Tap chi Epsilon, $6 14, 12/2018 Tuong tu, ta cling cé ue = (Vii + Bios)” nen ky, = (aH + BiVFaoa)* Ta cin 66 Your + Bithos > (OVE + Biv Fm5)” véi moi 2 < i < 2014 (*) Tuy nhién, (*) diing theo bat ding thie Cauchy-Schwarz vi (oy +.B) (a0? + Byr3o:s) 2 (vies + Barons)” > (enV + Bi Faone)* Do dy 1a c: Ti d6 suy rat tiém phan biét nén Ay # Avors <> 2, # canis va dang thite o (*) khong xay ra. cA cdc diém Ap, Ap,..., Arois déu nim dudi ding thing d. Tacé dpem. Cui cing, ta xét bai todin tuong ty sau: Bai ton 4, Ching minh ring tn rai 4037 36 nguyén duong, bao gém ede 88 03,0... 42019 Ia sé hang ctia mét cdp 36 nhdn va by, ba, , baors Id ede sé hang ctia mot edp sé cng sao cho ay < by < ay < dy <<... < ays < bang < aos 1.2. Vé bai todn da thtfc trong dé KHTN ‘Ta xét bai tosin sau trong dé thi cla KHTN Ha Noi Bai todn 1. Tim tdt ed da thite P(2) hé sé thuc sao cho P(x) — Pla?) = ca We. Bai (odn ny thuan ty 1a mot bai ; tuy mhién, ta khong thé lam mot eéch tng quat ngay ti dau dude. Dé xit ly triét dé, ta ding nhan xét quan trong sau: Bé 8, Néu da thite P(x) 18 t6ng eda ft nhét 3 don thnée (Khe bac) thi P2(2r) — P(x?) 06 it nhat hai s6 hang. Ching minh, "That vay, goi ax” +bx” Ia hai don thitc ¢6 bac thip nhat cita P(r) voi m > n > 0: Khi d6, trong P?(r) sé c6 chiia s6 hang 2abr”*". Tuy nhién, vi 2n < m+n < 2m nén s6 hang nay chéc chin khOng thé bi triét ti. ‘Tuong tu néu xét hai dan thie bie cao nit. B6 d8 dude chiing minh. a ‘Trd lai bai toa, ta xét cde truding hop sau 1, Néu PC) = a” thi P2(x) — P(x?) = (a? — a) nén déng nhit hé s6 c6 2n 2018, a? —a=enéne> —} 170Tap chi Epsilon, $6 14, 12/2018 2, Néu P(x) = az" + bx” thi Pac) — P(x?) = (a? = a)?” + 2abe™* + (BF =)” min = gg 2018 thi ph ca 1 va 20! nén ¢ = 2,m +n = 2018, = cx! Vay néu c < —4 thi khong tdn tai da thi thda dé; néu.c > —1,¢ 4 2 thi cé ding mot da thc théa man cé dang ax" véi a? — a = c; néuc = 2 thi o6 ede da thie théa dé 1 1009 p09 gm 4 a ha! véim +n = 2018, m,n € N. Bai todn khé mhe nhang, Tiép theo, ta xét mot bai toan tung ty trong dé thi chon déi tuyén cia TPHCM 2014: Bai todn 2, Tim tdt ed da thite P(«), Q(x) hé sé nguyén sao cho P(Q(z)) = 2" + 20142 + 1,Vr € R. Bai nay cing twong ty bai trén 1 phi tim cach thu hep s6 trudng hop cin xét khi ddng nhdt hé 6; nhuing khé hon 6 ché ta khong thé ding thudn tiy dai s6 dé lam didu 46, ‘Ta xit ly nb sau: Dao him hai vé, ta c6 Y (x) - P'(Q(2)) = 2013"? + 2014 ‘Ding tiéu chuan Eisenstein ting véi sé nguyén t6 p = 2, ta od vé phai bat kha quy. Do dé, néu deg P(x) > 1,deg Q(x) > 1 thi v6 ly. Vi thé nén chi cin xét trutig hop deg P(x) = 1 hoe deg Q(z) = Bai toan dén dé chi can xét trudng hop va lam cn than cac bude ding nhat hé 6 1a dude, Dit c6 nbiéu kj thuat di kem bai ton vé da thie nhung vige ding nbét bic, hé sé cia da thie vin Ii c6ng cy thuan tiy va higu qua. Chang han tiéu chudn Bisenstein va dinh ly vé da thitc nguyén ban cing duge ching minh bang dang nhit hé s6 Tiép theo, ta xét bai toan sau vé vige ding nhét he sb: Bai todn 3. Tim tdt ed da thite khdc héng théa man P(x)P(z +1) = Pla? +2 41),¥2 R. ‘Mot Idi gidi kinh dign cia bai nay 1a ding s6 phic, ching minh ring né chi c6 nghiém la = +i. 6 diy, ta xét mot cach tiép can khdc. ‘Tnide hét, x6 rang P(z) vo nghigm vi néu n6 c6 nghiém zr thi cling sé c6 nghiém khéc 1a 13 + 19 +1 > ap. Didu nay cho phép xay dung mét day v6 han nghiém cia P(z), kéo theo P(x) = 0, khong théa do khong xét da thite hing. Ti day suy ra deg P(2) ludn chin va trong, truing hop deg P = 2, ta tim duge P(x) = 2? +1 171Tap chi Epsilon, $6 14, 12/2018 ‘Ta sé chiing minh ring tit c& da thite thda d& e6 dang (2? + 1)". That vay, déng nhat hé s6 bac cao nhit, ta e6 P(x) monic. Dat P(x) = (2? +1)" + Q(x) vi deg Q(x) = m < 2n. Thay vao ding thie da cho [7 4)" + QG@)] (2? + 22 42)" 4 Q@ 4D] =|(@ (2 +1)" Q(w +1) + (2? + 2x + 2)"Q(z) = Q(x? +2 +1). + 0° +1)" +QG@? +21) hay Néu Q(z) = 0 thi ta 6 dpem, Néu khéng thi so sah bic ai vé, ta duge 2n +m = dn = m = In, khéng théa, Bai toan duse gidi quyét. Bing cach tung ty, ta 06 thé gidi duge ofc bai toain sau: Bai tosn 4, Tim tdt ed ede da thite P(x) théa man P(2)P(x +1) = P(22? + 8x +6), Dap s6 la Plz) = (2 + 3)" Bai todn 5, Tim tdt ed ede da thite P(x) théa man P(x? — 4c) = P(x 6), x Dap sb la P(x) = («+ 4)" Cu6i cing, ta xét bai toan kinh dign sau vé ude Luong da thie toin 6. Cho da thite hé sé nguyén, bde chén, monic P(r) sao cho P(n) la s6 chink phuong véi v6 sé n € Z. Chiing mink ring P(x) la binh phucong ciia mot da thiic hé s6 nguyén. Lai gidi, Bai toin trong trang hgp deg P(x) = 2 1a kha quen thudc, nhung v6i bac cao thi Khong dé! Ta cheing minh bé dé sau: B6 dé, Véi moi da thie monic hé Q(2) sao cho 6 nguyén P(x) 06 deg P chin thi tén tai da thite hé sé hitu ty om, (VPG- at) =0 Tat vy. a8 ou) - d= tn VP(2) + Qa) Tan nén clin tim Q dé bac ota tit n thi P(x)—Q3(c) = ax’ + f(x) voi deg f < d. Xét Q(x) = Qo + S27" thi alytt-an 7 ay.) (x) — Q*(z) = P(x) — (Qo(z)+ 52%") =azt (2) — ax*-"Qo(x) — P(e) — (2) = Pla) ~ (Qolz) + $2") +£@) Qo(z) Chi y ring Qo(z) monic nén az“ bi triét tiéu; ngodi ra 2d — 2n +00, Vi M(Q(a,) ~ by) € Z nén ton tai ig dis 1m a8 [Qlay) — 6 <1, ¥i > ip > Qa) Suy ra P(aj) = Q?(ai) voi moi i > ip, digu nay diing vai vo s6 i nén Plc) = Q2(e). Cudi cing, cht y ring néu Q(x) ¢ 2Z[z) thi tén tai m € Z va mQ(-) 1a da thie nguyén ban. Suy ra m?P(x) = (m@Q(«))? ciing [a da thie nguyén ban, v6 ly. Vay nén Q(x) € Zl), bai toan duce giai quyét hoan toan. ao Vi >to. ‘Trén co s6 Idi gidi tren, thit gidi bai toan md ng sau: Bai toan 7. Gid siz P(x) la da thitc hé sé nguyén, monic, sao cho tén tai vd han cap sé nguyén duong (m,n) ma P(n) =m + 3m + 1. Ching minh rang tén tai da thie hé sé nguyén Q(x) sao cho P(x) = QM x) + 3Q(«) +1 1.3. Vé bai todn hinh hoc trong dé Da Nang Dudi day la mot bai todn toan trong dé 6n cia Da Nang (tac gid chinh la thay Trin Quang Hing). Bai ton 1. Cho tam gide nhon khéng céin ABC néi tiép (O) va mét dudng tron (.) cé dink qua A,O cdt AB,AC 6 P,B. Gid sit OB,OF edt (O) 6 M,N. Goi P la diém trén cung BC aiia (0). AP 1 (w) = L va OL edt (0) 6 G,H (diéin G.N cing phia so voi AP). MPNCG = J.NP( BH = I. Ching minh réing khi P thay adi trén duidng trom thi (PL) ludn qua diém c6 dink. Lai gidi. Goi D 1a giao diém khée A cia (w), (O)