Analysis of Loading and Hauling Equipment

Requirements with a Comparison of Monte Carlo

Simulation Methods, Uniform Distribution, Normal
Distribution, And Exponential Distribution

Anton Sudiyanto2, a), Akhmad Al Faradcy1, b), Tedy Agung Cahyadi2, c), Dwi
Poetranto WA2, d), Hendro Suryono3,e)
1
Collect Student, Mining Engineering, Faculty of Mineral Technology, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional
“Veteran” Yogyakarta, 55283 Sleman, Indonesia
2
Lecturer, Mining Engineering, Faculty of Mineral Technology, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran”
Yogyakarta, 55283 Sleman, Indonesia
3
General Manager,PT. Djava Berkah Mineral,Indonesia Stock Exchange Building Tower 1#2802 level 28 Jend
Sudirman Kav 52-53, Jakarta
a)
Corresponding author: anton.sudiyanto@upnyk.ac.id
b
akhmadalfaradcy103@gmail.com
c)
tedyagungc@upnyk.ac.id
d)
dwipoetrantota@upnyk.ac.id
e)
hendro_suryono@yahoo.com

Abstract. Mining activities are complex activities, one of which includes the excavation, loading, and transportation of
materials. In a mining activity, it is necessary to have a production target that must be achieved. from the observation that the
actual production achieved from the combination of loading and transportation means has not yet reached the production target
that must be achieved. therefore, it is necessary to analyze and evaluate the performance of the loading and transportation
equipment used. Time distribution of tools is one of the important components in the productivity of loading and unloading
equipment, therefore it is necessary to analyze cycle times using several approaches and several methods to produce cycle
times that are close to reality in the field. The results of data processing show different results for each method used and have
an impact on nickel ore production. From the results of the analysis and calculations carried out, it is necessary to increase
work efficiency and speed of transportation means so that the resulting product is achieved and exceeds the current production
target.

Keyword : Cycle Time, Productivity, Improvement Opportunity

INTRODUCTION
Mining activity is an attempt to extract minerals that are economical and useful for modern human life.
Therefore, mining activities have a vital role for humans today. Mining activities in North Morowali, Central
Sulawesi Province, precisely carried out by PT. Djava Berkah Mineral as the executor of nickel ore mining
activities owned by PT. Bukit Makmur Istindo Nikeltama. Mining activities include material unloading, loading
and transportation. Mining activities are carried out according to the target the company wants to achieve.
The real productivity of working mechanical devices is often not in accordance with the theoretical
productivity so that it will affect the production target expected by the company. The unachieved production target
that has been set by the company is influenced by the inefficient work system of mechanical tools and the current
low production capability, where the ability of mechanical devices is influenced by several factors such as haul
road conditions, loading patterns, work efficiency, and suitability of loading tools and tools. transport. From
several factors that have been mentioned, the equipment distribution time becomes large enough so that it affects
the production to be achieved.
In its operation, PT Djava Berkah Mineral carries out nickel ore mining using the Komatsu PC 200 excavator
as an ore getting / picking and sorting nickel ore directly in the field, the Komatsu PC 300 excavator as a loading
tool. nickel ore into the conveyances, and UD Quester CWE 370 dump trucks to move material from the mining
location to the nickel ore storage area (Stockpile ETO Ende) with a predetermined production target.
Based on the description above, it is necessary to make efforts so that the production target of PT Djava
Berkah Mineral's nickel ore mining can be achieved. The formulation of the problem of this research is what is
the productivity of the mechanical equipment that works on the loading and transportation of PT Djava Berkah
Mineral's nickel ore at this time, what are the factors that cause the production target of loading equipment and
transportation means not achieved in PT Djava Berkah Mineral's nickel ore mining activities, and what efforts can
be made to target the production of loading and transportation means in the nickel ore mining activities of PT.
Djava Blessing Mineral achieved. In this study, cycle time calculations were carried out using 4 methods, namely
monte carlo simulation, exponential distribution, uniform distribution, and normal distribution. The use of this
method is carried out in order to find out the best method and approach the situation in the field. The limitations
of this study are the activities observed, namely nickel ore mining activities, starting from the unloading of nickel
ore material, loading nickel ore and transporting it to a temporary stockpile (ETO Ende), and it does not involve
cost calculations in the analysis. The purpose of this study is to determine the current productivity of mechanical
devices, to identify the causes of not achieving the target.

LITERATURE REVIEW
In order to analyze the productivity of the loading and transportation means, several technical and non-technical
analyzes are needed. To analyze this, it is carried out using a multiple theory approach, as follows:
Swell Factor
Material development is the change in material volume if the material is changed from its original form.
Material development factors need to be known because what is taken into account in excavation is always based
on material conditions before excavation, which is stated in insitu volume (bank volume). Whereas material
handled in loading and transporting activities is material in loose volume [6].
𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑆𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (1)
𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒−𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
% 𝑆𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 = ( ) × 100 % (2)
𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

Bucket Fill Factor

This bucket filling factor can also be called a bucket fill factor. Bucket fill factor is a theoretical comparison
between the volume of material, the bucket can hold against the volume of the bucket [2]. The greater the fill
factor, the greater the real capability of the tool.
𝑉𝑛
𝐵𝐹𝐹 = 𝑉𝑑 × 100 % (3)
Where :
BFF = Bucket Fill Factor
Vn = The actual volume of the dig-load tool, (m3)
Vd = theoretical volume (m3)
Loading Pattern
1. Top Loading
Figure 1 show the position of the loading device is higher than the body of the truck (the loading device is
above the pile of material or above the level). This method is only used on backhoe loading equipment. In
addition, operators are more free to see the body and place material.
2. Bottom Loading
Figure 2 show height of the loading Equipments and the truck are the same. This method is used on the power
shovel loading tool.
Based on the number of dumptruck positions placed to be loaded with the position of the excavator (commonly
called the loading and unloading pattern), namely:
1. Single Back Up
Figure 3 show the trucks are positioned to be loaded in one place.
2. Double Back Up
Figure 3 show the truck is positioned to load in two places.

FIGURE 1. Top Loading FIGURE 2. Bottom Loading

 FIGURE 3. Single Back Up & Double Back Up
Road Specifications
1. Width
The minimum haul road width used as double lane or more according to "Aaho Manual Rural High-Way"[5]
on a straight road is:
L (m) = n. Wt + (n + 1) (1/2. Wt) (4)
Where :
L (m) = minimum width of haul road on straight road, (m)
n = number of paths
W (t) = width of hauling equipment, (m)
2. Width of Freeway at Bends
The width of the haul road at curves or bends is always greater than the straight road, then the minimum haul
road width at curves[5], width of freeway at bends can be formulated as follows :
W = n (U + Fa + Fb + Z) + C (5)
W = n (U + Fa + Fb + Z) + Z (6)
C = Z = 0.5 (U + Fa + Fb) (7)
Where :
W = Width of haul road at bend (m)
n = Number of paths
U = Vehicle wheelbase, (m)
Fa = Width of front cascade, (m)
U = Distance of the front axle to the front of the truck x sin α (m)
Fb = Width of rear cascade, (m)
α = Front wheel deviation angle
C = Distance between two trucks that will intersect, (m)
Z = Distance of the outside of the truck to the curb, (m)
3. Grade
The grade of the haul road is an important factor that must be observed in detail in the study of the condition
of the mine road. This is because the slope of the haul road is directly related to the ability of the hauling device,
both in braking and in dealing with grades. The slope of the haul road is usually expressed in percent (%) which
can be calculated using the following formula:
∆ℎ
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 (𝛼 ) = ∆𝑥 × 100% (8)
Where :
h: The difference in height between the two points measured.
x: The distance between the two points measured.
Performance Hauling Equipments
Trucks can pass slopes well if the available Rimpull on the truck is equal to or greater than the Rimpull needed
to overcome rolling resistance (rolling resistance), grade (grade resistance),and acceleration. The size of Rimpull
depends on the speed or gear used [6].
Available rimpull can be calculated by the equation:
RP = (375 x HP x EM) / V (9)
Where :
RP = Rimpull, (lbs)
HP = engine strength, (HP)
EM = mechanical efficiency
V = truck speed, (mph)
The size of the rhizome to overcome rolling resistance is sought by the equation:
RP = W x Dr (10)
Where :
RP = Rimpull to overcome rolling resistance (lb)
W = vehicle weight (tons)
Dr = prisoner scroll, (lb / ton)
Rimpull to deal with climbs can be calculated with the following equation:
RP = Wx Dt x K (11)
Where :
RP = Rimpull to deal with climbs (lb)
W = Vehicle weight (tons)
Dt = Rimpull required per% slope (20 lb / ton)
K = slope (%)

Calculation of Statistical Samples in the Field

In the calculation of circulation time samples that have been taken in the field, researchers conducted
experiments calculating the estimated circulation time both loading and transporting tools. Calculation of
estimated circulation time uses 4 methods as follows:
Monte Carlo Simulation Method
Monte Carlo simulation model is a form of probabilistic simulation where the solution of a problem is given
based on a randomization process. This random process involves a probability distribution of data variables
collected based on past data as well as a theoretical probability distribution. Random numbers are used to explain
random events and sequentially follow the changes that occur in the simulation process [16]. The monte carlo
simulation can be formulated as follows:
For x ≤ b:
𝑥−𝑎 2(𝑥 − 𝑎)
𝑤 (𝑥 ) = 𝑤 (𝑏 ) =
𝑏−𝑎 (𝑏 − 𝑎)(𝑐 − 𝑎)
𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑖
2
𝑊 (𝑥 ≤ 𝑥𝑖 ) = ∫ 𝑤 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑎) 𝑑𝑥
(𝑏 − 𝑎)(𝑐 − 𝑎)
𝑎 𝑎

or
(𝑥 𝑖 − 𝑎 )2
𝑤 (𝑥 ≤ 𝑥 𝑖 ) =
(𝑏 − 𝑎)(𝑐 − 𝑎)
and also
𝑥𝑖 = 𝑎 + √𝑊(𝑥 ≤ 𝑥𝑖 )(𝑏 − 𝑎)(𝑐 − 𝑎), 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑤
For x ≥ b:
𝑐−𝑥 2(𝑐 − 𝑥)
𝑤 (𝑥 ) = 𝑤 (𝑏 ) =
𝑐−𝑏 (𝑐 − 𝑏)(𝑐 − 𝑎)
𝑐 𝑐
2
𝑊 (𝑥 ≥ 𝑥𝑖 ) = ∫ 𝑤(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑐 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
(𝑐 − 𝑏)(𝑐 − 𝑎)
𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑖

or
(𝑐 − 𝑥𝑖 )2
𝑊 (𝑥 ≥ 𝑥 𝑖 ) =
(𝑐 − 𝑏)(𝑐 − 𝑎)
and also
𝑥𝑖 = 𝑐 − √𝑊(𝑥 ≥ 𝑥𝑖 )(𝑐 − 𝑏)(𝑐 − 𝑎), 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑤
(𝑥 −𝑎)2
For x ≤ b:𝑊(𝑥 ≤ 𝑥𝑖 ) = (𝑏−𝑎)(𝑐−𝑎)
𝑖
(12)

(𝑐−𝑥 )2
For x ≥ b:𝑊 (𝑥 ≥ 𝑥𝑖 ) = 1 − 𝑊(𝑥 ≤ 𝑥𝑖 ) = (𝑐−𝑏)(𝑐−𝑎)
𝑖
(13)
Where :
a : Minimum value of the sample
b: values often appear / mode on the sample
c: the maximum value of the sample
xi: sample values calculated based on intervals
Uniform distribution modeling methods
A uniform opportunity distribution is a distribution that has the same probability for each event, is not
categorized, and the sample space is not limited [13].
f(x) = 1/(b − a)
 The parameters sought ab
Average Value = (a + b)/2 (14)
Variation value = (b − a)2 /12 (15)
Model made x = a + (b − a)r (16)
For 1 ≥ r ≥ 0 and b > x > a (17)
Where :
A: Minimum value of the sample
B: Maximum value of the sample
r: random number (1 ≥ r ≥ 0)
Exponential Distribution Method
Exponential distribution is a special case of gamma distribution. Exponential distribution is a test used to
make estimates or predictions by only requiring estimates of the population average, because in an exponential
distribution has a standard deviation equal to the average. This distribution is included in the continuous
distribution [21].
(𝑥 ) = 𝛼𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 (18)
The parameters sought 𝑎
Average value 1/𝑎 (19)
2
Variation value created 1/𝑎 (20)
1
The model made is 𝑥 = − 𝑎 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 (21)

For 1 ≥ 𝑟 ≥ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 > 0, 𝑥 ≥ 0 (22)

Where :
 : value derived from 1 / mean
r: random number (1 ≥ r ≥ 0)
Normal distribution method
The normal distribution is also called the Gauss distribution. Gauss observed the results of repeated
experiments, and he found the most frequent result was the average value. Deviations either right or left that are
far from the average, the occurrence of the fewer. So that if arranged then a symmetrical distribution will be
formed. Normal distribution is a statistical tool that is very important for estimating and predicting broader events
[22]. The formulation of the normal distribution can be seen in
1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
𝜎 (2𝜋)0.5
𝑥−𝜇 2
𝐸𝑋𝑃(−0.5(( ) )
𝜎
Parameters to look for µ
Average Value = 2 (23)
Model made 𝑥 = 𝜇 + 𝜎𝑟 (24)
1 ≥ r ≥ 0 and ∞ > x > −∞ (25)
Where :
µ: average of a sample / data
 : standard deviation
r: random number (1 ≥ r ≥ 0)

Cycle Time
Cycle time is the time needed for a tool to produce a work cycle. The smaller the circulation time of a device,
the higher the production. Load Time of Tool Load represents the total time on the loading device, which starts
from filling the bucket up to spilling the load into the conveyance and returning empty[24].
𝑇𝑚1+𝑇𝑚2+𝑇𝑚3+𝑇𝑚4
𝐶𝑇𝑚 = (26)
60
Where :
CTm: Excavator distribution time, minutes
Tm1: Time to dig for material, seconds
Tm2: Swing time with a bucket loaded, seconds
Tm3: Time to load, seconds
Tm4: Swing time with empty bucket, seconds
The distribution time of a dump truck generally consists of the time waiting for the tool to be loaded, the time to
set the position to be loaded, the time to be loaded, the time to carry the load, the time to dump, and the time to
return empty (Louis, 2018).

𝑇𝑎1+𝑇𝑎2 +𝑇𝑎3+𝑇𝑎4+𝑇𝑎5+𝑇𝑎6
𝐶𝑡𝑎 = (27)
60

Where :
Cta = Transportation time of transport vehicle, (minutes)
Ta1 = Time to take a position to be loaded, (minutes)
Ta2 = Time to load, (minutes)
Ta3 = Time of loading, (minutes)
Ta4 = Time to take a position for shedding, (minutes)
Ta5 = When the load was dumped (dumping), (minutes)
Ta6 = Time is empty again, (minutes)

Work Efficiency
Work efficiency is the ratio between productive work time and available work time, expressed in percent (%).
This work efficiency will affect the production capability of a tool. The equation that can be used to calculate
work efficiency is as follows:
Wke = Wt - (Wtd + Whd) (28)
Ek = (We / Wt) x 100% (29)
Where :
We = Effective working time (minutes)
Wt = available working time (minutes)
Whd = Time obstacles can be avoided (minutes)
Wtd = Obstacles cannot be avoided (minutes)
Ek = work efficiency (%)

Load and Hauling Equipment Productivity

The productivity of loading and hauling equipment is the capability of producing loading and hauling
equipment. There are 2 kinds of calculation of tool productivity, theoretically and actually. The theoretical
production of a tool is the best calculation result that can be achieved by a working tool relationship during the
available operating time by taking into account the existing correction factors. The better the level of use of the
tool, the greater the productivity produced[3]. To calculate the productivity of loading equipment (excavators) can
use the following equation:
Qm = (60 / Ctm) x Cm x F x sf x E (30)
Where :
Qm = Loading tool productivity (BCM / hour)
Cm = Bucket capacity (m3)
F = fill factor
Sf = Swell factor
E = Work efficiency (%)
Whereas to calculate the productivity of a hauling equipment (dump truck) can use the following equation [3]:
Qa = (60 / Cta) x Cam x sf x E (31)
Where :
Qa = Productivity of haul trucks (BCM / hour)
Ctm = Load time distribution (minutes)
Cta = Transport time of transport (minutes)
Cam = Actual capacity like a conveyance, formulated: Cam = nx Cm x F
n = Number of loading bucket loaders to fill the conveyance bucket.
 Matching Workload of Transport Equipment and Tools (Match Factor)
Match factor is a number that shows the level of work harmony between two types of equipment, namely the
loading and unloading equipment and hauling equipment. The harmony factor is described as a comparison
between the production of hauling equipment divided by the production of loading and unloading equipment. If
the production of the hauling equipment is the same as the production of the loading and unloading equipment, it
can be interpreted that the two equipment are compatible [25]. Figures of harmony factors can be obtained using
the following formula:
a. Number of loading and unloading equipment used
b. Circular time of the loading and unloading tool
c. The amount of digger loading into the hauling equipment.
d. Circular time (cycle time) of hauling equipment.
The suitability of loading and transporting tools can be formulated with the following equation:
MF = (Na x Ctm) / (Nm x Cta) (32)
Where :
MF = Match Factor
Na = Number of conveyances (units)
Nm = Number of loading devices (units)
CTm = Load time distribution (minutes)
CTa = Transport conveyor time (minutes)
METHODOLOGY
This study used 2 data, namely primary data taken directly in the field and secondary data from the company
where the research was conducted. Primary data is in the form of distribution time, road geometry, time constraints
to work, swell factor,. For secondary data (from the company) in the form of work resistance time, layout map.
After that, the actual data comparison is carried out following the theory used. To find out the research scheme, it
can be seen in Figure 4 as follows:

FIGURE 4. Methodology Model

 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Workplace Conditions
The workplace conditions can be said to be quite humid because nickel ore material usually contains water so
that the working conditions are quite wet and the material is quite scattered as a result of the fall of the ore material
that comes out of the conveyance during the transportation of the nickel ore material as seen in the picture. Based
on observations in the field, the loading pattern used is a single back up method, ie the truck positions itself in one place while
the loading position uses a top loading pattern, which is the position of the loading device higher than the truck bed.The haul
road conditions in the pit area are quite good when the road conditions are dry, the road conditions are dusty and
water trucks are watered, but when it rains, the road conditions become slippery and mining operations stop or
are postponed until the road conditions are quite good as seen in Figure 5.

FIGURE 5. nickel ore mining activities at Pit A site BUMANIK

ROAD CONDITIONS

FIGURE 6. Layout hauling road from Pit A to Stockpile (ETO) Ende

Based on observations the distance between pit A to ETO Ende Stockpile is as far as 2877 m (watch the Figure
6), with quite good road conditions. In this study, the haul road is divided into several sections. Based on the
hauling equipment specifications the width of the conveyance is 2,5 m, so the minimum width of the haul road
that can be passed by UD Quester CWE 370 dump trucks is 8,75 meters for 2 lanes and 5 meters for 1 lane.
Based on the reading of Figure 7, it can be seen that there are still several sections of the road that do not meet
the requirements. So that it causes the queue of the road if the two directions meet each other or reduce the speed
and have an impact on increasing the distribution time of hauling equipment.
Based on measurements in the field, the width of the bend is divided by each section and distinguished
between 2 lanes and 1 lane. for the smallest bend width of 2 lanes of 8.3 meters and 1 lane of 5.4 meters.
Based on the Hauling equipment specifications the width of the conveyance is 2.5 m, so the minimum width of
the bend in the haul road that can be passed by UD Quester CWE 370 dump trucks is 14,357 meters for 2 lanes
and 8,204 meters for 1 lane.
Based on the reading of the graph depicted in Figure 7, between the actual bend width in the field and the
theory, several bends for each section still do not meet the existing requirements. This causes the speed or
acceleration of dump trucks when passing the bend to reduce its speed or increase the cycle time especially dump
trucks.
 The Grade of the road from pit A to the ETO Ende Stockpile varies by section. For the requirements according
to theory, a maximum of 12%, but is presented comparing the actual grade in the field with the maximum grade
accordingly.
From the reading of the graph depicted in Figure 9, according to the theory, with conditions in the field, there
is still a slope that is too high than the theoretical maximum slope requirement. However, the ability of the
conveyance is still possible because the maximum grade limit of the conveyance is 25%. Based on measurements
in the field, the width of the haul road on a straight road for 2 lanes and 1 lane through a conveyance varies in
width. For the width of the 2 smallest lanes is 6,7 meters and for one lane is 5,4 meters.

FIGURE 7. Graphic Comparison of Actual Road Width vs. Theory

FIGURE 8. Graphic Comparison of Actual Path vs. Theory

FIGURE 9. Graphic Comparison of Actual vs. Theory

CALCULATING CYCLE TIME

From the data processing, the results are quite different, because each method has advantages and
disadvantages. After all, the 4 methods are different in each search for the average value and variance, resulting
in a different model in each method. For the estimated distribution time approach in the field, the effect of data
distribution can also produce different results in each method used.
 The results of the processing show that the results of the Monte Carlo simulation method are quite far
compared to the other 3 methods. Because this method uses random numbers, so the resulting model in the load
tool travel time component is very much different from other methods. According to Abelson, 2001 assumes that
the normal distribution will occur in a large group of randomly formed subjects, and does not assume the same
for small groups so that the normal distribution only looks from a group of data with large values. So that the
distribution is more inclined towards the highest value of the existing data distribution. For the uniform and
exponential methods, the results are quite the same so that the difference is in the variance value sought or in
slightly different parameters. From the comparison of data processing that has been done, of the 4 methods that
are almost close to the normal statistical method are the exponential and uniform methods.
From the reading of Figure 10 and 11, it was found that each method used resulted in different distribution
times. From the 4 methods used, it was found that the Monte Carlo method produced a much different value
compared to other methods. In calculating the distribution time of the Komatsu PC 200 loading tool, it is found
that the exponential method is the closest method to the ordinary statistical method. Whereas in calculating the
distribution time of the Komatsu PC 300 loading tool, the uniform method is closer to the three other methods.
From the results of the calculation of the average of all methods used, it was found that the loading time for the
Komatsu PC 200 Excavator was 0,28 minutes and the Komatsu PC 300 Excavator was 0,29 minutes.
From the reading of Figure 12, it was found that each method used produced different results. The Monte
Carlo method produces quite different results compared to the other 3 methods. Of the four methods being
compared, the exponential method is almost close to the normal statistical method. Therefore the exponential
method can be said to be close to the reality in the field in calculating the estimated travel time of hauling
equipment. From the calculation of the average of all the methods used, it was found that the transportation time
was 26,33 minutes.

FIGURE 10. This figure is a comparison of the Komatsu PC 200 cycle time calculated using 4 different
methods compared to normal statistical methods

FIGURE 11. This figure is a comparison of the Komatsu PC 300 cycle time calculated using 4 different methods
compared to normal statistical methods
FIGURE 12. This figure is a comparison of the Komatsu PC 300 cycle time calculated using 4 different methods
compared to normal statistical methods

Effective Working Time

Based on the time available in accordance with company regulations, it is used 24 hours a day. So according
to calculations at the time of research in February 2020 the total time available was 696 hours. Based on the
working time provided by PT Djava Berkah Mineral, in reality, the field hours that have been set by PT Djava
Berkah Mineral are not well realized, this is due to obstacles that have the potential to reduce available work time.
As for the obstacles - obstacles that consist of obstacles that can be avoided and can not be avoided. The time
barriers that can be avoided consist of the operator's needs, stopping work before a break, being late for work after
a break, stopping work before leaving time, heading to the location, warming up the engine, P5M activity and
safety talk, and waiting for the supervisor. While the unavoidable obstacle time consists of rain, fog, maintenance
and repair of tools and road repairs, full stockpile, selective mining activities, shift changes, rest periods, Friday
prayer times, other work, maintenance / breakdown, and removal of material from the stockpile ETO to EFO. So
that the total working time barrier for the Komatsu PC 200 loading device is 393,7 hours, the Komatsu PC 300
loading device is 425,8 hours and UD Quester CWE 370 conveyance 438,4 hours.
Work Efficiency Is the ratio of effective work time with available work time expressed in percent. Based on field
observations, the work efficiency value of the Komatsu PC 200 loading device is 43,43%, the Komatsu PC 300
loading device is 38,82% and the UD Quester CWE 370 trucks is 37,01%.

Production
Based on field observations, productivity of Komatsu PC 200 loading equipment is 50.638,645 tons/month,
Komatsu PC 300 loading equipment is 117.964,007 tons/month, and transportation equipment is 67.811,492 tons
/ month. Based on the calculation, the company's expected production target of 94,000 tons/month has not been
reached.

Match Factor
Based on field observations with the condition of 1 (one) loading and unloading equipment, 1 loading device
and 9 (nine) conveyances, the current factor factor value is 0,38 where the match factor value <1, then the working
factor of the loading equipment (excavator) Komatsu PC 300 is less than 100% which means there is a waiting
time for the loading device.

Improvement
From the results obtained in the field, that the current production is still below the desired target,
improvements must be suppressed and some obstacles in the field can be minimized, as well as improving the
performance of both the loading equipment and transportation equipment used. The alternatives and
improvements made are as follows:
Effective Work Time Improvement
Based on observations in the field there are time constraints affecting nickel ore production. Based on that, it
is necessary to improve time effectively by reducing the time of work obstacles that can be reduced or minimized
the time available. By making these efforts the work efficiency of loading and hauling vehicles can be increased
to:
TABLE 1. Comparison of Efficiency Time Before and After Repair
Mechanical Equipment Efficiency
before after
Komatsu PC 200 excavator 43,43% 48.98%
Komatsu PC 200 excavator 38,82% 44.44%
UD Quester CWE 370 dump truck 37,01% 42.38%
 After improving the effective working time and increasing work efficiency, the resulting production target is
increased, namely for loading Komatsu pc 200 by 57.109,8511 tons/month, Komatsu pc loading 300 by
135.041,7434 tons/month, and transportation for 77.650,6632 tons/month. Based on these calculations, the
calculated production still does not meet the production target to be achieved at 94,000 tons/month.

Improvement of Transportation Circulars

Based on field observations and theoretical calculations. The ability of the conveyance in transporting nickel
ore material from pit A to the ETO Ende stockpile is quite low, seen in circulation when transporting material is
quite long and consistency in moving speed is quite slow. Calculated that the average speed when transporting is
14 km / h. For this reason, it is necessary to improve the increase in transport speed so that the transport time of
the conveyance can be reduced. After theoretical calculations the transport speed when mutated can increase by
19 km / h. so the transport time of the conveyance becomes 17,21 minutes.

Effective Cycle Time and Work Time Improvement

With increasing cycle time and effective work time, the company's production target can be increased. As for
productivity after improvements to cycle time and effective working time the productivity of the conveyance
increased to 115,269.8857 Tons / month. By using this alternative, the company's expected production target of
94,000 Tons / Month has exceeded the target, so this alternative can be used so that the company's expected
production can be achieved.
Match Factor After Improvement
After improving the speed of the transportation means, the circulation time of the hauling equipment is
reduced and it affects the compatibility factor value of the loading and hauling tool. So that the value Match Factor
increases from 0.38 to 0.57. The value of 0.57 is still below MF <1, so the loading equipment is still waiting for
hauling equipment.

CONCLUSIONS
Nickel ore production in current research is influenced by the high delivery time of the conveyance. The high
transportation time of the conveyance is caused by the geometry of the mining road which still does not meet the
requirements according to the theory put forward by several experts [1,4,5,14]. After carrying out the distribution
time of the loading equipment and transportation means, the conclusion is that the exponential distribution method
is more suitable. the effect of work barriers is also quite influencing the resulting production, therefore after
repairing the working time and increasing the speed of the transportation means, the resulting product can be
achieved at 115,269,885 tons/month.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author thanks the leadership along with staff on duty at PT. Djava Berkah Mineral and PT. Bukit Makmur
Istindo Nikeltama who have provided opportunities and guidance related to this research. Then, the authors would
like to thank UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta especially to the Mining Engineering Department, Faculty of Mineral
Technology who has supported it financially through research funding, and the opportunity given to publish this
manuscript.
REFRENCES
[1] Hartman H, 1987, Introductory Mining Enginering. The University of Alabama, Tuscaloska Alabama.
[2] Partanto, Projosumarto, 1995, Pemindahan Tanah Mekanis. Departemen Tambang, Institut Teknologi
Bandung. Bandung.(in Indonesia language)
[3] Pfleider, EP, 1972, “Surface Mining”, 1st Edition, The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and
Petroleum Engineers, Inc., New York, USA.
[4] Nichols, Jr, Hebert, 1962, “Moving The Earth”. Second Edition, New York, USA.
[5] Kaufman, Walter W and James, C Ault, 1977, “ Design of Surface Mine Haulage Roads”, Washington,
USA.
[6] Yanto Indonesianto, 2013, Pemindahan Tanah Mekanis, Program Studi Teknik Pertambangan, UPN
“Veteran” Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta. (in Indonesia language)
[7] Peter mckellar, 1957, imagination and thinking: a psychological analysis, p.2.
[8] Kenneth O. May, 1962, elements of modern mathematics, pagina title.
[9] David bergamini, “the language of sience”, dalam Michael w. alssid & William kenney, eds., the world of
ideas : essays for study, 1964, p. 552.
[10] Mortimer j. adler, 1959, how to read a book : the art of getting liberal education, 5th ed., p. 284.
[11] Alfred Cyril ewing, 1962, the fundamental questions of philosophy, p. 24.
[12] Ronald E. Walpole, Pegantar Statistik edisi ke-3, Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. (in Indonesia
language)
[13] Moh. Yamin Darsyah, Dwi Haryo Ismunarti, 2013, JURNAL ILMIAH PERBANDINGAN KURVA PADA
DISTRIBUSI UNIFORM DAN DISTRIBUSI BINOMIAL. Program Studi S1 Statistika Universitas
Muhammadiyah Semarang, Jl. Kedung Mundu Raya no 18 Semarang; Jurusan Ilmu Kelautan, Fakultas
Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, UNDIP. (in Indonesia language)
[14] Peter Darling, 2011, SME MINING ENGINEERING HANDBOOK THIRD EDITION, Society For Mining
Metallurgy and Exploration. United States of America
[15] Nday, I.N.M. and Thomas, H, 2019, Optimization of the cycle time to increase productivity at Ruashi
Mining. The Southern African Insitute of Mining and Metallurgy.
[16] Nasution, Khairun Nizar, 2016. “Prediksi Penjualan Bararang Pada Koperasi PT. Perkebunan Silindak
dengan Menggunakan Metod Monte Carlo”. Jurnal Riset Komputer. (in Indonesia language)
[17] W. Hustrulid, M. Kuchta And R. Martin, 2013, OPEN PIT MINE PLANNING & DESIGN 3RD EDITION.
Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton Florida. USA
[18] Caterpillar.,2013, CATERPILLAR PERFORMANCE HANDBOOK Edition 38, Peoria, Illinois, U.S.A.
[19] Caterpillar, 2018, CATERPILLAR PERFORMANCE HANDBOOK Edition 48, ,Peoria, Illinois, U.S.A
[20] Komatsu, 2009, SPECIFICATION & AP-LICATION HANDBOOK Edition 30, Japan.
[21] Kaharuddin, Andi, 2018, DISTRIBUSI EKSPONENSIAL, Universitas Islam Alauddin Makassar,
Makassar(in Indonesia language)
[22] Kaharuddin, Andi, 2018, DISTRIBUSI NORMAL, Universitas Islam Alauddin Makassar, Makassar. (in
Indonesia language)
[23] Marsheal Fisonga dan Victor Mutambo, 2017,Optimization of the fleet per shovel productivity in surface
mining: Case study of Chilanga Cement, Lusaka Zambia, Department of Mining Engineering, School of
Mines, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
[24] Christina N. Burt, Louis Caccetta, 2018, Equipment Selection for Mining: with Case Studies, Department of
Mathematics and Statistics The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC Australia.
[25] W.C. Morgan, L.L. Peterson, 1968, Determining shovel-truck productivity. Min. Eng.