of METHODS OF 1” SAMPLINGPOPULATION In research terminology the Population can be explain as a comprehensive group of individuals, institutions, objects and so forth with have a common characteristics that are the interest of a researcher. The comman characteristics of the groups distinguish them fram other individual, institutions, objects and so forth. The term universe is also used as synonyms to population. For example, The Researcher wants to know how much stress college students experience during finals, Her/His population is every college student in the world because of the research interest of the researcher. Of course, there's no way that researcher can feasibly study every college student inthe world, so researcher moves on to the next step.SAMPLING ELEMENT Sampling element: is the unit of analysis or case in a population - can be a person, a group, an org, an arrest that is being measure. ... Sample element ~ unit from which information is sought In a true random process, each sampling element has an equal chance of being selected. Sampling unit Elements available for selection during the sampling process.SAMPLING FRAME list of all sampling units available for selection to the sample A sampling frame is a list or ather device used to define a researcher's population of interest. ‘The sampling frame defines a set of elements from which a researcher can select a sample of the target population. Comprehensiveness refers to the degree to AN sams Terme cove ane entire target 4INFERENCE Inference is using observation and background to reach a logical conclusion. You probably practice inference every day. For example, if you see someone eating a new food and he or she makes a face, then you infer he does nat like it. OF if someone slams a door, you can infer that she is upset about something. ws Make interpretations Select Data1 } Sampling MethodsMEANING OF SAMPLING Sampling is the act, process, or technique of selecting a representative part of a population for the purpose of determining parameters or characteristics of the whole population. 1. Sampling is concerned with the selection of a subset of individuals from population to estimate characteristics of the whole population. 2. Sampling is a process of collection of data 3. Sampling is a good representative of the population.DEFINITION OF SAMPLING W. G. Cocharn: “In every branch of science we lack the resources, to study more than a fragment of the phenomena that might advance our knowledge”. In this definition, a ‘fragment’ is the sample and ‘phenomena’ is the ‘population’, The sample observation are applied to thephenomena, i.e, generation. David S. Fox: “In the social sciences, it is not possible to collect data from every respondent relevant to our study but only from some fractional part of that respondents. The process of selecting, the fractional, part is called sampling. ‘Sampling design’ means the joint procedure of selection and estimation. Sampling should be such that error of estimation is minimum.IMPORTANCE OF SAMPLING |. Saves cost! The most basic and important reason of sampling is that it reduces cost of the study: It reduces the cost of their projects, a study based on samples definitely costs lower than conducting a census study. |. Saves time: Sampling saves time of the researcher or the research team. Many-a times the researcher is going to fael pressurized into completing the research project within a certain time limit. This is where the sampling approach is likely to come in handy. Thus by reducing the larger population into smaller subsets and then making inferences for the whole after studying these sariples, the researcher often is able to save a large amount of one of the most critical assets in while-doing research i.e. time. 2. Increases chances of accuracy: Sampling increases the accuracy and reliability of the obtained results. This increases chances of obtaining more accurate and reliable results and al the same time minimizes the amount of sampling error. |. Only way to deal with large populations: Sampling is the only way to go about for collecting data, if the population under consideration contains infinitely great numbers of members. |. Studying whole population can be destructive: If the nature of a test involves the destruction of any jem under study, sampling is the only way that would heip to identify that particular item. . Helpful for inaccessible populations: Sometimes the research researcher may choose a population and then at a later stage realize that some parts are not accessible, he can then select samples representative of the entire population, drawn conclusions and generalize the results ta the whole population.CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD SAMPLE DESIGN . Sample design must result in a truly representative sample. . Sample design must be such which results in a small sampling error. . Sample design must be viable in the context of funds available for the research study, , Sample design must be such so that systematic bias can be controlled ina better way. Sample design should be such that the results of the sample study can be applied in general, for the universe with a reasonable level of confidenceADVANTAGES OF SAMPLING 1, Reduced cost: It is economical. 2, Greater Speed: Sampling is less time consuming than the census technique. 3. Greater Scope: It has great scope and flexibility. 4. Greater Accuracy: Sampling ensure high degree of accuracy due to a limited area of operation. DISADVANTAGES OF SAMPLING b . Less Accuracy: Conclusions derived from sampling are more liable to error. 2. Changeability of units: 3. Difficulties in selecting a truly representative sample: The results of a sample are accurate and usable only when the sample is representative of the whole 4, group. 5. Need f or specialized knowledge: Sampling method requires a specialised knowledge in sampling technique statistical analysis and calculation of probable error.SAMPLING PROCESSSAMPLING METHODS/TECHNIQUES ; a : Non Probability sampling techniques are the techniques in which ro Sete | ‘the researchers select the samples fram the population without : e being included in randomization, t Here the samples might have selected at the discretion of the researcher. In this sampling there is no means of judging the probability of the element or group of elements, of population being included in the sample. aay lig ene HAS Simple random sampling Systematic sampling. Stratified sampling Multistage Sampling Cluster sampling. yee ity Sampling methods include 1. Convenience sampling 2. Purposive/judgemental sampling 3. Quote sampling 4, Snowball sampling.PROBABILITY SAMPLINGSIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING Simple random sampling (also referred ta as random sampling) is the purest and the most straightforward probability sampling strategy. {t is also the most popular method for choosing a sample among ‘aie cata, population for a wide range of purposes. in simple random sampling each member of population is equally AQIbGL likely to be chosen as part of the sample, | tibiae Applicable when population is small, homogeneous & readily | available | it has been stated that “the logic behind simple random samplings that it removes bias from the selection pracedure and should result in representative samples All subsets of the frame are given an equal probability. Each element of the frame thus has an equal probability of selection. A table of random number or lottery system is used to determine which units are to be selected‘Advantages of Simple Random Sampling 1, itis afair method of sampling, and if applied appropriately it helps to reduce any bias involved compared to any other sampling method involved. 2. Since it involves large sample frame, it is usuelly easy ta pick a smaller sample size from the existing larger population. 3. The person conducting the research doesn’t need to have prior knowledge of the data he/ she is collecting. One can ask a question to gather the researcher need not be a subject expert. 4. This sampling method is a fundamental method of collecting the data. You don't need any technical knowledge. You only. require essential istening and recording skills 5. Since the population size is vast in this type of sampling method, there is no restrictian on the sample size that the researcher needs to create. From a larger population, you can get a small sample quite quickly 6. The data collected through this sampling methad is well informed; more the samples better Is the quality of the data. Disadvantages of Simple Random Saipling 1, Ibis important to note that application of random sampling method requires a list of all potential respondents ésampling frame} to’be available beforehand and this can be costly and time-consuming for large studies, 2, The necessity to havea large sample size can be a major disadvantage in practical levels 3. This sampling method is not suitable for studies that involve face-to-face interviews covering a large geographical area due to cost and time considerationsSYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING Systematic random sampling is a method to select samples at aparticular preset interval. As a researcher, select a random starting point between Land | the sampling interval. Below are the example steps to set up a systematic random sample: 1LFirst, calculate and fix the sampling interval, (The number of elements in the population divided by the number of elements needed for the sample.) 2.Choose a random starting point between 1 and the sampling interval. 3:Lastly, repeat the sampling interval to choose subsequent elements,ADVANTAGES OF SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING. 's extremely simple and conveniént for the researchers to create, conduct, analyze samples. *As there's no need to number each mentber of a sample, itis better For representing a population in a faster and simpler manner. “The samples created are based on precision in member selection and free from favoritism *in the other methods of probability sampling methods such as cluster sampling and stcatified sampling or non- probability methods such as convenience sampling, there ore chances of the clusters created to be highly biased ‘which is avoided in systematic sampling as the members are at a fired distance from one anather. “The factar of risk invalved in this sampling method is extremely mininal. ‘in case there are diverse members of a population, this sampling technique can be beneficial because of the even distribution of members to form a sampleDISADVANTAGES ‘Assumes Size of Population Can Be Determined The systematic method assumes the size of the 20p ul rably approximated. For instance, suppose researchers want to study the size of rats in @ given.area. If they don’t have any idea how many rats there are, they cannot systematicatly select:a starting point or interval size. Need for Natural Degree of Randominess ‘A population needs to exhibit a riatural degree of randomness along the chosen metric. if the population has a type of standardized pattern, the risk of accidentally choosing wery common cases is more apparent. For a simple hypothetical situation, cansider a list of favorite dog breeds where (intentionatly.or by accident) ‘every evenly numbered dog on the list was small and every odd dog was large. Ifthe systematic sampler began ‘with the fourth dog and chose an interval of six, the survey would skip the large dogs. Greater Risk of Data Manipulation There is a greater risk of data manipulation with systematic sampling because researchers might be able to. construct their systems to increase the likelinood af achieving a targeted outcome rather than letting the random data produce a representative answer. Any resulting statistics could not be trusted.STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING Stratified random sampling is a method of sampling that involves the division of a population into smaller sub-groups known as strata. Io 4 stratified random sampling. or stratification, the strata are formed hased on members’ shared attributes or characteristics such as . j income or educational attainmentAdvantages: “Stratified Random Sampling provides better precision as it takes the samples proportional to the random population Stratified Random Sampling helps minimizing the biasniess in selecting the samples. “Stratified Random Sampling ensures that-no any section of the popufation are underrepresented ar averrepresented “As this method provides greater precision, greater level of accuracy can be achieved eveh by using small size of sarnples. This saves resources, Disadvantages: “Stratified Random Sampling requires more administrative works as compared with Simple Random Sampling. sits sometimes hard to classify each kind of population into clearly distinguished classes. “Stratified Random Sampling can be tedious and time consuming job to those who are not keen towards handling stich data.MULTI-STAGE SAMPLING Multistage sampling (also known as multi-stage cluster sampling) is a more complex form of cluster sampling which contains two or more stages in sample selection. In simple terms, in multi-stage sampling large clusters of population are divided into smaller clusters in several stages In order to make primary data collection more manageable, tt has to be acknowledged that multi-stage sampling is not as effective as true random sampling: however, it addresses certain disadvantages associated with true random sampling such as being overly expensive and time-consuming. Stes Distt 14 Vig‘Advantages of Multi-Stage Sampling ‘Leéffective in primary data collection from gegraphically dispersed. population when face-to-face contact in required (@.g. semi-structured in-depth interviews) 2.Cost-effectiveness and time-effertiveness. 3.High level of flexibility. Disadvantages of Multi-Stage Sampling ‘High level of subjectivity 2.Research findings can never be 100% representative of population, 3.The presence of group-level information is required,CLUSTER SAMPLING ‘cluster sampling is a’sampling method in which the entire population of the study is divided into externally homogeneous, but interrially heterogeneous, groups called ‘clusters: Essentially, each cluster is a mini-representation of the erttire population. After identifying the clusters, certain clusters are chosen using simple random sampling while the others remain unrepresented in a study. After the selection of the clusters, a ‘researcher must choose the appropriate method to sample the elements from each seleeted group. ‘The process of randomly selecting intact groups, not individuals, within the defined population sharing similar ‘Characteristics, Clusters are locations within which an intact group of members of the population can be found ‘Examples. 1, Neighborhoods 2. School districts 3, Schools 4, Classrooms‘Advantages Very useful when populations are large and spread over a large geographic region ‘Convenient and expedient Do not need the names of everyone in the population Disadvantages Representation is likely to become an issue Cluster sampling vs stratified sampling ‘eos reaction “Leama nceprodson 2 Randomiy selected 2 Random selected ‘as ‘umber toms 2. pin maturaty :Loepens ont rma rear sor ces seen orNON PROBABILITY SAMPLINGCONVENIENCE SAMPLING A convenience sample is one of the main types of non- probability sampling methods. A convenience sample is made up of people who are easy to reach or who are conveniently available to participate in study. The first available primary data source will be used for the research without additional requirements. convenience sampling method can be applied by stopping random people on the street and asking questionnaire questions. Convenience sampling iy ~~ Pare t i Le iia 4,4ADVANTAGES OF CONVENIENCE SAMPLING Convenience sampling is an affordable way to gather data. Itis useful as an intervention ta correct dissatisfaction, This sampling method provides a wealth of qualitative information This research method saves time when gathering data. The research process is easier with convenience sampling. The data is immediately available when using this method. Limited rules exist on haw the data should be gathered. Notations about potential bias can improve the validity of the work DISADVANTAGES OF CONVENIENCE SAMPLING Aconvenience sample doesn’t provide a representative result It is easier to provide false data with a convenience sample Some researchers don’t understand the specificity of convenience sampling challenging to replicate the results of convenience samples. Researcher bias can enter into the sampling technique. ‘Convenience sampling does nat identify subgroup differences. This research method has a significant problem with dependence, NOR RePURPOSIVE / JUDGMENTAL SAMPLING Geneve? Purposive Sampling A purposive sample is a nor-probability sample that is selected based i ‘an characteristics of a population and the pbjective of the study, Purpasive sampling is different from convenience sampling and is also. . known as judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling ry This type of sampling can be very useful in situations when you need ta reach a targeted sample quickly, and where sampling for digaliatigs proportionality isnot the main concern, There are seven types of Seonsomeemn cere purposive samples, each appropriate to a different research objectiveTYPES OF PURPOSE SAMPLING 1. Critical Case Sampling: collecting cases that are likely to give you the most information about the phenomenon yau are studying. 2. Expert Sampling: Sampling to include only those with expertise in-a certain area. 3. Extreme Case Sampling: this technique focuses on participants with unique or special characteristics. 4. Homogeneous Sampling: collecting a very specific set of participants. For example, age 20-24, college educated, male. ‘Manimurn Variation Sampling: collecting a wide range of participants with different viewpoints to study a certain phenomenon, Can uncover common themes, mpling: the entire pop ulation, who share common characteristics, is studied. 7. Typical Case Sampling: allows the researcher to develap a profile abaut what is normal or 2uerane for a particular phenomenon.ADVANTAGES Imgeneral, one major advantage of this type of sampling is that it’s easier to make generalizations about your sample compared to, say, a rajiciom sample where not al participants have the characteristic you are studying. DISADVANTAGES Purposive sampling is sometimes called a judgmental sample, which is a bit ofa misnomer; there's no intended bias. in purposive sampling. However, due to a lack of random sampling, purposive sampling is sometimes open to selection bias and error. Even if you tried to éliminate selection bias to the best of your ability, it can be difficult to defend your choices for participants. Readers of your study. may doubt if the sample was representative.QUOTA SAMPLING In this method, the sample size is determined first and then quota is fixed for various eategories of population, which is followed while selecting the sample. In this method the quota has to be determined in advance ared intimated to the investigator. The quota for ‘each segment of the population may be fixed at random ‘or with a specific basis, Normally such a sampling method does not ensure representativeness of the: population. Example: - Suppose we want to select 200 stuclents, then ‘we rhight say that the sample should be according to the quota given below : Bays 50%, Girls 5036 Then dmang the hoys, 20% college students, 40% plus two students, 30% high school students and 10% elementary school students. A different of the same quota may be fixed for the girs Quota SamplingADVANTAGES: Easy to administer: Fast to create and complete. Inexpensive. Tokes into account population proportions, If desired Can be used if probability sampling techniques are not possible. DISADVANTAGES: “Selection is not random. "Selection ss poses.a problem. For example, you might avoid choosing people who live farther away, or people in rough neighborhoods. This may make the result unrepresentative of ‘the population,SNOWBALL SAMPLING Itrefers to Identifying someone who meets the criteria for inclusion in the study. Selection of additional respondents is based on referrals from the initial respondents Snowball sampling is where research participants recruit other participants fora test or study, It is used where potential participants are hard to find. Ws called snowball sampling because (in theory} once you have the ball rolling, it picks up more “snow” along the way and becomes larger and larger. 4 #d@4 3 ae hel keAdvantages: ‘it allows for studies to take place where otherwise it might be impossible to conduct because of a lack of participants. Snowball sampling may help yau discover characteristics atsout a population that you weren't aware existed. For example, the casual illegal downloader vs. the:for-profit downloader. Disadvantages: ‘it us usually impossible to determine the sampling errar or make inferences about populations based on the obtained sample. Shoiwball sampling is alge known 9s cold-calling, chal sampling, chain-referral sampling, and referral sampling,HOW TO CHOOSE THE BEST SAMPLING METHOD The best sanipling method is the sampling method that mast effectively meets the particular goals of the study in question. The effectiveness of 3 sampling methad depends on many factors. Because these factors interact in complex ways, the "best sampling method is seldom obvious. Good researchers use the following strategy to identify the best sampling method. 1. List the research goals (usually some combination of accuracy, precision, and/er cost). 2, Identify potential sampling methods that might effectively achieve those goals. 3. Test the ability of each method to achieve each goal 4, Choose the method that does the best job of achieving the goals.