Binary Evolution

Exploration of the physical properties and evolution of
the close binary star system based on their masses
Subha Mitra
Under the supervision of Dr. Shibaji Banerjee
Postgraduate Department of Physics

St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Kolkata , University Of Calcutta
2nd May 2023
Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 1 / 36

Systems of binary stars
This is a journey with some special kind of stellar system in our celestial
sheet which are not a single system but also consisting of two stars
orbiting around their centre of mass and also they are gravitationally
bound systems.

Systems of binary stars
This is a journey with some special kind of stellar system in our celestial
sheet which are not a single system but also consisting of two stars
orbiting around their centre of mass and also they are gravitationally
bound systems.
In our home galaxy The Milky Way nearly contains nearly 1011 stars , of
this stars about 50 − 70% stars are not single but also a binary stars.[4]

Classification and characterization of binary stars systems
Using observational characteristics binary systems are classified as

1 Optical double A non-gravitationally bound systems that lie along

the same line of sight.Example- Alcor and Mizar in the Big Dipper.


2 Spectroscopic binary A system having components that are not

suﬀiciently separated,it known to be a binary only by the variations in
wavelength of emitted light that are detected by a
spectroscope.Example- Mizar



3 Eclipsing binaryThese true binaries have orbital plane oriented along

the line of sight of the observers, one star periodically pass in front of
other blocking light of the eclipsed one.Example- Algol (Beta Persie,
constellation- Perseus)



3 Eclipsing binaryThese true binaries have orbital plane oriented along

the line of sight of the observers, one star periodically pass in front of
other blocking light of the eclipsed one.Example- Algol (Beta Persie,
constellation- Perseus)
How to characterize a binary system ?? .... Let’s see !!
Mathematical view point characterization
Figure: Orbital Plane of a Binary Star systems[4]
Ω,the angle between the line of intersection of the orbit plane with the
plane perpendicular to the line of sight.

ωis angle between line of sight and the major axis of the orbit,

ωis angle between line of sight and the major axis of the orbit,
i is the inclination of the orbit plane.
Figure: Basic parameters of the binary systems
Here,the elliptical orbits of the primary star (S1 ) and secondary star (S2 )
about their center of mass X with semi-major axes a1 and a2 and masses
m1 and m2 .

m1 and m2 .
From conservation of momentum define a unique quantity Called,mass
ratio q = M 2
M1 = a2
a1

m1 and m2 .
From conservation of momentum define a unique quantity Called,mass
ratio q = M 2
M1 = a2
a1
But how it became a unique quantity !!

Try to calculate time-period and mass separately
Can we calculate the time period of the system ??

Yes, if we know total mass of the system M = M1 + M2 and the relative
orbital semi-major axes a = a1 + a2 then form of Kepler’s third law we
2
calculate the time period, P2 = 4π
GM a
3

2
GM a
3
But how can we know the masses separately?

2
GM a
3

If we know the mass ratio and total mass, then it becomes possible to
calculate,
1 q
M1 = M and M2 = M
1+q 1+q

2
GM a
3

calculate,
1 q
M1 = M and M2 = M
1+q 1+q
But in this way, is it possible to calculate the time period, total

mass and mass ratio of the binary systems??

2
GM a
3

calculate,
1 q
M1 = M and M2 = M
1+q 1+q

.......Truly speaking, it is No!!

2
GM a
3

calculate,
1 q
M1 = M and M2 = M
1+q 1+q

.......Truly speaking, it is No!!

Then how its are calculated ?Lets see....
Do not calculate... Try to estimate the total mass and its
ratio

ratio
Before going through this procedure,Lets us,

Assume the eccentricity is very very small (e << 1) then speeds of
the star roughly constant.

ratio

Define, a quantity radial velocity, v1r = v1 sin(i)andv2r = v2 sin(i)

ratio

So,
m1 v2 v2r
q= = =
m2 v1 v1r

ratio

So,
m1 v2 v2r
q= = =
m2 v1 v1r
And the total mass M,
P P (v1r + v2r )3 P v31r m1 3

M = m1 + m2 = (v1 + v2 )3 = 3
= 3
(1 + )
2πG 2πG sin i 2πG sin i m2

ratio
So,what do we need to measure for Calculate M ?
1 We need to measure v , v
1r 2r from the radial velocity distribution curve
using spectroscopic analysis of any kind of binary systems.But here I
do not do any spectroscopic analysis.

ratio
The last step of above equation is a significant things because both
are not always measurable because if one much brighter than other
then dimmer one will be overwhelmed.Such system called single-line
spectroscopic binary.If spectrum of brighter is observable but
dimmer one is not then v2r replace by the mass-ratio q.

ratio
2 We need to measure the Time period P.

ratio
3 Also Orbital inclination i.
But how do I measure the last two quantities?

ratio
3 Also Orbital inclination i.
But how do I measure the last two quantities?
Using light-curve analysis of the binary system, we can measure it. Let’s
try to explore it .....
Occurrence of primary and secondary eclipses
Let, there is a smaller and bigger star in the system.Then,


When both are not in our line of sight then the brightness is constant.


Then if smaller one is in front our line of sight then it create
secondary minimum.(A is the brightness of the bigger star)


After that when they are not in our line of sight then the brightness is
also constant.(The brightness of B=the height of the constant
brightness −the brightness of A)


After that when they are not in our line of sight then the brightness is
also constant.(The brightness of B=the height of the constant
brightness −the brightness of A)
then the smaller one is opposite to the bigger one to our line of sight
for that only the bigger star will be be seen so the brightness fall very
rapidly for this cause the primary eclipse happened.
Estimation of orbital inclination using a light curve
Figure: The Light-Curve of the binary systems for various i[4]
(a) shows the relative orbit of the secondary around the primary for
inclination i = 90o and also for this cause how the shape of the
light-curve changes.

(b) shows that a total eclipse for i = 90o but it is not central eclipse.

(c) shows that a partial eclipse for i = 90o .

(c) shows that a partial eclipse for i = 90o .
Most of the binary systems have inclinations in the range of about 7090o ,
that is, their orbits are almost edge on with respect to our line of sight
Calculate the time period for various types of eclipsing
binary
Is the nature of the light-curves are same for every system?

binary
Is the nature of the light-curves are same for every system?....NO!
According to the appearance of the light curves they are classified in three
types,

binary
types,
1 Algols systems

binary
types,
1 Algols systems
2 β- Lyrae systems

binary
types,
1 Algols systems
2 β- Lyrae systems
3 W Ursae Major is systems

Analysis of Algols Systems
Algols systems
Figure: Light curve of Algol

Algols systems
1 β-Persei or Algo,This type of binary systems have a very small and

stable time period.

Algols systems

stable time period.
2 The Time period T = (42.7059−3.41176)
24 = 1.637days.

Algols systems

stable time period.
2 The Time period T = (42.7059−3.41176)
24 = 1.637days.
3 The duration of Eclipse
= (13.1765−3.41176)+(42.7059−34.2353)
2 = 9.11767days
Analysis of β- Lyrae
β- Lyrae
Figure: Light curve of β- Lyrae

β- Lyrae
1 The total magnitude varies continuously in this semi-detached

systems that one star has overfilled its Roche lobe and is steadily
losing mass to its companion that produce a additional features in the
light-curve.

β- Lyrae
1 The total magnitude varies continuously in this semi-detached

systems that one star has overfilled its Roche lobe and is steadily
losing mass to its companion that produce a additional features in the
light-curve.
2 Its Time-period T = 12.19days and duration of Eclipse 5.134days
Analysis of W-Ursae Major Systems
W-Ursae Major Systems
Figure: Light curve of W-Ursae Major Systems

1 The lightcurve minima are almost identical, very round and broad.In
these close contact binary systems two stars so close together that
each of them overflows, that’s make a shallow common
envelope.about 95% are this type.

1 The lightcurve minima are almost identical, very round and broad.In
these close contact binary systems two stars so close together that
each of them overflows, that’s make a shallow common
envelope.about 95% are this type.
2 Its Time-period T = 7.166hours and duration of Eclipse 3.024hours.
Time period of a long-period system
But how do we measure the time period for a long-period binary

system?

Time period of a long-period system
But how do we measure the time period for a long-period binary

system?
........In this case we just roughly esstimate its time period using
spectroscopic analysis.

Formation of binary systems
Is the binary system created through gravitational capture between

two single stars?


two single stars?....NO !!
But Why ??


But Why ??
Three objects being actually required, as conservation of energy rules
out a single gravitating body capturing another and the high number
of binaries currently in existence, this cannot be the primary
formation process.


But Why ??
formation process.
So, what is the process ??


But Why ??
formation process.
So, what is the process ??
Fragmentation of the molecular cloud during the formation of protosters is
an acceptable explanation for the formation of a binary but theory of
main-sequence not yet support it which I not study here.

Stability of multiple star system
Is the three-body can from a stable system ??

Is the three-body can from a stable system ??.....NO !! for stability it

must be a binary systems.


But why „„„,??
Its a curious things that of three stars of a system of comparable mass,
eventually one of the three stars will be ejected from the system and
assuming no significant for further perturbations, the remaining two will
form a stable binary system.[8]




Algol, three stars of a system,Algol A and Algol B makes a stable binary

systems to removing Algol C in future (It is fully based on assumption).
Mass transfer and its parameter dependence
Is the mass transferable from one star to another in the evolution

process?


process?
Yes and it depends on ,

1 Mass ratio q
2 Separation between two star a
3 Roche Potential v(x, y)
4 Roche radius RR


process?
Yes and it depends on ,

1 Mass ratio q
2 Separation between two star a
3 Roche Potential v(x, y)
4 Roche radius RR
But what are the last two things ??...Lets try to Explore it.

Roche equipotential surface and Roche radius
(a) Parameters of the (b) systems in orbital (c) systems perpendic-

binary systems Plane ular to orbital plane

(d) Parameters of the (e) systems in orbital (f) systems perpendic-

The masses M1 and M2 . and radii R1 and R2 . consider circular orbits of

radius r1 and r2 and velocities v1 and v2 ,distance of the stars is A.

(g) Parameters of the (h) systems in orbital (i) systems perpendic-

The masses M1 and M2 . and radii R1 and R2 . consider circular orbits of

radius r1 and r2 and velocities v1 and v2 ,distance of the stars is A.
If the rotation is synchronous then ω = Ω.So,the potential v in point p is
GM1 GM2 Ω2 r23

v=− − −
r1 r2 2

In the orbital plane, with the origin at the center of mass the potential
v(x, y) are in the form,
GM m1 m2 1
−v(x, y) = [√ +√ + (x̃2 + ỹ2 )]
a (x̃ − m2 ) + ỹ
2 2 2
(x̃ + m1 ) + ỹ 2 2

In the orbital plane, with the origin at the center of mass the potential
v(x, y) are in the form,
GM m1 m2 1
−v(x, y) = [√ +√ + (x̃2 + ỹ2 )]
a (x̃ − m2 ) + ỹ
2 2 2
(x̃ + m1 ) + ỹ 2 2
Figure: Equipotential Roche surface
The set of points p of same potential makes an equipotential spherical

surface,Called Roche surface and in the limit upto which the material of
one stars bound by its own gravity,Called Roche radius.
Lagrangian Point
Is the mass transfer happening from any point on the surface?

Lagrangian Point
Is the mass transfer happening from any point on the surface?...NO,

Is only happening through Lagrangian point.
The equipotential surfaces are intersects each other at the point, called
the inner point of Lagrangewhich is located between the two stars and
this surface is the critical Roche surface.
If two regions one around each star, called theRoche lobes.

Lagrangian Point

But how we define the Lagrangian point?

Lagrangian Point

But how we define the Lagrangian point?
To derive the Lagrangian point we need to set , ∇v = 0.

Out of the 5 Lagrangian points The L1 point between the stars is
significant because if a star expands and reaches the potential surface
passing through it and mass can be transferred to its companion.
This colinear point are nothing but the Saddle point of the surface.
But What is the Saddle point?
Saddle point
A critical points of a function of two variable where the function attains
neither a local maximum nor a local minimum.This called saddle point.
A point be a saddle point of a function of two variablesf(x, y) if,
∂f ∂f ∂2f ∂2f ∂2f 2
= 0, = 0and 2 2 − [ ] <0
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x∂y
at that point.

Saddle point
A critical points of a function of two variable where the function attains
neither a local maximum nor a local minimum.This called saddle point.
A point be a saddle point of a function of two variablesf(x, y) if,
∂f ∂f ∂2f ∂2f ∂2f 2
= 0, = 0and 2 2 − [ ] <0
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x∂y
at that point.
(c) Roche surface for q = 0.5(con- (d) Roche surface for q = 0.5(sur-
tour plot) face plot)
Saddle point
(e) Roche surface for q = 1.0(contour plot) (f) Roche surface for q = 1.0(surface plot)

Saddle point
(g) Roche surface for q = 1.0(contour plot) (h) Roche surface for q = 1.0(surface plot)
The equipotential surfaces have 3 saddle points, located at the

straight line joining of the center of mass ( 3 co-linear points of
Lagrange).
The tops of the 2 triangles, with as side the segment joining the mass
centres, constitute another set of Lagrange points.
Try to find a relationship between Roche redius and mass
ratio
Is there is any relationship between RR , A and q??

ratio
Is there is any relationship between RR , A and q??....YES!! But it is

fully empirical.

ratio
Is there is any relationship between RR , A and q??....YES!! But it is

fully empirical.
The Roche radius RR was tabulated by Kopal (1959) as a function of the

mass ratio q , by a empirical formula[7]
RR
= 0.38 + 0.2log(q)for 0.3 < q < 20
A
and
RR 2 M1 1
= 4/3 ( )1/3 = 0.46224( )1/3 for 0 < q < 0.8
A 3 M1 + M2 1 + 1/q
If i plot both the Function that gives....

Try to find a relationship between Roche radius and mass
ratio

ratio
But we do not get continuous function for continuous values of q.

Is there is any continuous function available ??
ratio
Eggleton suggest a better function that is,[3]
RR
= 0.49[0.6 + q−2/3 ln(1 + (q)1/3 )]−1
A

ratio
It is very clear , The separation between two stars A must be greater

than the Roche radiusRR .

ratio

RR
Primarily for the increasing values of q the ratio A also increasing.
After a sudden values of q the ratio is nearly constant or increase very
slowly.

ratio

RR
slowly.
Is the mass transfer process only depends on these quantity

??

ratio

RR
slowly.

??......NO. It also depends on different time-scale,different surface of
stars(like radiative ,convective surface),different mass-scale etc.

ratio

RR
slowly.

Is the evolution process depends on structure of equipotential

surfaces ??

ratio

RR
slowly.

Is the evolution process depends on structure of equipotential

surfaces ??....Obviously yes, But how ?

Dependence of the structure of equipotential surfaces on
the evolution process
On the basis of the critical equipotential surfaces the binary systems are
divided into 3 categories:
1 1.Detached phase - In this phase component is not filling to its
critical volume. Exg. all types visual binaries and not evolved
spectroscopic binaries.

2 2. semidetached phase - In a semi-detached system one of the
components fills its critical volume while it another one does not.
Exg. all Algol type binaries and β- Lyrae types.

3 3. contact phases - In a contact system both stars are filling their
critical volume. Exg. the WUMa-stars type systems.

3 3. contact phases - In a contact system both stars are filling their
critical volume. Exg. the WUMa-stars type systems.

The most massive star is called the primary and less massive
companion is the secondary.
The primary and secondary will be conserved throughout the
evolution even when owing to mass transfer the original most massive
component becomes the less massive one.
Algol paradox and its solution
In the semi-detached systems the star which is not filling its Roche
volume is a main sequence star, its companion is a subgiant and its mass
is always smaller than that of the primary main sequence star.Always the
most massive star should be the most evolved one.

But observations show this is not so. The most evolved component is the
one that has the lowest mass...... It aeries a paradoxical situation called
Algol paradox.[4]

Algol paradox.[4]
But how to remove this paradox??
An explanation for this paradoxical situation was found by Crawford

(1955).

Algol paradox.[4]

(1955).
That the most evolved component was originally the most massive
one but owing to mass transfer to its companion during a
semi-detached phase it became the less massive component.

Algol paradox.[4]

(1955).
Here the systems can evolve from detached to semi-detached and
possibly into contact phases.
Algol paradox.[4]

(1955).
Here the systems can evolve from detached to semi-detached and
possibly into contact phases. But what is the procedure?
The procedure of changing the phase during the evolution
When the primary starts filling its Roche lobe, a phase of rapid mass
transfer happened. A large fraction of the mass of the primary is
transferred to the secondary one.

Then The initially most massive star (primary) becomes the less
massive one(the mass ratio is reversed).

After this phase of rapid mass loss a phase of slow mass exchange
follows, where the primary continues to fill its critical volume.

After this phase of rapid mass loss a phase of slow mass exchange
follows, where the primary continues to fill its critical volume.
In this way a semi-detached system is produced.

Evolution sequences consider the following possibilities that,


1 Conservative evolution, Here the total mass and angular
momentum are considered as constant When mass transfer starts.


2 Non- conservative evolution,Here the mass and angular momentum
losses are taken into account. This allows the consideration of
contact phases.
In this case a fraction of the mass needed not accreted by the
secondary hence leaving the system, stored in a disk, or in a common
envelope.


contact phases.
envelope.
A new theory suggests that from the evolution process of binary

systems, a new class of star forms


contact phases.
envelope.
A new theory suggests that from the evolution process of binary

systems, a new class of star forms−→ But what is this??

Runaway stars and its characterisation
A special kind of star which is form due to the close encounter between
two binary systems that results in the gravitational disruption of both
systems, with some of the stars being ejected at high velocities, Called
them runaway star.[6]

This stars first discovered by Blaauw in 1961.

But how they are distinguish from the other stars?

But how they are distinguish from the other stars?
They are distinguish from the normal population of early-type stars (of
spectral type O and B) by their large peculiar velocities (upto200km.s 1 )
with respect to the mean Galactic rotation and by their isolated locations.

Figure: picture of runaway star(https://esahubble.org/images/opo1634a/)
About 30% of the O stars and 5–10% of the B stars are runaways.
Since early-type stars are relatively young, the distances traveled by
the runaways are relatively small (a few hundred pc to a few kpc).[6]

Figure: picture of runaway star(https://esahubble.org/images/opo1634a/)
About 30% of the O stars and 5–10% of the B stars are runaways.
Since early-type stars are relatively young, the distances traveled by
the runaways are relatively small (a few hundred pc to a few kpc).[6]
So,it is therefore possible, in some cases, to identify the stellar group
of binary system from where the runaway are originated.
conclusion
The main focus of this project is on the effects of various parameters

on the evolution story of binary systems and its best fitting plot.

conclusion

This work provides a theoretical model for examining the
equipotential Roche surface and its dependence on mass ratio for
various emperical formulation.

conclusion

This work also describe the stability of the system and formation of
Runaway star.

conclusion

Runaway star.
This work can run for various aspect like
How to formulate the relation between Roche radius and mass ration.

conclusion

Runaway star.
The formation process of Runaway star through binary-supernova
dynamical ejection scenario and its evolution process(like various
types of impact on its evolution).

conclusion

Runaway star.
The formation process of Runaway star through binary-supernova
dynamical ejection scenario and its evolution process(like various
types of impact on its evolution).
The formation process of binary system through the fragmentation
and how the process related with the Runaway star. etc.

Conclusion
There is a enormous scope for studying the evolution of this kind of

systems in the future because in our visual night sky most of the dots of
light are not single but also a binary or interacting systems.

Conclusion
There is a enormous scope for studying the evolution of this kind of

systems in the future because in our visual night sky most of the dots of
light are not single but also a binary or interacting systems.
Thank You ....

Reference
An introduction to Modern Astrophysics, B.Carroll,D.A.Ostlie,
Fundamental Astronomy, H. Karttunen,P. Krger,H. Oja,M. Poutanen
Structure and Evolution of single and binary stars, C. W. H.
Deloore,C.Doom.
Determination of mass loss and mass treansfer rates of Algol,Kristen
Wecht, Lehigh University , 2006, arxiv.
Introduction to Astronomy and Astrophysics-1,
D.Bhattacharya,IUCAA
The origin of Runaway star , R. Hoogerwerf, J.H.J.de Bruijne & P.T.
de Zeeuw,Leiden Observatory,arxiv , October 24,2018.
Kopal, Z.: 1959, Close Binary Systems, Chapman & Hall, London.
Imaging the Algol Triplr System in H Band with the chara
interferometer, F. Baron1 , J. D. Monnier,arxiv, August 27, 2018.

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Binary Evolution

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Exploration of the physical properties and evolution of

the close binary star system based on their masses

Postgraduate Department of Physics

2nd May 2023

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 1 / 36

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 2 / 36

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 2 / 36

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 3 / 36

1 Optical double A non-gravitationally bound systems that lie along

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 3 / 36

1 Optical double A non-gravitationally bound systems that lie along

2 Spectroscopic binary A system having components that are not

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 3 / 36

1 Optical double A non-gravitationally bound systems that lie along

2 Spectroscopic binary A system having components that are not

3 Eclipsing binaryThese true binaries have orbital plane oriented along

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 3 / 36

1 Optical double A non-gravitationally bound systems that lie along

2 Spectroscopic binary A system having components that are not

3 Eclipsing binaryThese true binaries have orbital plane oriented along

Figure: Orbital Plane of a Binary Star systems[4]

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 4 / 36

Figure: Orbital Plane of a Binary Star systems[4]

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 4 / 36

Figure: Orbital Plane of a Binary Star systems[4]

Figure: Basic parameters of the binary systems

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 5 / 36

Figure: Basic parameters of the binary systems

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 5 / 36

Figure: Basic parameters of the binary systems

But how it became a unique quantity !!

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 6 / 36

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 6 / 36

But how can we know the masses separately?

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 6 / 36

But how can we know the masses separately?

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 6 / 36

But how can we know the masses separately?

But in this way, is it possible to calculate the time period, total

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 6 / 36

But how can we know the masses separately?

But in this way, is it possible to calculate the time period, total

.......Truly speaking, it is No!!

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 6 / 36

But how can we know the masses separately?

But in this way, is it possible to calculate the time period, total

.......Truly speaking, it is No!!

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 7 / 36

Before going through this procedure,Lets us,

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 7 / 36

Before going through this procedure,Lets us,

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 7 / 36

Before going through this procedure,Lets us,

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 7 / 36

Before going through this procedure,Lets us,

P P (v1r + v2r )3 P v31r m1 3

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 7 / 36

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 8 / 36

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 8 / 36

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 8 / 36

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 8 / 36

Let, there is a smaller and bigger star in the system.Then,

Subha Mitra The Evolution of Binary Star System 2n d May 2023 9 / 36