| |swomen, envrenment and development which amed at better understanding ofthe lationships between women ad the evonment. I the wrkshops, more than 25 women leaders fem al parts of ‘the world -wth a mich larger audience of women and man ~ presented th focal and regional case Studies on women andthe global enrenmentl css aderessing and engendering subjects such as forests, eneray, ager, and water management Women ear te highest oss ofthe environmental ‘isis because of fee ole in providing water, oad, and anegy for thei faies. On the other Nae ‘women also have the potential to con-tbute significanty to environmental esis sous precisely because of ther management of thse primary resources. The gronth af women’s power andthe ‘stanablity of evelopment are ecologies te. is therefore imperative that women are enabled to Dartcpate a l eves of development planning toughott the indurtilized and developing words, ccrding to the ELC statement to the UN conference (EL 1985) (one ofthe recommendation of these workshops was to make more visible the praca relationships between women td the envionment. An informtion-srterng projec launched onthe bats ots recommendation rested in omen and Environment nthe Th Werk: Alance for the Fars by Wen Dankelnun and Joan Davidson (1989) he authors argue that recent developments had wosaned the poston of worn woslaide: Wester clonzation, increasing dependency of Southern counties onthe ‘Westen monetary economy, technological changes nluding grcltral moderizatio, and the Sharpening lal dviion of labour. "he accelerating degradation ofthe living environments he est nd n many ways, the most dangerous ofthe teats they face (id) Based upon a wide range of ‘Chap 3,Enviunment mf Stain Development: A Camp. pw Alackwellesienc oa prox Hons case tudes, the book describes the ferent roles ofworen ia managing land, watery and forests ~ as fel, food, production ses, fodder, energy ard human setemen’s. ood gathering was primary a female espana. Feminist wrt such as Bserup (1989) argue tat evs actaly"woma= _/ th-gatheer fn not"man-the-hunter) who was a source of sustainable food suppl. Women wo ‘deat dally th vegetable foods and wld Seeds and experimented wth panting, have payed a major ‘ole inthe evolutionary tanslon frm gathering to agricultural ood production. Envonmenta ‘anges crucial affect wome's ives, adding ter workload and worsening thei health and socal Dankelman sind Davidson also describe women's oes in enronmental conservation and sustainable Serelopments nich ince conservation work, raining infamy planing, and organizing a eal, ‘ational and international evel. This is nt a new phenomenon =n he eghteenth century some omen under the leadership of rir Sen waged an erirarmertal supple fr survival Guarat Uda cane Verde, which was stuck by severe droughts the at 1970s, women started growing half amitlon seedlings per yar Aad the womens organztion Agio Oomoctie Femina Cadcha, ‘hich orginally focused on soll and educational sues, has pllzed enernmentl Issues ons Sagends since 1974, so much so that renamed self rend ofthe Earth raz bid). In eral on aclasicl transitions an the changing context of women's work nial Indl, Geeta ‘Menon (1991) desrbes wor asthe seve, lbor-based teraction f human Beings wih the materia ‘ror Historically this interaction hasbeen nicely baseé upon the natural envronment in which hurnanpopultionssunved. Menon lstnguses major areas of human work: food precurement the protection of es propery, and terior, and childbearing and rating, including maintenance of basic Fralth standards Many tratonal economies were bases ora dvision af labor slg gender nes. THs ‘means th in women's work les the direct conection tothe endronment. 3 sors Gender and Environment Since te late 1980s we have witnessed the publcaon ofa myriad of studies describing womens roles Inspedic enironmenal2

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