REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Valiente J.M et al. (2001), it described first it registered the test image in visual
inspection machine of ceramic tile. After registration of test image is compared with
the reference image. In this we extracting the boundary of ceramic tile are only in
rectangle shape. Test image is converted it into gray-level or Thresholding. The
author says four straight lines is intersecting to each other means the title is normal.
It describes the grading pattern in tile first, second and third grading of the tiles. An
automatic image registration method is accuracy is very high as compared to others.
There is no description of angle where four straight lines can intersect to each other.

Turkyilmaz Ali et al. (2002), it describes the technique for inspection and
classification plain ceramic tile. The main algorithm is based on inductive learning
and machine learning; these two techniques are used for finding defect detection
from plain ceramic tile. These two techniques can very helpful for finding different
types of defect found in the ceramic tile. This algorithm can decrease the time
complexity but cost of implementing is higher.

Pernkopf Franz and Leary Paul O (2003), it was presented an approach that
helpful for finding different ways for capturing the image in the metallic flat surface.
When we capturing the digital image. The author can describe three techniques for
finding defect from metallic flat surface or sheet. In automatic visual inspection
method first the RGB digital image is converted it into gray scale image for finding
defect detection from gray scale image in easy way. The metallic flat sheet can see
different number of defect in two types of transformation can be used. These two
transformation are two dimensional and three dimensional. Mostly in image
processing we use two dimensional transformations can be used for finding cavity in
the metallic flat sheet. But in three dimensional transformation we seen different
number of cavity that are not seen by two dimensional transformation these cavity
we seen in this transformation. Thus this approach is very useful in future. But its
cost of implementing this approach is so expensive.
Elbehiery H. et al. (2007), it was presented algorithm that based on image
processing that finding different types of defect detection from the ceramic tiles.
Different types of defect found in ceramic tile are: long crack, simple crack, medium
crack, blob, pin-hole defect. In this approach the author can suggested four steps for
finding different types of defect detection from the plain ceramic tile. The same
algorithm is applicable for finding different types of defect detection using image
processing. The morphological is important step for finding different types of
defects. First step is capturing image and then maintain the level of intensity by
using histogram approach. In this approach the author can suggest only the
technique for finding different type of defect from plain ceramic tile. But it doesn’t
describe how the efficiency rate is better that existing approach.
Romagnoli Marcello et al. (2007), the author presented an algorithm that finding
glaze defect from the ceramic tile. In this approach or algorithm suggested first raw
material of the ceramic tile how many of water mix with it. After mixing raw
material of the Ceramic tile with water and given a particular shape according to
customer demand. After that heat on some temperature that are suitable for Ceramic
tile. Some of hollow part also remains due to air bubbles in better the material of
ceramic tile. Thus makes small hole and fill liquid material on it. In this was
removing the glaze defect in this algorithm. But after using this algorithm speed of
finding defect is slow, time consuming is greater and this process is also expensive.
Aborisade D. O. (2008), it was described automated computer vision system from
plain ceramic wall tile. In this method the inspection of wall tile at final stage of
production. This approach is used for finding crack defect detection it using
Thresholding of edge enhancement and edge detection method was used in this
algorithm. In this algorithm removing of crack defect using geometric method are
used. But this approach is higher time complexity.
Ahmadyfard Alireza et al. (2009), the author described an algorithm for finding
defect detection from Random textured ceramic tile. It explains each customer wants
best quality of product. In ceramic tile defect detection from digital image
processing that is capturing any type of digital camera or real time sensor. In digital
image always in RGB digital image but in RGB image we don’t easily de-noising
the level of intensity most of noise found in blue color and for de-noising from
different levels can’t do easily thus the image can be converted it into binary image
or gray scale. Because in this type of images have only two type pixel black and
white, thus for filtering noise from this type of noise easily. The author described a
Gabor wavelet filter; this filtering technique can based on mean filtering. But this
type of filtering noise techniques is very slow and time consuming.
Haya Mohammed T et al. (2009), the author describes clustering fuzzy
identification (CFI), this method used to find the defects at manufacturing processes.
This model finds the mechanical resistance, ceramic tile temperature, dry
mechanism. In clustering fuzzy identification we check the structure of ceramic tile
when input and output of data. The CFI can be used at different stages of production
at ceramic tile manufacturing industry. This model used 90 days and can easily
identification of defects; it cannot use for detection purpose.
Mahajan P.M. et al. (2009), it was described an approach for finding defect
detection in textile industry of fabric manufacturing. It developed an algorithm can
helpful for finding defect fabric manufacturing industry. If this process do by
manually it takes too long time and consuming lots of time in finding defect
detection. Thus by using manually process the quality of inspection is decreases.
The manually process can expense higher cost and result is not very well. Thus the
fabric manufacturing industry automatic visual inspection method, the automatic
visual method based on image processing. It lower cost filter and times consumes is
also greater in this approach.
Akinci Tahir Cetin (2010), was describe the ceramic plates material that used by
industry that increase the time frequency analysis thus it used an algorithm at the
manufacturing ceramic plate, a hammer that made of plastic that impacted on the
surface of the ceramic plate. If ceramic plate can generate the sound means someone
of cracked inside the surface ceramic plate, otherwise if sound is not generated
means no any cracked in the inside of ceramic plate. This process is not sure and no
mathematical calculation. Thus is not used in future.

Vassiliadis Nikolaos et al. (2010), it describe algorithm that improve the process of
finding edge defect detection from digital image of Ceramic tile. We use canny edge
detection is most suitable edge detection method at higher accuracy. Most of
algorithm can used the canny edge defect detection from different type of objects. It
is used in low resolution image but in high resolution image its speed of finding
edge detection is very slow and time consuming. Thus this problem is solved by this
algorithm. In this algorithm we use parallel connected many number of canny edge
detection method. The parallel connected circuit of canny edge defect detection
using FPGA. But manufacturing of FPGA circuit is so costly and controlling to it is
very complex.
Aborisade D. O. and J. A. Ojo (2011), it was presented an algorithm for finding
defect detection from random textured ceramic tile. When Gabor filter can be for
filtering the noise found in the digital image. There two methods of Gabor filtering
in this algorithm first is the spatial domain and frequency spatial domain. By using
the two techniques of Gabor filtering can easily finding the defect detection from
randomly textured ceramic tile. This algorithm is also in self organized mapping that
noise can filter by Gabor filter, after filtering noise we can detect the edge by canny
edge detection method. By using this algorithm or approach we can increase the
efficiency of finding defect detection from the random textured ceramic tile.
Golkar Ehsan et al. (2011), it was described automatic visual inspection increase
due to low cost manufacturing and greater accuracy. This technique can helpful for
finding four types of defect: edge detection, thickness, size measuring and crack
detection. If this does by manually thus a lot of errors are still, lots of cost and
consumes greater time than the Automatic visual inspection of ceramic tile. Thus
ceramic tile manufacturing industry now present mostly used automatic vision based
algorithm. This algorithm can helpful for finding large number of errors, expenses
less cost and less time consuming for make tile from initial production phase to final
production stage. But this approach is fail for detecting curvature type of ceramic
tile.

Najafabadi F. S., Pourghassem H. (2011), it was described we enter into a third

phase called filtering of the image. In this phase, we filter blur edges of the digital
image by using median filter. After filtering we enter the fourth phase, in this phase,
we are finding the initial boundary of digital images. Next phase, we apply the
mathematical operation dot product of two vectors. By using dot product we divided
the square or rectangle into four right-angle triangle. The authors determine inner
space or Euclidean space of each four right-angle triangle. Each of right angle values
in radian we convert it into a degree. After finding the angle we compare the angle if
the angle is greater than 92 degrees or less than 89 degree the corner is defective or
tile is defective otherwise it is normal.

Rahani Ehsan Kabiri et al. (2011), was proposed for improving the quality of
ceramic tile and increases the production rate. This is possible when ceramic tile
manufacturing industry can use the method or algorithm or approach for finding
internal defect of ceramic tile. Thus it used ultrasonic technique in our algorithm but
it cannot helpful for finding defect detection. The ultrasonic rays cannot pass from
the solid part of ceramic tile. Thus it used T- rays in the proposed algorithm, T
represent the Thermal rays. A small hole make inside the ceramic tile focusing the
T-rays on the internal part of ceramic tile. But this technique is so expensive.
D Suresha and Bhat Ganesh V. (2012), it was described in image processing
morphological operation is very important because many operation and operators
run of MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) that provide an platform different type of
operation used in image processing. Thus the MATLAB can define theory, analyze
data, mathematical techniques, set theory concepts, lattice theory concepts, topology
methods and random number of functions. In morphological operation we convert
the image in binary form means white refers ‘1’ and black refers ‘0’ and gray scale
image there are only two colors of intensity level. The intensity level start from 0 to
final level is 255. In image processing in every image divided into thousands
number of pixel. This approach mostly used in image processing based algorithm.
Garcez N. et al. (2012), this paper describe an approach for finding automatic
visual inspection can used two different method first is expert knowledge inspection
and second is pitching the diagnosis roofing system of ceramic tile. This algorithm
can apply on nearly about 62 roofs. The Ceramic tile attached on floor portion with
some adhesive material like white cement. But some hole also remaining by these
holes rainfall water come inside portion and make a cavity between floor and
ceramic tile. Thus in this algorithm can find those type of Ceramic tile that have
cavity between the floor and Ceramic tile. This algorithm is very helpful for
diagnosis of roof after attaching the ceramic tile. But finding defect detection
according to this approach is so time consuming method and efficiency of working
is also slow.
Islam Md. Maidul et al. (2012), it described algorithm for structured flaw
inspection machine. In this we captured image and check the 2-dimension. After this
phase, we enter into an image enhancement phase in this we focus on improving the
contrast by improving the intensity level. After we enter into Noise reduction phase
in this we filter the image linear and nonlinear filter. The linear filter is Gaussian
filter is just possible for sets of weights and not for smoothing the blur edges found
in the image. The median filtering used to remove also salt and pepper type of
noises. Defective edges represent boundary between different regions. After this the
number of white pixels image is greater than the reference image or less than the
reference image means the image is the tile is defective otherwise the normal. But
this process time complexity is higher.
Gurmeet Kaur et al. (2012), was presented techniques for de-noising in digital
image different number of noise found in the image. These types of noise are found
in digital image are: salt and pepper, Gaussian noise and speckle noise are found in
the image these noises are filtering by some of de-nosing technique is used wavelet
based, Gaussian based, Weiner filter and Average filter for finding and comparative
study of applying different noises compare for applying different types of condition.
Different parameters for comparative study are PNSR (Peak Noise Signal Ratio),
RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) and Correlation of Coefficient (COC). These
different techniques help finding noise from digital image and apply on any type of
noise found in image.
Kalpana M. et al. (2012), was described an algorithm that are combination of two
first is digital image processing and second is computer vision. In this algorithm the
author described a digital image processing necessary thing for finding edge
detection from any type of image that we capturing form the digital image camera.
For finding edge detection defect we check the level of intensity. If these level of
intensity can break in between means any of edge defect is present in the digital
image. Sometimes the level of intensity breakup due to some of noise find in the
digital image. Thus noise found in the digital image can be removed by two ways:
first is wavelet transformation and in second we some operators that can consumes
less time. These operators are differential, log edge, canny edge and binary
morphological. This algorithm is very helpful for removing edge defect detection.
Kaur Jappreet et al. (2012), it presented an algorithm that can helpful for
communication digital image from one place to another location with higher
resolution can remain when it receiving by the next user. When the user capturing
the digital image from real time sensor or digital image camera after it sending the
digital image by any communication device. In between way some noise can
damage the resolution of the digital image. For improving the resolution of digital
image we use many number of filtering techniques that increase the number of
number of pixel found in the digital image. In the approach we have read
comparative study of different number of filtrating technique can remove large
number of noise from the digital image.
Nogay H. Selcuk et al. (2012), it described an algorithm based on artificial neural
networks (ANN). In this approach we use 18 ceramic plates of same material used in
this but each of belongs to different shapes, depth and sizes. The ANN model can
use an algorithm that based weighted of each ceramic plate. If weighted is less
means inner side of ceramic plate is hollow or crack means this type of ceramic
belongs to defective. Otherwise in no hollow or no crack means weighted is equal to
particular size it belongs to good quality. But this process is time complexity is so
higher.
Sharma Meenakshi and Kaur Gurleen (2012), it was presented new algorithm for
quality control of ceramic wall tiles. It can describe different approaches that are
very helpful for finding defect from defect detection these are: SVM, KNN and
Basiyan. These three techniques can use GLCM algorithm. The implementing cost
of algorithm is so higher.
Singh Sunpreet and Kaur Maninder (2012), was described an algorithm that
compare with manual defect detection techniques. By manually this process is time
consuming and many numbers of defects are also finding when customers use these
ceramic tile. For this bad effect on customer, in this way the production of ceramic
industry in decreases. By prevention of this cause the author can describe the
algorithm that is based on automatic visual inspection method that is based on
images processing and using some tools of image processing. These tools are: center
of gravity, histogram of digital image. But author is not sure that this algorithm can
find defect in all condition.
Bhuvaneswari S. and Sabarathinam J. (2013), it presented algorithm that can be
used when manufacturing of ceramic tile due to high density quality of are not
maintained. Thus we have used automatic inspection machine using an algorithm of
Artificial Neural Network (ANN). For defect detection in ceramic tile the author use
the MLP (Multi-layer preceptor) it used three layers for processing one is input
second is processing and third for representing the output. The matrix is passed
through neural network after passing the output of the matrix is matching with the
reference matrix if it match means the ceramic tile is normal. Otherwise the ceramic
tile is defective. Test image matching with reference image is representing slow
efficiency.
Matic Tomislav et al. (2013), it was presented an algorithm that helpful for increase
in production quality and decrease the production cost. The algorithm used at initial
stage to final stage of production. This algorithm can helpful for finding defect
detection only for the biscuit ceramic tile. It can find the defect at real time
processing; this algorithm can helpful for finding on edge and corner defect
detection. It used two methods for finding these two types of defects are moving
average angle difference of the given image and corner average angle difference of
capturing image of the camera.
Meena Yadraj and Mittal Dr. Ajay (2013), it described algorithms that define
how to find the defect detection from ceramic tile. This algorithm only for suitable
for finding blob and crack defect detection from plain ceramic tile. In this algorithm
there are six steps to finding these two types of defect detection from plain ceramic
tile. These steps are: image capturing, contrasting the image, noise reduction of
image, edge detection, segmentation and morphological operation. This algorithm
can compare with manually defect detection from the plain ceramic tile. This
algorithm can find more defect than the manually process. Thus finding the blob and
crack defect detection efficiency is greater.

Lei Yang et al. (2013), it described an approach the rectangle ceramic plain ceramic
tile. First it capturing image from the real time sensor that collect actual image. The
author used and algorithm named is online corner defect detection of rectangle
ceramic tile. It used ostu method for finding number of pixel in the image, for
finding edge detection it used canny operators and at last for finding corner defect
detection it used Hough transformation. The author says this algorithm accuracy
level is so low thus in future any one can generated new algorithm can increase the
accuracy level and provide higher accuracy.
Neela K. L. et al. (2013), it was described for finding Corner defect detection is too
difficult task. The author discussed for finding Corner of fruit favorite images for
collecting these it use any image capturing device like digital image camera. After
capturing digital image we applying different tools of image processing. An
algorithm that named of this method is feature acceleration segmentation test. This
algorithm can find Corner defect from different type of digital image. In this
algorithm uses different tools for finding corner defect in digital image these tools
are: Harris Corner detection tool, Curvature Corner scale detection tool and Susan
Corner edge detection tool. This approach has some limitation like there is
mathematical calculation thus accuracy level is not higher.
Singh R.K. and Sharma Rashmi (2013), it described an approach for finding angle
of straight line. If angle finding of straight line this process can do manually it can
be lots of time consuming and accuracy level is very bed. Because the finding angle
of any that may contain many number of straight lines. By manually approach the
result of related to the angle is approximately, by this approach we finding accurate
angle between different numbers of straight line found in any type of object. For
finding angle of any straight line using digital image processing and run on the
MATLAB (MATrix LABorartory). This method or approach is very useful for
finding any type of accurate angle detection of any types of object found in our
surrounding.

Verma Rohit and Ali Dr. Jahid (2013), the author was presented an efficient
approach for finding noise defect detection from digital image, the coin used in this
of two rupees. In this approach we were removing the different types of noise
present in the given digital image. These types of noise are salt and pepper noise,
Gaussian image noise, Photon image noise, Speckle image noise. These types of
noises can filter by different techniques like average, adaptive and order statistics. It
can show the comparative study of different noise found in digital image and
different types of filtering techniques are used for filtering the noise found in digital
image of two rupees coin. According to the algorithm it used order statistics filter
that remove more noise than any other types of filtering techniques.
Yang Shih Wei et al. (2013), it described new algorithms that introduce an
automatic inspection system for printed art crafted ceramic tile. For proving the
different results related to this algorithm we use eight art crafted printed ceramic tile.
We know many type of defect found in ceramic tile, this algorithm is applicable for
all type of defect found generally find in printed art crafted ceramic tile. For finding
different defect from ceramic tile we convert the RGB digital image into gray scale
image. After this conversion we apply morphological operation. The author suggests
this algorithm is more suitable for find defect detection printed art crafted ceramic
tile. But in this algorithm there is no particular idea different type of defect found in
the ceramic tile.
Bhat Muzamil (2014), it describe different techniques of digital image processing
when scientist can launched the satellite. This process can require lots of resources
like many numbers of sensors, fuel capacity indicator, latched and many number of
microprocessor that can store all related information to satellite. In these used
thousands of sensors that can store activity of every seconds and micro and Pico
seconds activity. Because the sensors can sends different type of digital image to its
controlling section. The controlling section uses the different types of digital image
that can be used in future. For help different types of difficulties for face in future.
The different number of new software can help for de-nosing the digital image.

Gonydjaja Rosny et al. (2014), it was presented an algorithm or an approach that

can useful for finding only for corner defect detection from rectangular simple shape
of ceramic tile. In this algorithm the process of finding corner defect detection from
rectangular ceramic tile is to be make automated process that used by ceramic tile
industry, but many of ceramic tile industry used manually process at that time. Due
to using manually of finding defect detection from ceramic tile is the main reason to
fail the industry. Thus this algorithm is based on automated visual inspection system
this system based on image processing. For finding Corner defect detection using
morphological operation. This algorithm is so time consuming and in this way
productivity decreases.
Kim Kwang Baek and Song Doo Heon (2014), was presented a technique that first
finds the quality of using materials. Means the quality of material used according to
its manual or helpful for making good quality of ceramic tile. It developing non
destructive testing method, this testing method can helpful for finding different
defects like cracks, foreign particle found on the surface of ceramic tile. It developed
an algorithm that based fuzzy logic based method. First in this method binarization
of fuzzy image after it apply segmentation and identification on the binary image.
This algorithm for finding defect detection from binary image of ceramic tile is
relatively slow and highly sensitive at boundary.

Mishra Rashmi and Shukla Dolly (2014), it was presented an approach to fulfill
the great demand of ceramic tile in building construction because of low cost, easily
installation, low maintenance and many more features. This algorithm has two phase
Training phase and detection phase. Horizontal and Vertical edge detection are
detected by using a Sober operator and the diagonal of edge detection is detected by
using Roberts operator. In Detection phase, read the defect in the image and perform
neural training algorithm and output is calculated by using a probabilistic neural
network in this way finding the defect in ceramic tile. The training phase is so
puzzled stage.