dye ELECTROMAGNETICS A Complete Solution Guide to Any Textbook For Homework, Test Preparation, Exams For use with introductory and advanced texts and courses @ Includes every type of problem that may be assigned by your instructor or given on a test @ Each problem worked out in step-by-step detail, enabling you to understand the subject fully @ Will save you hours of time in finding solutions to problems Research & Education AssociationTHE ELECTROMAGNETICS PROBLEM SOLVER’ [REGISTERED TRADEMARK A Complete Solution Guide to Any Textbook Staff of Research and Education Association Dr. M. Fogiel, Chief Editor Research and Education Association 61 Ethel Road West @ Piscataway, New Jersey 08854THE ELECTROMAGNETICS PROBLEM SOLVER ® Copyright © 1995, 1983 by Research & Education Association. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 95-67513 International Standard Book Number 0-87891-550-8 PROBLEM SOLVER is a registered trademark of Research and Education Association, Piscataway, New Jersey TelWHAT THIS BOOK IS FOR Students have generally found electromagnetics a difficult subject to understand and learn. Despite the publication of hundreds of textbooks in this field, each one intended to provide an improvement over previous textbooks, students continue to remain perplexed as a result of the numerous conditions that must often be remembered and correlated in solving a problem. Various possible interpretations of terms used in electromagnetics have also contributed to much of the difficulties experienced by students. In a study of the problem, REA found the following basic reasons underlying students' difficulties with electromagnetics taught in schools: (a) No systematic rules of analysis have been developed which students may follow in a step-by-step manner to solve the usual problems encountered. This results from the fact that the numerous different conditions and principles which may be involved in a problem, lead to many possible different methods of solution, To prescribe a set of rules to be followed for each of the possible variations, would involve an enormous number of rules and steps to be searched through by students, and this task would perhaps be more burdensome than solving the problem directly with some accompanying trial and error to find the correct solution route. (b) Textbooks currently available will usually explain a given principle in a few pages written by a professional who has an insight in the subject matter that is not shared by students. The explanations are often written in an abstract manner which leaves the students confused as to the application of the principle. The explanations given are not sufficiently detailed and extensive to make the student aware of the wide range of applications and different aspects of the principle being studied. The numerous possible variations of principles and their applications are usually not discussed, and it is left for the iiistudents to discover these for themselves while doing exercises. Accordingly, the average student is expected to rediscover that which has been long known and practiced, but not published or explained extensively. (ec) The examples usually following the explanation of a topic are too few in number and too simple to enable the student to obtain a thorough grasp of the principles involved. The explanations do not provide sufficient basis to enable a student to solve problems that may be subsequently assigned for homework or given on examinations. The examples are presented in abbreviated form which leaves out much material between steps, and requires that students derive the omitted material themselves. As a result, students find the examples difficult to understand--contrary to the purpose of the examples. Examples are, furthermore, often worded in a confusing manner. They do not state the problem and then present the solution. Instead, they pass through a general discussion, never revealing what is to be solved for. Examples, also, do not always include diagrams/graphs, wherever appropriate, and students do not obtain the training to draw diagrams or graphs to simplify and organize their thinking. (a) Students can learn the subject only by doing the exercises themselves and reviewing them in class, to obtain experience in applying the principles with their different ramifications. In doing the exercises by themselves, students find that they are required to devote considerably more time to electromagnetics than to other subjects of comparable credits, because they are uncertain with regard to the selection and application of the theorems and principles involved. It is also often necessary for students to discover those "tricks" not revealed in their texts (or review books), that make it possible to solve problems easily. Students must usually resort to methods of trial-and-error to discover these "tricks," and as a result they find that they may sometimes spend several hours to ivsolve a single problem. (e) When reviewing the exercises in classrooms, instructors usually request students to take turns in writing solutions on the boards and explaining them to the class. Students often find it difficult to explain in a manner that holds the interest of the class, and enables the remaining students to follow the material written on the boards. The remaining students seated in the class are, furthermore, too occupied with copying the material from the boards, to listen to the oral explanations and concentrate on the methods of solution. This book is intended to aid students in electromagnetics to overcome the difficulties described, by supplying detailed illustrations of the solution methods which are usually not apparent to students. The solution methods are illustrated by problems selected from those that are most often assigned for class work and given on examinations. The problems are arranged in order of complexity to enable students to learn and understand a particular topic by reviewing the problems in sequence. The problems are illustrated with detailed step-by- step explanations, to save the student the large amount of time that is often needed to fill in the gaps that are usually found between steps of illustrations in the textbooks or review/outline books. The staff of REA considers electromagnetics a subject that is best learned by allowing students to view the methods of analysis and solution techniques themselves. This approach to learning the subject matter is similar to that practiced in various scientific laboratories, particularly in the medical fields. In using this book, students may review and study the illustrated problems at their own pace; they are not limited to the time allowed for explaining problems on the board in class. When students want to look up a particular type of problem and solution, they can readily locate it in the book by referring to the index which has been extensively prepared. It is also possible to locate a particular type of problem by glancing at just the material within the boxed portions. To facilitate rapid vscanning of the problems, each problem has a heavy border around it. Furthermore, each problem is identified with a number immediately above the problem at the right-hand margin. To obtain maximum benefit from the book, students should familiarize themselves with the section, "How To Use This Book," located in the front pages. To meet the objectives of this book, staff members of REA have selected problems usually encountered in assignments and examinations, and have solved each problem meticulously to illustrate the steps which are usually difficult for students to comprehend. Special gratitude is expressed to them for their efforts in this area, as well as to the numerous contributors who devoted brief periods of time to this work. Gratitude is also expressed to the many persons involved in the difficult task of typing the manuscript with its endless changes, and to the REA art staff who prepared the numerous detailed illustrations together with the layout and physical features of the book. The difficult task of coordinating the efforts of all persons was carried out by Carl Fuchs. His conscientious work deserves much appreciation. He also trained and supervised art and production personnel in the preparation of the book for printing. Finally, special thanks are due to Helen Kaufmann for her unique talents to render those difficult border-line decisions and constructive suggestions related to the design and organization of the book. Max Fogiel, Ph. D. Program Director viHOW TO USE THIS BOOK This book can be an invaluable aid to students in electromagnetics as a supplement to their textbooks. The book is subdivided into 14 chapters, each dealing with a separate topic. The subject matter is developed beginning with vector analysis, electric charges, field intensity, dielectrics, capacitance, and extending through Poisson's and Laplace's equations, magnetic fields and circuits and Maxwell's equations. Also included are waves, transmission lines, and antennas. An extensive number of applications have been included, since these appear to be most troublesome to students. A special Section II has been included as a summary of electromagnectic propagation in conducting media. TO LEARN AND UNDERSTAND A TOPIC THOROUGHLY 1. Refer to your class text and read the section pertaining to the topic. You should become acquainted with the principles discussed there. These principles, however, may not be clear to you at that time. 2, Then locate the topic you are looking for by referring to the "Table of Contents" in front of this book, "The Electromagnetics Problem Solver." 3. Turn to the page where the topic begins and review the problems under each topic, in the order given. For each topic, the problems are arranged in order of complexity, from the simplest to the more difficult. Some problems may appear similar to others, but each problem has been selected to illustrate a different point or solution method.To learn and understand a topic throughly and retain its contents, it will be generally necessary for students to review the problems several times. Repeated review is essential in order to gain experience in recognizing the principles that should be applied, and to select the best solution technique. TO FIND A PARTICULAR PROBLEM To locate one or more problems related to a particular subject matter, refer to the index. In using the index, be certain to note that the numbers given there refer to problem numbers, not to page numbers. This arrangement of the index is intended to facilitate finding a problem more rapidly, since two or more problems may appear on a page. If a particular type of problem cannot be found readily, it is recommended that the student refer to the "Table of Contents" in the front pages, and then turn to the chapter which is applicable to the problem being sought. By scanning or glancing at the material that is boxed, it will generally be possible to find problems related to the one being sought, without consuming considerable time. After the problems have been located, the solutions can be reviewed and studied in detail. For this purpose of locating problems rapidly, students should acquaint themselves with the organization of the book as found in the "Table of Contents." In preparing for an exam, it is useful to find the topics to be covered in the exam from the "Table of Contents," and then review the problems under those topics several times. This should equip the student with what might be needed for the exam,CONTENTS Chapter No. 1 VECTOR ANALYSIS 1 Sealars and Vectors 1 Gradient, Divergence and Curl 26 Line, Surface and Volume Integrals 39 Stoke's Theorem 48 2 ELECTRIC CHARGES 55 Charge Densities and Distributions 55, Coulomb's Law 59 Electric Field 66 3 ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY 86 Electric Flux 86 Gauss's Law 98 Charges 119 4 POTENTIAL 125 Work 125 Potential 136 Potential and Gradient —_ 170 Motion in Electric Field 181 Energy 187 5 DIELECTRICS 197 Current Density 197 Resistance 208 Polarization 212 Boundary Conditions 224 Dielectrics 2396 10 11 CAPACITANCE 260 Capacitance 260 Parallel Plate Capacitors 261 Coaxial and Concentric Capacitors 277 Multiple Dielectric Capacitors, Series and Parallel Combinations 285 Potential 297 Stored Energy and Force in Capacitors 303 POISSON’S AND LAPLACE’S EQUATIONS 316 Laplace's Equation 316 Poisson's Equation 355 Iteration Method 372 Images 375 STEADY MAGNETIC FIELDS 389 Biot-Savart's Law 389 Ampere's Law 392 Magnetic Flux and Flux Density 401 Vector Magnetic Potential 434 H-Field 445 FORCES IN STEADY MAGNETIC FIELDS 457 Forces on Moving Charges 457 Forces on Differential Current Elements 464 Forces on Conductors Carrying Currents 468 Magnetization 475 Magnetic Boundary Conditions 488 Potential Energy of Magnetic Fields 495 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS 498 Reluctance and Permeance 498 Determination of Ampere-Turns _ 506 Flux produced by a given mmf 521 Self and Mutual Inductance 538 Force and Torque in Magnetic Circuits 558 TIME - VARYING FIELDS AND MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS = 574 Faraday's Law 574 Maxwell's Equations 604 Displacement Current 611 Generators 61412 PLANE WAVES = 624 Energy and the Poynting Vector 624 Normal Incidence 636 Boundary Conditions 649 Plane Waves in Conducting Dielectric Media 658 Plane Waves in Free Space 690 Plane Waves and Current Density 697 13 TRANSMISSION LINES 702 Equations of Transmission Lines 702 Input Impedances 722 Smith Chart — 728 Matching 748 Reflection Coefficient 756 14 WAVE GUIDES AND ANTENNAS 763 Cutoff Frequencies for TE and TM Modes 763 Propagation and Attenuation Constants 777 Field Components in Wave-Guides 791 Absorbed and Transmitted Power 805 Characteristics of Antennas 814 Radiated and Absorbed Power of Antennas 822 SECTION Il SUMMARY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPAGATION IN CONDUCTING MEDIA ll-1 BASIC EQUATIONS AND THEOREMS 1-1 Maxwell's Equations 1-1 Auxiliary Potentials 1-2 Harmonic Time Variation 1-4 Particular Solutions for an Unbounded Homogeneous Region with Sources 1-6 Poynting Vector 1-6 Reciprocity Theorem 1- Boundary Conditions 1- Uniqueness Theorems 1-9 TM and TE Field Analysis 1-10 BE 8 xiIl-2 PLANE WAVES 2-1 Uniform Plane Waves 2-1 Nonuniform Plane Waves 2-3 Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface 2-4 Refraction in a Conducting Medium 2-8 Surface Waves 2-10 Plane Waves in Layered Media 2-12 Impedance Boundary Conditions 2-15 Propagation Into a Conductor With a Rough Surface 2-17 Il-3 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD OF DIPOLE SOURCES 3-1 Infinite Homogeneous Conducting Medium 3-1 Semi-Infinite Homogeneous Conducting Medium 3-2 Static Electric Dipole 3-3 Harmonic Dipole Sources 3-5 Far field 3-6 Near field 3-9 Quasi-static field 3-15 Layered Conducting Half Space 3-27 l-4 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD OF LONG LINE SOURCES AND FINITE LENGTH ELECTRIC ANTENNAS 4-1 Infinite Homogeneous Conducting Medium 4-1 Long Line Source 4-1 Finite Length Electric Antenna 4-2 Semi-Infinite Homogeneous Conducting Medium 4-3 Long Line Source 4-3 Finite Length Electric Antenna 4-8 Layered Conducting Half Space 4-12 Long Line Source 4-12 Finite Length Electric Antenna 4-16 APPENDIX A-1 Parameters of Conducting Media A- Dipole Approximation Scattering B- D- me Antenna Impedance C-1 ELF and VLF Atmospheric Noise 1 INDEX 940 xiiCHAPTER 1 VECTOR ANALYSIS SCALARS AND VECTORS © PROBLEM 1-1 If for each value of the real variable u in an interval uw: 0 SR Rees Eqs. (2) are parametric equations of a straight line in space through the point (A,B,C) and with direction numbers a,8,yY. The trajectory of the point P is a straight line. The velocity of a point is defined as the first deriva- tive of the position vector with respect to the time g Q) From Eq. (1) G2 = (a,8,7) 4) The speed of the point is defined as the magnitude of its velocity vector. ds v= lvl = ge (5) Substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (5) 9v= |¥| = va? +B? + y* (6) Now investigate the special case when the velocity vector is a unit vector, |v| = 1. From Eq. (6) Yar +B? + y v= |v (7) and a,8,y are direction cosines, due to the condition Yor + Be + y? = 1 (8) Let s be the distance traversed by the point from time t) to time t. Then ds. //(dx:\* , (dxz\* , (axa)? at dt “dt} “dt, and (9) = ds v= |v = For |v] =1 Eq. (9) gives as 1 (20) and both parameters can be identified within the ac- curacy of an additive constant f, thus o 1 o ae (11) If s is measured from the position t = 0 and in the direction of increasing t it can be written that s=t (12) Eqs. (2) become x, =A+as B+ Bs (13) x 0 xs =C + ys which are the parametric equations of the straight line in terms of the parameter s. 10© PROBLEM 1-7 A particle moves according to the equations sin 2t cos 2t t e where t is the time. 1) Determine the velocity of the particle. 2) Determine the acceleration of the particle. 3) Find the magnitudes of the velocity and acceleration at t = 0. Solution: Eqs.(1) are parametric equations of the curve. The particle moves along this curve. The posi- tion vector r of the particle is ¥ = x(t) = (sin 2t, cos 2t, e (2) 1) The velocity vector is ar ae (3) Substituting F(t) from Eq.(2) into Eq. (3) obtain aE 4 (2 cos 2t, -2 sin 2t (4) ce ' . 2) The acceleration of the particle is given by eae dir dv: a= (5) ae a Again, substituting Eq.(4) into Eq. (5) obtain eee a (6) x ' ' Eq. (6) gives the acceleration of the particle as a function of time. 3) From Eq. (4), at t = 0 the velocity is = (2,0,-1) a and its magnitude 11= FIT = (8) “leno Note, that Eq. (8) gives the speed of the particle at t=. Compute the acceleration of the particle at t = 0 from Eq. (6) al = (0,-4,1) cD) t=0 The magnitude of 4 at t = 0 is la VIET = TF ao [leo © PROBLEM 1-8 A particle P of mass m moves in space subject to a force xd + vj + 2k mM which is constant. 1) Express the position vector of the particle in terms of time t. 2) Assume that the axes in space are chosen so that F is parallel to the Z axis. Write the position vec- tor F = F(t) for this case. Show that the trajectory of the particle is a parabola. Fema @ where a=S*%y49v5+S25 Qa) ae? at? at? Combining Eqs. (1), (2) and (3) xi¢yp+ ok =m OX Gem Gem eR “ at? at? at? xem 2 at? 12yemo?y (5) Integrating Eq. (5) twice, obtain 2 Bes da’x at? Tae noted ar x Xt? = x - ait - ae thus ee x = ay Xt + ait + az (6) In the same way y= give? + bit + be 1 im ee a ey where a1,a2,b1,bz2,Ci,Cz are constants, which can be determined from the additional conditions ~for example the initial position and initial velocity of the particle or the position of the particle at t = t; and t= te. 2) Since F is parallel to the z-axis the x and y com- ponents of this vector are equal to zero, thus x=0 (7) roe Substituting Eq. (7) into Eq. (6) x = ait + az y = bit + be (8) 1 2 = gq Mt? + cit + oe It shall be shown that the trajectory of a particle whose motion is described by Eq. (8) is a parabola. It can be assumed that at t = 0 the particle is located at the origin of the system, thus Eq.(8) for t = 0 becomes 13x = a2 y = be (9) z= c2 At the origin x = y = z = 0, therefore az = bz = cz Eq. (8) becomes x= ait ysbit (10) a = 2 Zap Ut? tat From the first equation t = x/ai. Substituting t = x/ai into the second and third equations = hb eat 1) ee or (L tom tte or ze ige ax (12) 2ma? 2 Denote z a ae Prec! (a3) Bq. (12) can be written 2 2 gig z= px? + qx = px? + ax + £ - jo (= + 3B) -£ a4) or " + 2 2 £- o(« + 3) (as) Transforming the coordinates (16) xt x th Bq. (15) becomes 142" = px!? a7) which is the equation of a parabola. © PROBLEM 1-! Consider the motion of a system of particles P1,P2,..., BP. n Show that if there are no external forces the center of mass of the system moves with constant velocity along a straight line. Solution: Let the position vectors of the particles Pi,P2 be ¥, = 0B,, r, = OB, ... F = 3. n n n The equations of motion for the i-th particle are ma, (i = 1,2,...,n) (1) Add equations (1) Fo + Fo +... + F) = mai + mae + n Define the center of mass P, of the system. Its posi- tion vector is EL = 3, (3) where = 2 c 2 ME, = mF. + m¥2 +... + mz, ¢ TMF + mY2 ere (4) and M=m, + mz + ... + my Thus > = = — _ mF + mr: +... + mz, To mi + m2 + oe mm, (3) M is the total mass of the system. The center of mass has velocity dF, 3 c VG ace (6) and acceleration 2 - a a ae Let ee = P=F,+F. +...+F (8)Eq. (2) can be written F = Ma, (9) where F is the resultant of the forces applied. Each force F, can be expressed as a sum of the internal and external forces int , gext (10) The internal force Fj" is a sum of all forces due to the interactions between the particle P, and the other particles, thus : jen, zint gint Poe ye ae ql) ae jen tO iA where F/"& is the interaction of the particle P, on the particle P,. Newton's Third Law states that P, and P, exert equal and opposite forces on each other, both along the line P,P... Thus a pint 2 rae = (12) From Bq. (12) it can be concluded that the sum of all the internal forces is equal to 0. ien_, ienj=n_, pint = Ty pint = 3 (a3) a i=l j=l J 3Ai If there are no external forces Eq. (8) becomes i ae im De Pegg ye eee = 0 (14) oe ae (15) and describes the motion with constant velocity on a straight line, since ar £=3 and (16) 16where @ and g are constant vectors. © PROBLEM 1-10 Let XYZ be a coordinate system fixed in space and having the origin at 0. Let xyz be a coordinate system rotating with respect to XYZ, as shown in the figure. We calculate the time derivative of a vector A in both systems. Let us denote the time derivative of A with respect to the fixed system XYZ the time derivative of A with respect to the moving system xyz. 1) Show that there exists a vector @ such that (1) 2) Let Dyy, denote the time derivative operator in the fixed system and D,,, denote the time derivative operator in the moving xyz system. Show that = +ux xyz ~ Pxyz ay Eq. (2) indicates that both operators are equivalent. That is for any vector O(t) we have Dayz (t) = Dy gilt) +O x Tit) 17Solution: 1) Let i,j,k be the unit base vectors in the xyz system. As observed from the XYZ fixed system the vectors i,j,k change in time. The vector A can be ex- pressed in terms of the i,j,k vectors A= Aii + Aj + Ask (4) Differentiating in the XYZ system, da =i, 927, dag ai aj Ea =Gii+ Gei+ Sek + age + age XYZ ak + AGae (5) F aa =M17,%27, dag Since rad oGli+Gej+ Sek (6) xyz we can write Eq.(5) in the form aa = oA ai aj ak z = + Age + Asgd + Aage (2) XYZ xyz Remembering that I is a unit vector differentiate the equation Thus z : ai and vectors $+ and I are perpendicular. vector $¢ perpendicular to i lies in the plane of j and k Similarly $2 lies in the plane of i and & and & ties in the plane of i and j. One can write ai ge = Pil + pek G = pil + pok (8) a os. ae $F = psd + ped. Differentiate i + j = 0, to obtain ai _ = 0 From Eq. (8) 18Pa andj + GE = p, Ht Thus Pi = -pa (9) From i+ R= 0 weget K+ Ge+i- Keo and ps = -p2 (10) Fron j +k =0 get j- aR + m and pe = -Ps- ql) Substituting Eqs. (9) (10) (11) into Eq. (8), ai z z = Pij + pek AS, = -pil + pak (12) Se = Pal - pal a Denote Pi = 3, Po = -W2, Py = wy System (12) can be written in the form w3j - wrk = -wsi + wk (13) = wei - wij + AsGE = (Asu2 - Azws)T + (Aiw3 - Agswi)j + (Agu: - Aiwadk ij. (14) et x ey = for w2 3] = ‘Ar A2 As That proves Eq. (1). Note that G = wii + w2j + w3k is the angular velocity vector of the moving system with respect to the fixed system, 2) We have 19(15) Payd “Fl where the first equation is the derivative in fixed sys- tem and the second in moving system. From Eq. (1) Dyyzk =Dyygd +B x & (16) Eq. (16) in the operator form is +o x (17) © PROBLEM 1-11 Determine if the function £(x,y) x? + y? is continuous at the origin. Solution: Start with the definition of continuity. For this purpose repeat some basic concepts of the theory of sets. The set of points in the xy plane means any collection of points, finite or infinite in number. A neighborhood of a point (xo,yo) is a set of points in- side a circle having center (xo,yo) and radius c. Each point of the neighborhood of (xo,yo) satisfies the in- equality V(x =)" + (y- Yo)? 0 there exists $>0 such that for every (x,y) of the neighborhood of (x9,yo) of radius 6, we have lf(x,y) - al 0 Here, to compute the limit Av. in evel (9) Aveo 31L'H6pital's rule was applied which states that, if lim £(x) = 0 and lim g(x) = 0, then xa xa eet (x) lim Sy = lim xva TM) xen provided the limit on the right side exists. Now lim 0 (10) Avro 3) Note that Ae a fae et (#) qa dusv Bu dv, Substituting Eq. (8) into Eq. (11) a (3) & (v?,e¥,2v) Bu (dv, ou 2 wt, = im (utduy?, oY, 2v) = tut, oY, 20) te (12) : = Lim Guru + (u)*, OO) ~ (2u,0,0) Au+0 If a has continuous partial derivatives of the second order, then ata _ aa duov (Bveu @3) That is, the order of differentiation does not matter. @ PROBLEM 1-18 Evaluate div U at the point (-1,1,2) for B= xT + e%¥5 + xyz & Solution: From the definition of the divergence Fie ar r = + oe divi= (ST +83 + EB oPT + oF + xyz & 3 a = ag 07) + ay (OY) + (xyz) (2) = 2x + xe*Y + xy 32At the point (-1,1,2) div u = 2x + xe*Y + xy (-1,1,2) (-1,1,2) (3) 1 Here div 0 was evaluated directly from the definition of divergence. © PROBLEM 1-19 curl 4 at the point (1,-2,1) a= x*y?i + Qxyzj + 22k Solution: Define a new vector field from the vector field a Sa ee ae oe ( a a) Tz - 3 da 9a se) + es - =F (2) Definition (2) can be written in another form, The nobla operator is defined as a5435,2 Veg i+ ita k (3) Using Eq. (3), Eq. (2) can be written in the form curl a = (4) The curl or rotation of a playsa very important role in vector differential calculus. It is frequently used in electromagnetism, elasticity, hydrodynamics, etc. These three notations are equivalent curl a = rot ai Vxa (5) 33Substituting Eq. (1) into Bq. (2) we find (6) = -2xyi + (2yz - 2x*y)k At the point (1,-2,1) curl a is equal to curl a = -2xyi + (2yz - 2x*y)Kk (1,-2,1) (1,-2,1) =4i (7 Thus curl a = 4i = (4,0,0) (8) (1,-2,1) © PROBLEM 1-20 Prove the following identities curl grad £ div curl a Remember curl @ = Solution: To prove Eq. (1) assume that £ has continuous Second partial derivatives. We have curl grad £ = V x (VE) a (eee #2 \ om: oy. Oat ont. att Byoz dzdy ' Jzox (3)Here note that the second partial derivatives are continuous and therefore the order of differentiation is immaterial. To prove Eq.(2), assume that 4 has continuous second partial derivatives. div curl & = V+ (xa) a a a a a a ( ay [ee wy 3) st:,a:.20)| aS oe a - (22 - 2an, ar - Ban daz _ 3a:\ eo ean ay = eon me & (2 daz) , 9 (dai _ das) 5 2 /da2 _ dar) aoyaa ay) a2 oy. aos Bye a | ome a oy) Sfage dong dey 85ag dag 925] Qxdy dx0z ” dyaz dyex dzex dzZey 0 © PROBLEM 1-21 Consider a field D = xa, and the surface of a unit cube centered at the origin with its edges parallel to the axes. Verify the Divergence theorem, foes = [_teowv. = vol Solution: Evaluating the surface integral first, it is obvious that D is parallel to four of the six faces, and the remaining two give 1/2 (1/2 _ . f vas i J (-1/28,) + (-dy az &,) s -1/2!-1/2 * * pe pe 2 - + (1728,) «(ay dz a,) 1/2/-1/2 * * =1 qa Since V-D = 5-(x) = 1, the volume integral becomes 1/2 1/2 61/2 J i 1 dx dy dz = 1 (2) VeDav = San -1/2/-1/2 From Eqs. (1) and (2), $ Deds = | V+Ddv, which verifies s vol 35the Divergence theorem. © PROBLEM 1-22 For an electric field B = 2 r* a, in spherical coor- dinates, verify the Divergence theorem by first evaluat- ing the volume integral of the divergence of the field for a sphere of radius r = 3 and then evaluating the sur- face integral | E+ds, where s is the surface enclosing s the volume. Solution: Divergence theorem ff, VE dv = J] E- Since E = 2 r* a, the field is a function of r only, then, in spherical coordinates, the divergence of E is coeds oO ee Dee = lee VeE = — & (r pF The differential volume of the sphere of radius r is av = r*sino dr de ao Therefore _ Qn pn J VE av = i i { 8r*sin® dr do do 5 jo Jodo re arf I 8résin@ dr d6 Jo Jo a anf, 8r?(2) dr 0 3 7 = anf 8r*{(-cosé)]) dr 3 = ar] Srédr = 6487. ql) 0 Now, the differential area of a spherical shell is 36iS = r*sind do dp a, Therefore eons = 2r?a,+r?sind do de a, 1 Qn pt ar" \ sine do do jo Jo Qn - Qn ar [-cose] | do = ax*(29{ dg : o 2r*(2) (20) = 8mr* 6481 for r = 3 (2) Equations (1) and (2) are equal, which verifies the Divergence theorem. © PROBLEM 1-23 Verify the divergence theorem by considering A= 3xi + iy - di, + (2 - 22, and the closed surface of the box bounded by the planes x=0,x=1, y= 0, y= 2, 2= 0, and z = 3 (see the figure). Solution: First determine f A. dS by evaluating the s 37surface x = 0, R= (y- 31, + (2 - ai, 45 = -ay az 1, - d= 0 0 ° | KR. aS For the surface x = 1, R= 3, + ty - 301, + (2 - 29), ds = dy az i - dS = 3 dy az 2 (2 [aa-| | 3 dy dz = 18 z=0 /y=0 For the surface y oO, ee AR. dS = 3 dz ax fe [aoa | | 3 dz dx = 9 x=0 /2=0 For the surface y = 2, + (2 -2)L, aS = dz ax i z y xi, + (y - 34, + 2i,, a8 = - ax dy i, >For the surface z = 3, A= 3x + (y - 3)i) - i, a8 = ax ay i, y . a3 = ~ ax ay 2 oe -dx dy = -2 y=0 }x=0 Thus f Ro abeovies-a-4-20u8 s Now, to evaluate | (V.A) dv, vol Le ‘eG ox * oy tz gy. R= 203K) 4 Bly-3) , (2-2) 3x 3y 32 Wee ed For the volume enclosed by the rectangular box, (V. A)av = 3dx dy dz = 18 z=0 jy=0 J|x=0 which verifies the divergence theorem. LINE, SURFACE AND VOLUME INTEGRALS © PROBLEM 1-24 a as ana| | Fx ads s where s is a sphere of radius a centered at the origin. 391 Solution: fi = # = outward normal ron oe sin 6 dé dg in spherical coordinates || k a™ a? sin 6 do do s Similarly: [| Fx fids =0 s Some commonly used differential surface elements are dx dy in rectangular coordinates, r dr d> or r do dz in cylindrical coordinates, and r* sin 6 49 dp in spherical coordinates. © PROBLEM 1-25 Find the line integral from Pi to Pz (see figure) when the force field is given by 2 2 tay? + F(x, y, 2) = a,x is ¥ directions respectively. where a, and a, are the unit vectors in x, y, and z Solution: The equation of the curve from Pi to Pz is y=-x+2 40If y is eliminated in the expression for F, then 2 gt (ox+2) y ql) since z = 0 in the X¥ plane. The element of path length al is But in the XY plane dz = 0, and from the equation of the curve, dy = -dx. Then al = dx 8, - dx ay = (a,-a,) dx (2) Using Eqs. (1) and (2) . = _ = veao)? & aoe | Fa ar=| Ixta, + (-x#2)? ay]. (a, - ay] dx -| Ux? ~ (-x+2)7] ax = (2x? - 4x) 18 Follow the path ABCD in this integration, then B ic D Bees = Cee Ie + + = B. (-aay) + F . (a,ax) A B c A Y B . lie aan =| cre +| x? dx c ° 2 ° -| (rytay = - $+ 8-8-8 -: Thus, the force field is path independent. 4A© PROBLEM 1-26 in spherical coordinates. Evaluate the line integral along c, a path connecting point a(r = 1, ¢ = 0, 6 = 4m) and point b(r = 2, ¢ = 41, 8 = 4m). (See Figure.) Solution: In spherical coordinates = £ a : Fo ae sais [sb oe ain - 8 8 1 aFr a x [ats “W¢ ” 3E wr)| oF _ =e +2 [ 3z (fF) 36 |: Since F here has only one component, Pee and it depends on r alone, V x F 0. If ¥ x F = 0, then the line inte- gral is independent of path and depends only on the end- points a and b. Therefore choose any convenient path such as path c; in the figure which consists of three portions. The first portion is along the x axis, over which only r varies. The second is a horizontal circular are along which only ¢ varies. The third is a vertical circular arc along which only @ varies. In spherical coordinates, 42JF : a |. Fidr + For d0 + Fyr sin 9 ag Only the first portion of c; contributes, yielding: n+1 > _ kr rs n+l eet ee v © PROBLEM 1-27 xy?& + yz*9 + 2xz 2% Evaluate the line integral F.d1 where c is a straight c line (see figure) between the points (0,0,0) and (1,2,3). The equation of the straight line is: (1) 2 2 | Fax + Fyay + Faz xy? dx + yz?ay © + 2xz dz (2) Using the relationships: 43There are other methods used to perform the line integration; for instance, substituting y = 2x in the first term, z= dy in the second term, and x = h in the third term of Eq. 2 yields a 2 3 | 4xtax + | Byray + | 32%az = 16 ° ° Now compute the line integral over a different path between the same end points. Let path c consist of three straight segments respectively parallel to the x, y, and z axis, connecting the same end points (0,0,0) and (1,2,3), as shown in the figure. 1 2 2 | rar =| x(0) a+ » y(0) ar+| 2(1) z az = o Q o Note that this value differs from that obtained by inte- grating over a straight line path c directly connecting (0,0,0) and (1,2,3). Thus, the vector force is nonconserva- tive, i.e., path dependent. @ PROBLEM 1-28 (in spherical coordinates) Evaluate [[J. ves where v is a sphere of radius a with center at the origin. Solution: Using the expression for divergence in spherical coordinates: ayIn spherical coordinates, dv = r*sino drdg do Thus V.K av = k(n¢2)r"*1 sin 6 ar a8 ap and amen 2 a v.A av = k(nt2)r™*+ sin 0 ar ae ag v ojo jo = 4n k amt? A common mistake, made in connection with integrals of vectors, is to assume that unit vectors are constants and thereby take them outside the integral. This cannot be done for #, ¢, and 6. For instance, [| J we] ] [ieee + F,élev ee] [| mores] | [ear a] | free (note the inequality sign) because r, $, and 6 vary over the volume of integration v and cannot therefore be considered as constants. @ PROBLEM 1-29 (2) Fx ids 45and (3) I] v x Fin ds. s for the surface s shown in the figure consisting of a square of length 2 lying in the xy plane. > (2, 2,0) © ¢ (4,4,0) Solution: This is an open surface and fi is defined to be in the positive z direction. [| = f * e 2 g o 2 " = 112 Similarly, a2 pe Peas] xy? y? xy | = &(y*) - 9(xy*) 0: 0.1 aie spe Fxfids=& [ vraxcy] - al] | xy axay| = ie ae = & (120) - 9 (112) 46Lastly, to evaluate i] vx FA ds s & g 2 Vx Fe 3/ax a/ay a/az xy? y* xty = K(x?) + F(-2xy) + 2(-2xy) a x va sf = -2xy wow {| va raare| | = 2xy dxdy = -72 s 22 © ler for the special case where s is a closed surface. Stokes' Law allows the replacing of [[o- ria s with 47where c is related to the direction of fi by the right- hand rule. STOKE'S THEOREM © PROBLEM 1-30 Verify Stokes' theorem by considering K = yi, - xy and the closed path C shown in the figure. ob 4—-: Solution: First determine $ K+ di by evaluating the c line integrals along the three segments of the closed path. To do this, note that A - dl = y dx - x dy. Then, from atob, x =0, dx=0, A+ dl=0 From b to c, x7 + y? =1, y = VI - x? 2x dx + 2y dy = 0, ay = - 288 = - Sees 2 Re al = VD= x? ax + 4H ox YI-x® VI-x? >I © 1 i i at = [8 = [sin 4| =3 > 0 vI~ xt 0 48From c to a, y = 0, dy =0,A- dl =0 a . [Paar 0 e Thus Nia Now, to evaluate $ A + al by using Stokes’ theorem, c = Az _ aay) |r (BAy _ 2g vee i.e To) ae eed OA, A; T(2- = _ = ox me) Since none of the terms in A have a z component, all terms of the curl with a z drop out, therefore Vx R= Vx (yi, - xij) = -21, For the plane surface S enclosed by C, aS = -ax ay T, Thus (vx BR) + dS = -21, - (-ax ay i.) = 2 ax ay _ _ 1 VI=x? [tox m - a8 - f { 2 dx ay s x=0 Jy=0 2 (area enclosed by C) thereby verifying Stokes’ theorem. © PROBLEM 1-31 Verify Stokes' theorem for the circular bounding contour in the xy plane shown in the figure with a vector field RCheck the result for (a) the flat circular surface in the xy plane, (b) the hemispherical surface bounded by the contour, and (c) the cylindrical surface bounded by the contour. A= -yi, + xd, - zi, = ri y z ¢ - i Solution: Stoke's theorem converts the line integral over the bounding contour L of the outer edge to a surface integral over any area S$ bounded by the contour: ee L s For the contour shown ag = R do i & > ty so that A+ ae R? ag where on L, r = R. Then the circulation is oan c-$ Ka [ oR? ao = 2m? L 0 The z component of A has no contribution because di is entirely in the xy plane. The curl of A is BA aA, a = ilet - af) = 28, (a) For the circular area in the plane of the contour, 50 vxAi xk) + a= 2 [ as, = 2nR? s s which agrees with the line integral result. (b) For the hemispherical surface _ Bate /2e 72 [xm + a5 { i 2i, + i,R? sin 6 de dp s 0=0 /o=0 Use the dot product relation = cos 6 which again gives the circulation as 1/2 (2m 1 c J | R? sin 26 de do = -2nR220S 28 8=0 $=0 (c) Similarly, for the cylindrical surface, the only non- zero contributions to the surface integral are at the upper circular area that is perpendicular to V x A. The integral is then the same as part (a) as V x A is independent of z. @ PROBLEM 1-32 Check Stokes' theorem for F = %(x + y) - 92x? + &xy and the upper hemisphere of x? + y* + 2? = 1, (see figure). Solution: g 9 2 vxF=| a, - ay x+y -2x2 oxy R(x - 0) + 9(0 - y) + @(-4x - 1) 51= & - $y - 2(4x + 1) [oem : a - [ [x - gy - 2(4x + 1)] + fas = = - = . fn ox ay = i gy - 2(4x + 1)) fi Sosti- By Here o is the projection of Z on the xy plane as shown in the figure. The gradient to the surface f = x?_+ y* + z* - 1 is Vf = 22x + §2y + 22z. Then |V£| = V4x? + dy? + 4z? = 2vx? + y? + 2? = 2, and fi = VE£/|VE| = &x + fy + 2z. So (&x - 9y - 24x +] + A = [ke - fy - 2(4x + 1)] + [kx + 9y + 22) =x? - y? - (4x + lz Also, fi - 2 = (1) (1) cos (fi,2) = (x) (0) + (y) (0) + (z) (1) =z, so cos (f,2) =z. The surface integral is, therefore, - ol vI-x? [wx - a - i fee z 1 /y=-VI=x? (ax + 12) SY VI-x? a ea View? Vl - x2) > yt - (4x + Lax { ay = ‘T=x? 1 +I - x = x? dx [ sins 5 VI xly = -/1 > - ax{- SO) aya 52+V71 - x2 y = -vDS x? aro +238 sin YX vI~ x? (4x + 1) dx (2 T= x?) 7 1 -{ aT aw ax - 2 [T= ax -1 -1 st ai f x? ax - 5 { (1 - x? jax -1 -1 1 1 -3f x/T oF ax - 2 [VIA RF ax -1 -1 ta = x2)72y2 ole ~ 2(3) evi xt - ain? x], " = 1 = go- caf -gi-3- (-1) +wis aa co +800) -jo+F-0- ( j+to-n " ola 8 1 via oe Now the line integral. § aoe -§ [Oe + y) ~ 9(2x) + By): [ax + gay + 2az] = -4 L(x + y)dx - 2x? dy] c Let x = cos ¢, y = sin $. Then dx = sin 6 dd, dy = cos ¢ ag Qn i [(cos + sin 9) (-sin ¢ a9) 0 -on a va} a Ri " - 2 cos? ¢d9] = 0-1 ~ 3fsin ¢(cos*$) + 2 sin 612" aon This checks Stokes' theorem for the given case. 54CHAPTER 2 ELECTRIC CHARGES CHARGE DENSITIES AND DISTRIBUTIONS @ PROBLEM 2-1 Find the total charge contained in the cylinder shown if the volume charge density is p = 100072 (x? + y2)7!7* — C/m? The total charge contained within the right circular cylinder may be obtained by evaluating O= Sy a Solution: Since the volume is most easily described in cylindrical coordinates, express the charge density in cylindrical coordinates and integrate in cylindrical coordinates. Since r = (x? + y*)'/?, » can be re- written as 100e7#r-1/2 ° The volume differential in cylindrical coordinates is given by dv = rdrd¢dz, therefore 55oo pav, vol 0.3 /2m (0.1 Q= i J 100e""r~!/*r ar dg az o Jo 2.1le"7ag az | | = J = (fe 100e"*2/3r3/? ab az O20 0 J J © PROBLEM 2-2 In the electrical field today, copper is the most commonly used metal. Consider an electrically neutral pin made of copper of mass m = 2.30 gm., determine the charge q in coulomb of the pin. Given: For a copper atom, nuclear charge = electron charge = +4.60* 107 '® coul/atom, and atomic weight of copper M, = 63.54 gm/mole. (Note: Avogadro's number N, = 6.02 1073 atoms/mole.) Solution: In order to determine the charge q in coulomb of the pin, the number of copper atoms N, in the pin must be calcu- lated first. © Using the relationship as follows: Nox My Na = mass of the pint) am Now, solving eq. (1) for No, x 2.30[g] = x 1022 Hence, = 2,18 x 10? atoms cou: the charge q in coulomb sour 2.18 x 10% [atoms] x 4.60 x 10° "* Ww 1.010% coul. 56© PROBLEM 2-3 Find the total charge within each of the following dis- tributions illustrated in figure 1. (a) Line charge A» uniformly distributed in a circular loop of radius a. (b) Surface charge oo uniformly distributed on a cir- cular disk of radius a. (c) Volume charge p> uniformly distributed throughout a sphere of radius R. (a) A line charge of infinite extent in the z direc- tion with charge density distribution Xd do (1 + (2/a)7] (e) The electron cloud around the positively charged nucleus Q in the hydrogen atom is simply modeled as the spherically symmetric distribution en2r/a e(r) where a is called the Bohr radius. Solution: (a) For a line charge in a circular loop, rd9, therefore " 2m | roads = 2maro a= { nal L 0 (b) Using ds = rdrd¢ for a surface charge distribution, the following is obtained: aan q= I odS = J J oordrdd = wa*o9 s x=0 /o=0 (c) For a spherical volume charge distribution, dv = r*sinédrdedd, thus por*sinddrdedg q i pav = ae | (a4) For a line charge in the z direction, dl = dz and applying the formula, (= Agdz we [1+(2/a)*] q= |, dal = = Aga tan7} oF(e) Again using dv = r?sinédrded¢ for a spherical charge distribution, the total charge in the cloud is y y 2 do oe Po (b) (c) t t 9 : aes 3 | -2r/a p- Bre 6 : x + : (a) 3) Fig. 1 Charge distributions: (a) Uniformly distributed line charge on a circular loop. (b) Uniformly distributed surface charge on a circular disk. (c) Uniformly dis- tributed volume charge throughout a sphere. (a) Non- uniform line charge distribution. (e) Smooth radially dependent volume charge distribution throughout all space, as a simple model of the electron cloud around the positively charged nucleus of the hydrogen atom. 2. 78/8, 2singar a8 ad 58COULOMB'S LAW © PROBLEM 2 In the figure shown below, determine the resultant force R acting on the charge qs; by the charges qi and qz. Given: i = nem? 2 Tey = 920% 10°N-m?/coul?, Solution: Since like charges repel and unlike charges attract, the forces acting on q; (i.e., Fi; and F372) are obtained as shown in the figure above. Now, by knowing the Coulomb's Law, i.e., rely aE where d is the distance between qi and qz, |Fi3 | and |F3.| are calculated as follows: 1 193 Wil = qey > yy? = 920X109 [N-m?/coul?]x4.0x107 § [coul]x2.0x107§ [coul (0.08 [m})? = 11.25 N and lea 9.0x10° [N-m7/ coul? ]x2.0x107§ [coul]x3.0%x107 §{coul]} 2 (0.12 {m})? = 3.75.N Now, in order to calculate the resultant force R, all the x and y components of Fi; and Fsz must be considered. (See Fig. 1) 59Hence: Ping + Paoy 13x F,;cos® + Fs2 = [11.25(cos 45°) + 3.75]N = 11.70 N Pisy + F aay = Fissine + 0 [11.25(cos 45°) JN = 7.95 N (See Fig. 2) and the magnitude of the resultant force R VIR, TF(R = = Te FUT. 14,15 N x “ and @ = tan"? ae = tan7'(0,68) = 34.20° wk © PROBLEM 2-5 Three point-charges are located at the corners of a rectangle in free space, as shown in the figure, The scalar values of the charges are: Qi = +3 x 10°C, Qo = -2 x 107°c, Qs = +5 x 107°C._ The dimensions of the rectangle are 3 x 4 cm. Find F;, the force on Qs. Forces on a point-charge. Solution: Establish a Cartesian reference frame with origin at 1 and with x and y in the usual directions. Fy = Faq) + Fs @ From Coulomb's Law Q301 a F3 y= —“2=L (I,cose + I sine) 4neoris * y 12 ae 10 a4} 4) 25 x 10-*(107°/9) * y, = 10.8(4 I, +31) = 43.2 I + 32.4 I x y x y a 60Also = -2:02 Fs a 3 Ame ors -5 x 2x 107% 16 x 10-*(107879) * e900 tee r = - 4¢ 1, = -56.25 I, Therefore F3 = (43.2 - 56.3)T. + 32.4 T x y = (-13.1 T+ 32.42) x y The resultant is 35.1 N (newtons) at an angle of 112°, assuming that the given charges and displacements are integers. @ PROBLEM 2-6 If a sphere of radius a is earthed and positive charges e, e' are placed on opposite sides of the sphere, at distances 2a, 4a respectively from the centre and in a straight line with it, show that the charge e' is re- pelled from the sphere if e'<25e/144. Solution: Let the line of the charges be taken as the x-axis and let the abscissae of the charges e and e' be -2a and 4a respectively. The images of these charges will be charges - Je and - }e' respectively situated av -Ja ana ja- The force on the charge e' in the direc- tion of the x-axis due to the electrification of the sphere and the charge e will be the same as that due to the images and the charge, namely, (6a)? 2(4a + Bay? 44a - Fay?” this will be a repulsion if it is positive, i.e. if oo 2 15? sen on, ome giving e < 3. 61© PROBLEM 2: A negative point charge of 107° coulomb is situated in air at the origin of a rectangular coordinate system. A second negative point charge of 10™* coulomb is situated on the positive x axis at a distance of 50 cm from the origin. What is the force on the second charge? By Coulomb's law the force (-107%) (-107") 4n x 0.5? x 107°/360 = +i3.6 newtons That is, there is a force of 3.6 newtons (0.8 lb) in the positive x direction on the second charge. @ PROBLEM 2-8 The relatively heavy pith ball in the figure has a mass of 1 gram and has acquired 1 percent of the charge on a thin, ebonite rod by contact. If the charge on the rod is concentrated at one end and the distance of the pith ball from that end is 0.1 meter, what is the charge on the pith ball and the tension in the string? charged ebonite rod. — (10-9) (9.8) a Pith ball repelled by charged rod. Solution: Since the pith ball is in mechanical equi- librium, the sum of the forces acting on it must be zero. In the vertical direction, T cos 8 - mg = 0 T cos 8 = ng ql) and in the horizontal direction, 62Tsine-F=0 Tsino =F (2) Dividing Eq. (2) by Eq. (1) yields F = mg tan 0. ‘Thus, the force of repulsion on the pith ball is, F = mg tan @ = (107%) (9.8) tan 30° F = (5.65) (107*)nt ‘The tension in the string is T = F/sin 30° = 11.3 x lo-’nt. If the charge on the rod acts like a point charge in space, then Coulomb's law holds, and Gh) s 5.65(107?) = 9(107) Gay? a= 7.9 x 107? coulomb. The charge on the rod is 7.9 x 1077 coulombs and the charge on the pith ball is 7.9 x 107° coulombs. These results, of course, are only approximate. Coulomb's law as Stated above holds only for point charges in a vacuum, © PROBLEM 2-9 Imagine a long, thin stick (shown in the figure) with a uniform distribution of excess charge on it. sup- pose the total excess charge on the stick is Q. What will be the force of these charges on a charge q at a distance a from the stick along a line through the stick? ec Z a ag ______ Cateutation of force ona charge due toa ious linear distribution of charge. Fig. 1 Solution: Since the charge Q is distributed uniformly on the stick, the force F due to this distributed charge can be calculated by finding the elemental force dF due the elemental charge dQ and then integrat- ing over the entire charge distribution. Thus what is needed is to find an expression that allows the summing 63up of each differential piece of Q, keeping track of its distance from q. A convenient way is to establish a representative element of charge dQ at a distance x from q. The force on q due to this element will be = 7a 9 oF = Grew ya In order to integrate this, it is necessary to relate the size of dQ to the element dx. This is done by using the linear density u = dQ/dx, or dQ =u dx This gives the amount of charge dQ in a length dx. The equation is now ax EO 2 ar which can be integrated. In the simple case of uniform density, u is a constant, Q/L; so the integration is as follows: = 1Q : p+ 70 ob newtons. The positive sign indicates that the force is repulsive when q and Q have the same sign. © PROBLEM 2-10 A semi-circular ring lying in the y-z plane has a charge density p, = Pc cos 8’ coul/m, where @' is the angle measured from the z-axis as shown in the figure. a) Find E for points (x,0,0) along the x-axis. b) Show that for x>>R, the electric field is like that of a dipole, i.e., depends on the cube of the displacement from the charge distribution. 64Solution: From Coulomb's law for a line charge dis- tribution, aoe ple") (r= r') oo, E(x,0,0) = Gey J ieee ae From the figure, r', the distance from the origin to the charge distribution is given by rl = &,R cos 6' + AR sin 6'; x is just the distance from the origin to a point of interest or r = a,x; dt" is just the incremental arc length given by Rdé'. Substituting these into the integral, the following is obtained: E(x,0,0) = 1 f p9cosd' [A x-& Rcosé'-a Rsind']Rde Ameo Iq (de? + Récos*6" + Résin?6*) * 7 Po. R . 2000/0) = grey * TER aes [r a,x cose'de 1 7 - i a,R cos*e'de' - i o 2 Se cinet a a sing'cos6 but 7 J A,cosé'do' = 0 7 291aot = x I, aR cos*e'de' = aR > 1 | aR sine'cose'de' = 0 oy Therefore, the result is OR ee ties gees ee For x>>R E(x,0,0) = 5+ proving that far away from the semi-circular ring, E is like that of a dipole. 65ELECTRIC FIELD @ PROBLEM 2-11 A charge of -107°C is located at the origin in free space. What charge must be located at (2,0,0) to cause E, to be zero at (3,1,1)? Solution: Electric field is a directed quantity. vector method is convenient to use. Locate the charges as shown. Draw vectors Ri and Rz from Qi and Q2 to the point P(3,1,1) in space, then Ri (3- Oa, + (2 - Oa, + CL - OR, Re G- Da + GQ - a, + (1 - O78, where 4, 4, and a, are unit vectors in the x-, y and z-directions respectively, and IRi| = 4? +1412 V1, |®| = 4. The unit vectors in the directions of Ri and R: are respectively eo ee a, = * xy 2 - 3 and co=—+—Ff. the electric field at P is 36n+10° 66-3 7 2 pe UR ee te) Oe ae) P 1079/9 (11) 3/2 107879 (3) 3/2 Now, if E, at (3,1,1) equals zero is required, then the x-component of E, must be set to zero. Therefore -3+107 Qe + Ht - = 0 172 (3) 172 Solving for Q2, . 71072 Q2 = 323782107" = 9 425-1078c. 11vIL © PROBLEM 2-12 Consider a circular line charge in the x-y plane in which p, = ksind. Calculate the electric field on the z-axis. Solution: Let the point P(0,0,z) be the point in ques- tion. Draw a vector R from this point to any point on the ring. Then R = -a a_ - z 4,, where a is the radius of the ring, and = 2 Let x = a cos¢, y = a sind, so that x? + y? 2 The total line charge dQ = p,a db, dl = a dé. Then dB = pya dgap/Ate oR? 67Thus . i kasinoag (~? 4r * 2 0 ame 0 (a2 + 22) 3/2 a - asinga, + z a acos$a,, ¢' 24, . PP kasingdg | ~ aaa E- kad 0 Aneg(a? + 2%) 3/2 om f (a? + 22) 3/2 [ § simon, - (1 - cos2giay + zinea,| Sin 29, cos 2%, and sind all integrate to 0 over an entire period, therefore only the terms without the sine and cosine functions remain in the integral or, 249s pe - (724, __-- __t _s 0 Bre_(a? + 22) 3/7 4eo(a? + 27)3/? ¥ The electric field is directed in the negative y- direction. @ PROBLEM 2-13 Suppose there is a plane area on which charges are dis- tributed uniformly with a surface density o coul/m?. Calculate the field at a point P a distance a from the plane as shown in Fig. 1. Assume that the dimensions of the plane are much greater than a. The electric field at P from a plane distri- bution of charge is obtained by integrating Feet the contributions from concentric ring. 68Solution: Use 1 ag g ane 0 2 to add up the vector contributions of all charges at the point P. Begin by calculating the contribution from the ring of charge of radius r and width dr and then integrate for all such rings that make up the total plane charge distribution. The calculation of the con- tribution of charges on the ring is really a two-dimen- sional integration problem, but because of the symmetry it can be reduced to a simple summation. The contribu- tion of an elementary charge on the ring to the field at P makes an angle 8 with the x axis as shown on the figure. Because of symmetry, however, components of 5 perpendicular to the x axis cancel. Thus one needs to consider only the x components of E at P. Then the field at P due to the ring of charge is ap = i S2mrdr oo 5, aTeo 12 In order to reduce this to a single variable, substi- tute a tan ® = r and a/cos 6 = a sec @ = 1. By dif- ferentiation dr = a sec’ 6 d8. Making these substitu- tions yields, 2 ae = ,- tan & sec? 8 cos 0 one 2ey a = zz, sin 6 ae sec? @ This is the contribution to the field at P from the ring chosen. To obtain the total field at P from all rings making up the plane charge distribution, integrate this expression over the entire plane. The limits of inte- gration are from @ = 0 to 9 = 1/2. Thus, " 9 (? 1/2 : g : sin @ d0 = - 5 [cos 814 ez _Rewtons/coul The resultant field is in the x direction and is inde- pendent of the distance from the plane as long as the plane is very large compared with a. @ PROBLEM 2-14 A ring-shaped conductor of radius a carries a total charge Q as shown in the figure. Find the electric field at a point a distance x from the center, along the line perpendicular to the plane of the ring, through its center.