Chapter -1

Resources & Development

Resource- Everything Available In our environment which can be used to satisfy our need, provided it is
technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable is termed as Resource.
Resources can be classified in the following ways-
1) On the basis of Origin – Abiotic & Biotic
2) On the basis of Exhaustibility- Renewable & Non- Renewable
3) On the basis of Ownership – 1. Individual 2. Community 3. National 4. International
4) On the basis of Development – 1. Potential 2. Developed Stocks 3. Reserves

On the basis of Origin:

1. Abiotic Resources- All those things which are composed of non-living things are called Abiotic Resources for
Example Rocks & Minerals
2. Biotic Resources – These are obtained from Biosphere and have life such as Human beings, Flora & Fauna.

On the basis of Exhaustibility-

1. Renewable Resources –The Resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical
processes are known as Renewable or Replenishable Resources. For Example, Solar & Wind Energy.
2. Non- Renewable Resources –These occur over a very long geological time. These resources take millions of years
for their formation. For Example – Minerals & Fossil Fuels.
On the basis of Ownership –
1. Individual Resources –They are owned privately by individuals. Many farmers owned land which is allotted by
Government to them. In villages some people have land ownership and many are landless. Urban people own plots
and houses. For Example- Plantation Pasture Land & Ponds etc.
2. Community Owned Resources –These are resources which are accessible to all the members of community. For
Example – Village common Grazing ground, Village ponds etc. Urban areas picnic spots & public parks etc. are
accessible to all people living there.
3. National Resources- Technically, all the resources which belongs to the nation are called national resouces. The
country has legal powers to acquire private property for public good. For Example-Roads & Canals etc.
4. International Resources- Resources regulated by International bodies are called International Resources. For
Example – Ocean & Sea beyond 200 kms of the exclusive economic zone and is called open sea or ocean. No
individual country can utilize these resources without the permission of International bodies.
On the basis of Development –
1. Potential Resources– Resources which are found in a region but have not been utilized. For Example –The western
parts of India particularly Rajasthan & Gujrat have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar
energy but so far these have not been developed properly.
2.Developed Resources- Resources which are surveyed and their quality & quantity have been
Determined for utilization. The development of these Resources depends on technology and level of their feasibility.
3. Stock- Materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but human being does not
have the appropriate technology to access these are included among Stock. For Example – Water is a compound of
two inflammable gases Hydrogen & Oxygen which can be used as rich source of Energy.
Reserves- Resources which are available and the know how to use them is also present but they are yet to be used
are called Reserves. For Example-River water which is not used to generate Electricity.

DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES:
Human Beings used the resources indiscriminately and this has led to the following major problems. • Depletion of resources
for satisfying the greed of few individuals. • Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, in turn, divided the society into
two segments i.e. haves and have nots or rich and poor. • Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological
crises such as, global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.
Sustainable Development – Sustainable economic development means development should take place without
damaging the environment and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future
generation.

STEPS OF RESOURCE PLANNING:

1. Identification and Inventory of Resources – This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative
estimation and measurement of the Resources across the region of the country.
2. To Evolve Planning Structure –It is important to have a planning Structure endowed with appropriate technology
skill and institutional set up for implementing Resource development plans.
3. Matching development Plans – Matching the resource development plans with overall national development
plans.

CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL
ALLUVIAL SOIL – 1. This type of soil is widely spread in the entire Northern Plains.
2. These have been deposited by three important Himalayan rivers i.e. The Indus, The Ganga and The Brahmaputra.
3. This type of soil is found in the eastern coastal plains particularly in the deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna &
Kaveri.
4. This type of soil consists of various proportions of sand; silt & clay and the soil particles appear to be either big
or coarse.
5. Apart from the size of the components of soil, soils are also described on the basis of their age. According to their
age, Alluvial soil can be classified as Old Alluvial (Bangar) and New Alluvial Soil (Khadar)
6. The Bangar Soil has higher concentration of kankar nodules as compared to the Khadar. Khadar has more fine
particles and is more fertile than Bangar.
7. Alluvial soil is very fertile soil and contains adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are
ideal for the growth of sugarcane, wheat & other crops.
8. Regions of Alluvial Soil are densely populated and soil in the dried areas are more alkaline and can be productive
after proper treatment and irrigation.
Difference between Bangar & Khadar
S.No. BANGAR KHADAR
1 The old alluvial soil is known as Bangar. The new alluvial soil is known as Khadar
2 It has higher concentration of kankar nodules. It has lower concentration of kankar nodules as
compared to Bangar.
3 Bangar is less fertile as compared to Khadar. It is more fertile soil.
4 Bangar has fewer fine particles due to which it is Khadar has more fine particles and is composed of new
less fertile. alluvial that is why it is more fertile.

BLACK SOIL: 1. Black soil is also known as regur soil and this soil is black in color. This soil is also known as Black
cotton soil.
2. This soil is ideal for growing cotton and climatic conditions along with parent rock material are the important
factors for the formation of black soil.
3. This type of soil covers the plateaus of Maharashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh and extend in the
south east direction. This type of soil is typical belong to the deccan trap (region) and is made up of lava flows.
4. This soil is made up of extremely fine material i.e. clay material and this type of soil is rich in soil nutrients such
as Calcium Carbonate, Magnesium, potash & lime. This type of soil is poor in phosphoric content.
5. This type of soil is well known for their capacity to hold moisture to develop deep cracks during hot weather
which helps in proper aeration of soil.
RED AND YELOW SOIL: 1. Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall in the eastern and
southern parts of the Deccan plateau.
2. These are also found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and along the
piedmont zone of the Western Ghats.
 3. These soils develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. It looks yellow
when it occurs in a hydrated form.
LATERITE SOIL: 1. The laterite soil develops in areas of high temperature and heavy rainfall. This soil is the result of
intense leaching due to heavy rain.
2. Humus content of this soil is low because most of the micro-organisms, particularly the decomposers, like
bacteria, get destroyed due to high temperature.
3. Laterite soils are suitable for cultivation if provided with adequate amount of manures and fertilizers. This type
of soil is very useful for growing tea and coffee if appropriate conservation techniques are used in hilly areas.
4. Common areas of this soil are Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and the hilly areas of Odisha and
Assam.
5. Red laterite soils which is found in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala are more suitable for crops like cashew
nuts.
ARID SOIL: 1. Arid Soil is widely found in western Rajasthan.
2. The soil range from red to brown in colour.
3. The soil contains considerable amount of soluble salts.
4. This type of soil contain a low percentage of organic matter due to dry climate and high temperature.
5. The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar because of the increasing calcium content downwards. The
Kankar layer formations in the bottom horizons restrict the infiltration of water.
6. The soil is infertile but with proper irrigation, these soils become cultivable as has been in the case of western
Rajasthan. Moreover, the drought resistant and salt tolerant dry crops such as cotton, millets, maize, pulses etc. are
grown.
FOREST OR MOUNTAINEOUS SOIL: These soils are formed due to mechanical weathering caused by snow, rain,
temperature variation etc.
Characteristics / Features
1. These soils are heterogeneous in nature and their character changes with mountains environment and altitude,
2. This soil is deficient in potash, phosphorus and lime.
3. The soil is especially suitable for plantation of tea, coffee, spices and tropical fruits.
4. The soil is loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes. It is acidic with low humus content
in the snow-covered areas. It is fertile in the lower parts of valleys.
5. This Type of soil is also known as mountain soil.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Ques 1. Discuss the problem which have been caused due to utilization of resources?
Ans 1. The problems which have been caused due to utilization of resources are as follows:
1. Depletion of Resources- Over Utilization has led to the depletion of resources for meeting the greed of few
individuals. For Ex – Over utilization of minerals & oil has led to the situation where most of the countries of the
world are facing energy crisis.
2. Concentration of Resources- This has divided the society in to have & have not or rich and the poor.
3. Global Ecological Crisis- Over utilization of resources has led to the global ecological crisis such as global warming,
depletion of ozone layer pollution and land degradation.
Ques 2. Suggest any two ways in which resources can be used judiciously.
Ans 2. 1. Resource Planning
2. Resource Conservation
Ques 3. Sustainability of development is new area of knowledge. Do you agree? Justify your answer.
Ans 3. 1. In my opinion it is not true that sustainable development is a new area of knowledge.
2. Sustainability of development had been the main concern of leaders & thinkers in the past.
3. Mahatma Gandhi was very apt in voicing his concern about the resource development & conservation.
4. Famous thinkers & philosophers supported sustainable development.
Ques 4. What is the importance of natural resource? Why is it necessary to conserve them? Explain.
Ans 4. Importance of natural resource can be explained as follows:
1. Resources are vital for human survival as well as for maintaining the quality of life.
2. Availability of Resources in a region ensures the development of a particular region.
It is necessary to conserve resources because of the following reasons:
1. Most of the resources have limited supply.
2. Over utilization of resources may lead to environmental problems.
3. Over utilization of resources may lead to socio economic problems.
Ques 5. Write four major features of Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit 1992.
1. In 1992, 100 heads of states met in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil for the first Earth Summit.
2. The summit was convened for addressing urgent problems of:
A) Environmental Protection.
B) Socio Economic development at global level
3. The Assembled leaders signed the declaration on global climatic change and the biological diversity.
4. The Rio convention endorsed the global forest principles and adopted agenda21 for achieving sustainable
development In the Twenty first century. It is an agenda to combat environmental damage poverty and diseases
through global co- operation.
Ques 6. What is Agenda 21? Write its aim?
Ans 6. 1. It is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the United Nation Conference on environment and
development (UNCED) which took place at Rio de Janeiro Brazil. It aims at achieving global sustainable development.
2 It is an agenda/ aim to combat environment damage, poverty, diseases through global co- operation on common
interest, mutual needs and shared responsibilities.
3. One major objective of the Agenda 21 is that every local government should draw its own local agenda.
Ques 7.- Distinguish between red soil and laterite soil stating any four points of distinction.

S.No Red Soil Laterite Soil

1. Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in Laterite soil develop in area with high temperature
area of low rainfall. and heavy rain fall.

2. Red soils are found in parts of Orissa and Laterite soil is mainly found in Karnataka, Kerala and
Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle ganga the hilly areas of Orissa & Assam.
plain and along the piedmont zone of the Western
Ghats.

3. Red and yellow soil develop a reddish color due to In laterite soil humus content is very low.
diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic
rocks.
4. Formed by metamorphic and igneous rocks. Formed due to intense leaching.

Ques 8. –Compare Mountainous soil &Desert soil?

S. No Mountainous soil Desert soil
1. It is formed due to mechanical weathering It is formed due to mechanical weathering of rocks.
caused by snow, rain and temperature variation
etc.
2. Due to steep slopes, it is less fertile. It is loose and porous in textures so it is unfertile.
3. It is deficient in potash, phosphorous and lime. It is deficient in organic matters.
4. Wheat, maize and rice can be grown. Millets can be grown.

Ques 9 – Compare Alluvial soil & Black soil?

S. No Alluvial Soil Black soil
1. They are formed by deposition of River. They are formed by weathering of igneous rocks.
2. They are found in northern coastal plain. They are found in deccan plateau.
3. They are fine and very fertile. They are fertile
 4. The Crops that grow in alluvial soil are mainly rice The Crops that grow mainly in black soil is cotton.
and wheat.

Ques 10- Giving suitable Example, Explain the meaning of resource development
Ans 10. Resource development is an effort to develop the resources for human use and satisfaction. For Example,
land is a natural resource but it has to be cleaned of unwanted material and ploughed in order to grow crops.
Minerals have to be taken out from the earth and smelt before they are used for making machinery and implements’
Ques 11 – Why there is a need of resource planning?
1. Most of the resources are limited in supply.
2. Most of the resources are unevenly distributed among the countries.
3. Overutilization of the resources may lead to pollution of the environment.
4. There is need to plan the human resources because only then we would be able to develop our natural resources.
Ques 12 –India has enormous diversity in the availability of resources. Explain
OR
“India is rich in certain types of resources but deficient in some other resources.” Support your answer with
examples.
1. The states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and MP are rich in mineral resources but lack industrialization.
2. Arunchal Pradesh has an abundance of water resources, but lack in infrastructural development. The state
of Rajasthan is very well endowed with solar and wind Energy but lack in water resources. The cold desert area of
Ladakh relatively isolated from the rest of the country due to lack of means of transportation and communication.
3. Most of North eastern states are rich in natural vegetation but lacks in fertile soil.
Ques 13 – The Earth has enough resources to meet the need of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of every one
person. How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss
1. Resources are vital for any development activity.
2. The irrational consumption and overutilization of resources may lead to socio – economic and environmental
problems
3. Indiscriminate exploitation of resources led to global, ecological crisis such as global warming, environmental
pollution.
4. The greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modern technology is the root cause for resource
depletion at the global level.
5. If the present trend of resource depletion by a few individuals and countries continues, the future of our planet
is in danger.
6. There is a need for sustainable development which means development should take place without damaging
environment and development in the present should not compromise with the need of future generations.
Ques 14 – What is meant by Conservation of resources? Give two aims of conservation of resources.
Ans 14. Conservation of resources is a judicious and planned use of natural resources.
Aims of conservation
1. To Check the irrational consumption and overutilization of resources.
2. Aims at a sustained benefit to the present generation and leaving sufficient resources to meet the needs and
aspirations of future generation.
3. To Conserve them for our own sustenance and for the ongoing economic development process.
Ques 15 – India has land under a variety of relief features. Justify
Or
What are the main advantages of India’s land under a variety of relief features?
Ans 15. India has land under a variety of relief features namely mountains, plateaus, plains and deserts
1. About 43 percent of the land area is plain, which provides facilities for agriculture and industry.
2. Mountains account for 30 percent of the total surface area. They ensure perennial flow of some rivers provide
facilities for tourism and ecological aspects.
3. About 23 percent if land area is plateau. It possesses reserves of minerals, fossil fuel and forests.

Ques 16 – How is land a natural resource of utmost importance? Explain With four facts.
Or
“Land is a natural resource of utmost importance” Elaborate the statement with the help of suitable examples
highlighting the value of land resources
Land is an important natural resource because of the following reasons:
1. All economic activities are performed on land.
2. It supports natural vegetation and wild life.
3. Most of the minerals are formed on land.
4. It is used for transport and communication system.

Ques 17 – How are land resource used?

Land resources are used for the following purposes:
1. Forests
2. Land not available for cultivation
(a) Barren and waste land
(b) Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g., buildings, roads, factories, etc.
3. Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land)
(a) Permanent pastures and grazing land,
(b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not included in net sown area),
(c) Cultruable waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years).
4. Fallow lands
(a) Current fallow- (left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year),
(b) Other than current fallow-(left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years).
5. Net sown area:
Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross cropped area

Ques 18 – Describe the factors responsible for soil formation.

1. Soil is renewable natural resource; it is medium of plant growth.
2. It is a living system and takes millions of years to form soil up to few centimeters in depth.
3. Soil forming factors are relief, parent rock, climate vegetation and other forms of life and time, change in
temperature, winds, glaciers, actions of running water etc. contribute to formation of soil.
4. Climate determine rate of weathering and types of vegetation’
5. Slope of land decide the accumulation of soil.
6. Time provides maturity to soil.
Ques 19- How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?
Ans 19. Technical and economic development had led to the more consumption of resources due to reasons as
mentioned below:
1. Higher level of technological development needs more and more resources for production activities.
2. As Gandhi Ji said, that exploitative nature of modern technology is the root cause of resource depletion at global
level.
3. It was primarily the higher level of technological development of colonizing countries that helped them to exploit
resources of other region and establish their supremacy over the colonies. Thus, resources can contribute to
development only when they are accompanied by appropriate technological development and institutional
changes. India has experienced all this in different phases of colonization.
4. Thus, it is true that technical and economical development lead to more consumption of resources. Water
resources are being exploited to expand irrigated area and dry season agriculture. The result as in case of Punjab &
Haryana, the ground water level has gone down creating problems for the farmers.
5. Technical and economic development provides equipments which increases production that lead to the
consumption of more resources. Introduction of sophisticated machinery further helps in exploitation of
resources.
6. The economic development leads to the rise of the needs of people which results into more consumption of
resources.
7. Economic development provides favourable environment for the development of latest technologies which helps
to convert various materials into resources.
Que 20. Distinguish between each of the following:

a) Current fallow and other than current fallow land.

b) Waste land and culturable waste land.

c)Net sown area and gross cropped area.

a) Current fallow land: Land left without
cultivation for one or less than one agriculture
year.
b) Net sown area: The total area under
cultivation.
c)Waste Land: It includes rocky aid and desert
areas which are lying waste at the moment.
a) Other than current fallow land: Land left
uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years
b) Gross Cropped Area: Area sown more than
once in an agricultural year plus net sown area
c)Cultivated Waste Land: A land which is left
uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years

Ques 21. Explain any four human activities which are mainly responsible for land degradation In India. Give any two
suggestion to check land degradation.

Ans 21. a) Mining: Mining is one of the major factors responsible for land degradation. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh,
Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, deforestation due to mining have caused sever degradation.

b) Over-grazing: During the long dry period, grass is grazed to the ground and torn out by the roots by animal. This leads to
loosening of soil and it is easily washed away by rains. In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, M P, Maharashtra over-grazing is one
of the main reasons for land degradation.

c) Over-irrigation: In the states of Punjab, Haryana, Western UP over-irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to
water logging which leads to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.

d) Processing of Minerals: The mineral processing like grinding of lime stone for cement industry calcite and soapstone for
ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil
after it settles down on the earth. In recent years, industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and water
pollution in many parts of the country.

Suggestion

a) Plant more trees.

b) We should not waste paper.

Que 22. Suggest some of the steps which can be undertaken to control land degradation.

Ans 22. Steps which can be undertaken to control land degradation are:

1: Afforestation: The best way to conserve soil is to increase the area under forest. Indiscriminate falling of the trees should
be stopped and efforts should be made to plant new trees in new areas.

2 Restricted Grazing of Animals: Animals should be moved over different pastures so as to avoid erosion of soil. Fodder crops
should be grown in larger quantity.

3)Constructing dams: Much of the soil erosion by river floods can be avoided by constructing dams across the river. This checks
the speed of water and saves soil from erosion

4) Proper farming techniques:

a) Crop Rotation: If the same crop is sown in the same field year after year, it consumes certain nutrients from the soil making
it infertile. Crop rotation can check this type of erosion.

b) Checking and reducing shifting agriculture: By persuading the tribal people to switch over to the settled agriculture

c) Terracing and Contour bounding: The hills slopes is an effective and one of the oldest method soil conversation. Hills slope
is cut into number of terraces having horizontal top and steep slop at the back and in the front. Contour bounding involves
the construction of bank along the contour.

Ques 23. What is soil erosion? Explain the major types of soil erosion prevailing India

Ans 23. “Soil erosion is the removal of soil by the forces of nature like wind and water, more rapidly than various soil forming
processes can replace it.” Generally, there is a balance between soil forming process and erosional process. The balance can
be disturbed by natural or human factors

Types of soil erosion

a) Water erosion: Water is powerful agent of soil erosion. Following are the major types of erosion caused by water-

i)Sheet erosion: When the top layer of the soil is removed over a large area by the running water it is called as sheet erosion.

ii)Rill erosion: This is the second stage of sheet erosion. If erosion continues unchecked for sufficient times, rills or small finger
shape grooves which are few centimetres in depth may develop on the land scape. Over a period of time, the fine rills increase
in number and also becomes deeper and wider, and resemble the twigs, branches and trunk of a tree. This is known as rill
erosion

iii)Gully erosion: This is the third stage of sheet erosion. With further erosion of the soil the rills may deepen and become
enlarge, and are ultimately turned into gullies. The main cause of gullies is the removal of vegetation, particularly of trees with
their wide spread binding roots. Gullies cut up agriculture land and entire area may be turned into a bad land topography.
Gullies erosion is also responsible for formation of ravines.

b) Wind Erosion: Wind is powerful agent of erosion in arid and semi-arid lands with little rainfall. Wind can lift the valuable
top soil from one area and deposit in another area. The wind erosion is very dangerous type of erosion because due to the
wind most of the desert of the world are expanding.

Ques 24. What are the various methods of soil conservation?

Ans 24. Methods of soil conservation:

1) Contour ploughing: Ploughing along the contour lines can check the flow of water down the slopes. It is called contour
ploughing. It can be practised on the hills.
2) Terrace cultivation: Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. It restricts soil erosion. It is practiced in
western and central Himalayas.
3) Strip cropping: Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks
up the force of wind. This method is called Strip cropping.
4) Planting of shelter belts: Planting lines of trees to create shelter also checks the soil erosion. Rows of such trees are
called shelter belts. These shelter belts have contributed significantly to the stabilisation of sand dunes and in
stabilising the desert in western India.

CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL
S.N TYPE FORMATION LOCATION MAIN DEFICIENT MAIN CROPS
O CONTENT CONTENT FEATURES
1. Alluvial Soil It is formed by Located at Rich in Organic and Very Rice,
(Transporte rivers during river valleys Potash, Nitrogenou Fertile Wheat,
d soil) the coarse of of Ganga, Phosphoric s Content Covers Cotton,
long journey. Brahmaputra 40% of Oilseeds
 Divided into , Deltas of acid and area of and
two types: Godavari, Lime India. sugarcane.
i. Khadar Mahanadi, Consists of
ii. Bangar Krishna and various
Kaveri, proportion
Coastal strips s of sand,
of peninsular silt and
India- UP, clay.
Haryana,
Uttranchal,
Bihar, West
Bengal.
2. Black Soil Weathering of Deccan Rich in Lacks in Self Cotton,
(Regur Soil) lava sheets. Plateau, Calcium Nitrogen & Ploughing Tobacco, Oil
Valley of Carbonate, Humus. quality, seeds and
Godavari, Potash, Poor in holds Sugarcane
Krishna, Lime and Phosphoric moisture,
Narmada Magnesium acid. high water
and Tapi, . retention
Maharashtra capacity as
, Gujarat, it is clayey.
MP,
Arunachal
Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu
3. Red Soil Weathering of Eastern parts Rich in Iron Phosphorus Coarse, Wheat,
crystalline of Deccan , Lime, Porous and Rice,
igneous rocks Plateau, humus and does not Cotton,
in the low Southern nitrogen retain Pulses,
rainfall states of moisture. Sugarcane.
regions Tamil Nadu, Requires
Kerala and fertilizers
Chotanagpur
Plateau
4. Laterite Soil Formed by Hill summits Rich in Iron Potassium, Acidic, Coffee,
intense of eastern Lime, Silica, Porous and Cashewnuts
leeching due and western Phosphoric coarse , Rubber,
to heavy rains Ghats, Assam acid, topiaca etc
hills, Nitrogen
Karnataka,
Kerala, Tamil
Nadu,
Madhya
Pradesh
5. Arid soil Mechanical North High Organic Loose, With
weathering in western part proportion matter, porous, irrigation
the hot and of India, of salt humus and coarse and wheat,
arid climate. states are content moisture occupied Bajra,
Formed by Rajasthan, by kankar melon and
wind flowing North nodules, grams etc.
 the soil from Gujarat and Sandy in
another South texture
region. Punjab. and saline.

6. Forest Soil The soil Found in Sand and deficient in The soil is Mainly
texture varies northern Gravel are potash, loamy and forest crops
according to region of the the porous phosphorus silty in
the mountain country in nature , lime., low valley sides
environment mainly in and devoid humus and coarse
where they Himalayan, of humus. content grained in
are formed. Uttranchal, the upper
heterogeneou Arunachal slopes. It is
s in nature Pradesh and fertile in
barrying from J & K. the lower
place to place parts of
and may the valleys.
include peat
soil, meto soil
and hill soil.