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Waterlogging & Salinity Lecture - Updated
Waterlogging & Salinity Lecture - Updated
AND
SALINITY
WATERLOGGING AND SALINITY
Wasteland
➢ A land is said to be wasteland once it becomes unproductive for
cultivation, unusable for habitation due to the following factors or
causes;
i. Waterlogging
ii. Salinity
iii. Erosion
iv. Land Slide
v. Overgrazing
vi. Mining Operation
vii. Industrial Effluent
viii. Brick Fields, etc.
➢ Out of all the above causes, waterlogging and salinity are two
important causes of wasteland.
WATERLOGGING AND SALINITY
Water-logging
➢ It is defined as rendering the soil unproductive due to excessive
watering and creation of anaerobic conditions. Thus, a cropland is
said to be waterlogged when the soil pores within the root zones of
the plant are deprived of normal air circulation due to high water
table (WT).
Causes of Water-logging
▪ Excessive Rainfall
▪ Inadequate surface drainage leads to stagnation of water over
the surface for longer period giving rise to heavy percolation
and thus, water table is made to rise up.
▪ When the flooding method irrigation is used, area nearby is
waterlogged.
▪ Unlined canal system continues its seepage all the time
making areas saturated with water.
▪ A low cropland is liable to be waterlogged.
WATERLOGGING AND SALINITY
▪ High permeability of soil, allows more water to percolate
thereby rendering the areas waterlogged.
▪ Occasional spills of flood in summer time allow water to
stagnate in low lying areas.
▪ Water from upper reaches causes a subsoil flow which adds to
the saturation of soil below.
▪ Obstructions of natural drainage or stream by roads, railways,
irrigation canals are also the causes of waterlogging.
▪ A cropland has the possibility to be waterlogged if a big
reservoir is constructed nearby.
▪ Natural causes like earthquake may suddenly obstruct the
normal groundwater flow and the area near this obstruction is
prone to be waterlogged.
WATERLOGGING AND SALINITY
Causes of Waterlogging
WATERLOGGING AND SALINITY
Adverse Effects of Waterlogging
➢ These Drains are located at suitable depth below the ground level
and they are covered with fitter of coarse sand.
➢ The trenches in which they are laid are trapezoidal in shape. After
lying the drains, trenches are back filled with excavated material
and sand (figure enclosed).
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WATER LOGGING AND SALINITY
➢ If the soil is less pervious, drains are surrounded by graded gravel
as shown in figure enclosed. This filter is called envelope filter
which prevent inflow of soil into the drain.
➢ When bed level of outlet Drain is higher than that of tile Drain, a
pumping outlet system has to be provided. A sump storage for the
pump with outflow from tile drain is required. From that sump
storage water is pumped out and discharged to the outlet channel
figure enclosed.
WATER LOGGING AND SALINITY
Crass-Section of Sub Surface Drain
WATER LOGGING AND SALINITY
Cross-Section of Title Drain in Less Pervious Soil
WATER LOGGING AND SALINITY
Tile Drain Water Pumped out to Outlet Drain
WATER LOGGING AND SALINITY
Vertical Drainage/ Tubewells
Ground Water
Discharge from an Unconfined Aquifer (Case-I)
Ground Water
Discharge Calculation in Confined Aquifer
WATER LOGGING AND SALINITY
Salinity
➢ It is the process of accumulation of some harmful salts like sodium
sulphates, sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, etc, on the soil
surface and at some depth below the upper surface due to rise of
water table. Salinity becomes high if water table remains close to
the surface for a long period.
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WATER LOGGING AND SALINITY
Causes of Salinity
▪ Sea water is mostly saline. If the entrance or ingress of sea
water in areas close to the sea takes place, the areas become
saline.
▪ If alternate absorption and evaporation of water takes place,
salt moves to the soil surface.
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