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Reading Through the Rising Temperatures

“Nālani and I walk to our small community garden plot in mānoa — the seed packets in

my pocket sound like a baby’s toy rattle — when do they spray glyphosate along the sidewalks?

from kunia to waimea, fifty thousand acres of gmo fields — how will open air pesticide drift

affect our unborn daughter, whose nerve endings are just beginning to root? — we plant seeds in

rows, soil gathers under our fingernails — syngenta, dupont, dow, pioneer, basf, monsanto $240

million seed sector — corn for cattle feed and syrup — runoff turns [our] streams red — poisons

Lo‘i — 50,000 heart sea urchins die off — what will our daughter be able to plant in this paradise

of fugitive dust —” (Perez).

Craig Santos Perez a native Chamoru from the Pacific Island of Guam, writes poetry

about his experiences and in this case about the environmental impact of pollution in his

hometown. He uses his story to connect with the reader and open their eyes to the conditions of

minority groups in the Pacific Islands. Perez’s poem about climate change shows how literature

invokes passion and can cause people to create change in their own lives and society.

After I read my first book about climate change in the summer after my freshman year of

highschool I decided to change my life and live more sustainably. This single book gave me my

“why”; it inspired me to take my first step towards sustainability and inspired my question,

“How does literature impact people's views on climate change and sustainability?”

UC Davis defines climate change as “significant changes in global temperature,

precipitation, wind patterns and other measures of climate that occur over several decades or

longer” (Climate Change Terms). Around the world pollution, CO2 emissions, and unethical and

dangerous practices are all leading to environmental destruction. In California we have seen

firsthand the havoc caused by raging fires, chronic droughts, and hazardous air pollution.

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Climate change and pollution affects each and every person around the world in some way, but

unfortunately only 72% of people in the U.S. believe that climate change is happening (Marlon

et al.). Additionally, this study also found that the national average “of [U.S.] adults who hear

about global warming in the media at least once a week is only 33%” (Marlon et al.). People are

often not exposed to media containing information about climate change or given reasons as to

why they should change their habits. Different forms of media are known to give people different

impressions. For example, news reports can inform people of daily incidents, non-fiction and

scientific reports explain data, and fiction and poetry express issues through emotional

connections.

As I was questioning why news does not create the most accurate view of climate change

and sustainability, I asked Amy Golan, owner of Planet Renu, “What does change people's

perspectives on climate change?”. Through personal experiences she has found that, “The most

effective way to convey information is to provide science, but with a narrative”. Climate fiction

and poetry use science, along with personal stories and dystopian realities to create a connection

between the subject and the reader. This connection allows the reader to feel emotionally

attached to the problem discussed throughout the story. While working at Planet Renu, a refill

store, for the past six months, I have discussed climate change with countless customers, all with

varying and unique perspectives on the subject. Many people come to the store in hopes of

adopting more sustainable practices but have no idea where to start, while others come in

knowing nothing about sustainability at all and want to learn why it is so important. There is a

popular narrative that you can only be sustainable if you are completely zero waste and it has to

be all or nothing. This creates a daunting and often overwhelming situation where people

ultimately give up on sustainability all together. To learn more about why people become more

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sustainable I interviewed Golan; she explained, “When I am educating, or doing workshops… I

am always trying to figure out what to convey to people, because if not why should they change,

why should they do things differently”. She went on to describe how without a “why” people

will not understand the importance of climate change and sustainability. Before becoming more

invested in the climate crisis I did not have much knowledge about how and why to help, other

than switching from plastic to paper straws. Many people understand that there is an issue and

that solutions need to be found, but when it comes to creating personal change, people do not

have the internal motivation to do so. Others believe that climate change is a hoax and has no

scientific backing whatsoever. Although there are thousands of news and scientific reports

explaining the data as to why people should adopt a more sustainable lifestyle, there are also

reports which manipulate the evidence to fit a different narrative. When comparing the news to

climate fiction, Golan described how, “The news is much more exaggerated and not necessarily

hitting truth, fact, and science”. Creating false narratives and exaggerating the truth causes

people to not trust the news and as a result not find their reason why they feel empowered to

change.

A study conducted at Yale University described storytelling as, “an effective way to shift

beliefs and attitudes regarding science and environmental issues” (Gustofson et al.). Telling

stories has been an incredible way to pass on knowledge and teach children life lessons for

centuries. Yale’s study shows that stories can also be used to inform people about climate change

and in fact change peoples views on the issue. The study compared two groups, one which read

climate fiction, and another which read an unrelated story. After the participants had read the

books about climate change the study found that they “had significant positive effects on readers’

climate change beliefs and attitudes… as well as levels of worry, [and] perceived importance”

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(Gustofson et al.). Literature has the ability to develop a sense of urgency regarding climate

change, consequently providing the reader with their reason as to “why” it is important. The

effects of reading about climate change are apparent; people become more empathetic towards

future generations and the problems the human race will face as a result of rising temperatures

and pollution.

Fiction and poetry also have the ability to create empathy for others and the people most

affected by the climate crisis. The New York Times reported a 2013 study that found “‘after

reading literary fiction… people performed better on tests measuring empathy, social perception

and emotional intelligence’” (Hamid). Collectively, people in Western societies are not facing the

brunt of climate change and therefore do not always understand or lack awareness of their

situations. Reading about the challenges others are facing can invoke empathy and allow people

to gain a universal perspective on climate change. Stories of hope, despair, and success can

encourage people to change their ways. Both fiction and poems can “ reveal a bleak vision of the

future which, in turn, can inspire empathy and action in readers now” (Thatcher). Not only can

stories of people's present circumstances impact people's ideas about climate change, futuristic

literature can also create concern about the climate crisis. Literature has the ability “‘to generate

radical empathy, to enlarge our understanding of ourselves and our world, through people and

stories that dramatize what a climate report or news story can’t’”(Kelly-Akinnuoye). Climate

reports cannot emulate the same emotional intensity as literature, they do not create meaning for

climate change or empower people to change their behavior.

Just as climate reports and news programs cannot represent emotion as well as literature,

different forms of literature can create different emotional responses. Each different genre and

category of literature sends “a message in its own unique way: poetry through imagery and

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emotional responses, novels through a longer narrative, and nonfiction through some form of

data analysis”, explained Jumana Esau. Esau completed her higher education in English at UC

Davis and later the University of Cambridge where she explored climate fiction and its literary

strategies. During my interview with her she explained that, “From…[her] own experience, [she]

finds that all writers play a substantial role in helping the public imagine the impacts of climate

change” and although each is important she “generally prefer[s] novels to works of nonfiction,

which is why climate fiction has more heavily impacted” her and the way she interprets the

climate crisis. Esau continued by explaining, “The term "cli-fi" first came into use on April 20,

2013 when NPR did a five-minute radio segment by Angela Evancie on Weekend Edition

Saturday to describe novels and movies that deal with human-induced climate change, and

historically, there have been any number of literary works that dealt with climate change”. Cli-fi

as it is called is science fiction based around climate change and its effects. Readers can learn

about the ramifications of pollution and carbon emissions through stories, poems, and narratives.

Climate fiction “reminds concerned readers of the severity of climate change while compelling

them to imagine environmental futures and consider the impact of climate change on human and

nonhuman life” (Schneider-Mayerson). It allows readers to consider their own impacts on the

environment and empower them to take initiative and create change. In a study done by Duke

University, participants were asked to read climate fiction or a random scientific sample. Out of

the climate fiction readers, “72.3 percent were concerned about climate change either “a great

deal” or “a fair amount” compared to only 57.4 percent of the random AMT sample”

(Schneider-Mayerson). This study demonstrates the importance of climate fiction in impacting

people's beliefs about climate change. Climate fiction undoubtedly has a greater impact on

people as, “most readers attested to the value of cli-fi as a tool for enabling the imagination of

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potential climate futures” (Schneider-Mayerson). The gruesome depictions of what our futures

could potentially look like motivates people to find solutions in their daily lives and for society.

These hypothetical futures can impact people emotionally and cause them to wonder what a

future after climate change could look like. Climate fiction has the ability to give “‘insight into

the ethical and social ramifications of this unparalleled environmental crisis, reflect… on current

political conditions that impede action on climate change, explore…how risk materializes and

affects society, and finally play… an active part in shaping our conception of climate change’”

(Kelly-Akinnuoye). Climate fiction is one of the greatest assets of the climate justice movement

and continues to shape people's perception of the crisis, while also cultivating ideas and solutions

to slow the progression of climate change and potentially reverse the damage already done.

In the 1950’s and 1960’s climate change was a new phenomenon, with only a select few

discussing the ramifications of burning fossil fuels and coal. Although very few news sources

were reporting on the issue, Rachel Carson could see the effects of pollution on the world around

her, this inspired her to “published ‘Silent Spring’” (1962), a trenchant critique of the use of

pesticides in agriculture” (Vint). Silent Spring is now regarded as one of the most influential

books about environmentalism. Carson begins her book with, “‘A Fable for Tomorrow’ in which

Carson depicts a future where a blight destroys all life in Anytown, USA, an outcome that

Carson traces back to disruptions in the ecosystem caused by pesticides.”(Vint). Her use of the

word Anytown for the setting of her story implies that anywhere in the US, or the world, there

could be a town that is hit with such a devastating loss of life. She uses this idea to showcase

how all of us are affected by pollution and other such disruptions in the environment. Along with

word choice, “Carson thus demonstrates the rhetorical power of fictional, futuristic depictions to

shape public understandings.”(Vint). Literary devices have the ability to portray issues in ways

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nonfiction cannot. They shape the reader's perception of the story and create underlying

meanings which prompt further discussion and thought. Carson's work to create an emotional

story from present issues “fostered new ways of thinking about ecological futures, premised on

sustainability” (Vint). Her readers were so invigorated by her story that they were able to spread

her book and the pressing issue of pesticide to the mainstream culture, which scientists were not

able to do through scientific reports. Her book sparked debate in the scientific and political

communities; “these discussions led to new policies that protect our air, our water, and,

ultimately, our health and safety” (Legacy of Rachel). As we can see from Carson's book,

literature holds the power to ignite change in people, scientific communities, and policy.

Literature has the ability to change people's opinions, “ideas spread quickly and more

fluidly than pdf reports, charts and figures” (Kelly-Akinnuoye). I have read many articles and

heard thousands of news reports but none of them have had the emotional impact as reading

literature about climate change. Charts and graphs may portray data and explain the issues we

presently face and may face in the future, but they do not captivate an audience and evoke

passion to create change. Esau also believes literature influences how people respond to climate

change. When interviewing her I asked “How does literature show people the reality of climate

change in a way research papers and news articles cannot?”. She went on to describe how

climate fiction “attempts to relate the large-scale issue of global climate change through an

imagined, microcosmic world. It gives the reader a space to suspend disbelief, but also provides

room for imagining real solutions and fostering hope”. Esau explained the way climate fiction

uses real issues and experiences to relate the facts to people's realities. Creating a space for

people to dream of solutions and endings that are not as dismal as the climate reports make us

assume it will be, allows for the development of a future full of meaningful change.

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Fiction and poetry can be used in many ways to show people the results of the future as

climate change progresses. University of Notre Dame explained in a review of the book How

Literature Changes the Way We Think how, “literature is… a disruptive force, breaking up our

fictions about the world we live in and showing us new possibilities for the future” (Pettersson).

Literature can be used to compose ideas of the future in both positive and negative ways, both

representing possible realities depending on the actions of humans. Poets use language to shape

“visions of the future in order to highlight changes we can make in the present” (Thatcher).

Reading about the possible ramifications of climate change can inspire people to make

adjustments in their own lives and begin fighting for climate justice. In a study done by Duke

University some readers reported that the connections between these abstract futures and people's

current actions reconfigured, “their temporal perception of environmental processes or becoming

aware of the “slow violence” of climate change for the first time” (Schneider-Mayerson). Many

people are unaware of the catastrophe climate change is and will continue to be. When reading

about futures which reflect on our present actions people can be exposed to the reality of our

choices. Others are aware of climate change but do not fully understand the ramifications of their

actions.

Not only is the expression of time important to one's comprehension of climate change,

the perspective of the writing is equally important to producing empathetic responses. Authors

use different perspectives and characters to help, “imagine a voice for what is too easily reduced

to just ‘climate’ or ‘environment’ or ‘the planet’” (Kelly-Akinnuoye). Developing a voice can

help people relate to the crisis in an emotional way which scientific reports do not allow. It

creates a character, a person, for people to form attachments with and as a result are more

compassionate and care about the issues at hand. Literary tools such as “Shifting point-of-view,

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persona, and voice… can help articulate the overwhelming sense we often feel of sheer

destruction” (Balkun). These tools cultivate an emotional connection to climate change and make

people feel less alone in their fears about the future. For thousands of years poets have been

using these tools to respond to current events such as wars and disease. Poems have the ability

to, “act as a witness to phenomena like global warming or highlight how climate change impacts

particular animals or plants” (Thatcher). It creates a bond to the plants, animals, and ecosystems

which can empower people to fight for change to protect the things they now hold dear to them.

One example of how perspective in poetry can influence the reader is in the poem “Diary of Sila

the Sky God” written by Hila Ratzabi. The poem describes a time in the US when there were

extreme winter storm warnings. The poem “operates as a list; it is in the form of a diary entry”

(Balkun). The perspective of the sky god is ironic and speaks to the idea that humans are creating

problems and nature is responding accordingly. There are both elements of levity and seriousness

and gives the reader a different perspective on the issues of climate change. Poems create

emotional connections and “narratives promote a sense of identification with the story characters

and immersion into the world of the story” (Gustofson et al.). Narratives use a character's story

and hardships to foster a relationship with the reader. As the reader becomes more invested in the

character’s journey and the outcome of their situation they become emotionally attached to the

reader's hardships. Often readers can become so empowered by narrative stories that they begin

to fight for others who are suffering from similar situations.

An important part about literature and creating connections to readers is understanding

how the reader's background will impact their understanding of the story and the way they will

interpret it. Some demographic and socioeconomic factors that are important for writers to take

into account include “age, race, gender, sexuality, and education, …familiarity with specific

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narrative forms, taste, or life experiences” (Schneider-Mayerson) all of which can “create a

strong identification with a focal character or resonance with a major theme”

(Schneider-Mayerson). Writers are able to use this knowledge to curate their writing for certain

groups or for the majority of readers. Examples of novels which use their understanding of the

audience to create relatable works include Stranger in a Strange Land (1961) and Frank

Herbert’s Dune (1965), “both novels were embraced by a youthful college audience who saw in

them a reflection of their own anti-establishment value” (Vint). When readers can see themselves

reflected in the literature they are reading they can become more connected to the story and

therefore more connected to the cause, in this case climate change. As well, reading about

different perspectives than our own enables,“ us to see the world through the eyes of people

unlike ourselves and view them more empathetically” (Hamid). Stories about marginalized

groups of people suffering from climate change can open our narrow minded view of the world

and allow us to see the effects of climate change from more than a Western, privileged view

point.

Each of us can only view the world through our own lens, relating situations to our own

past, and having biases due to our history with certain situations. Living in America we are

fortunate to be protected from many of the more extreme consequences of climate change.

Literature, “helps us cope with the current as well as future challenges by changing the way we

think about ourselves, our society and those who are excluded from or marginalized within our

society” (Mack 11). From poetry to science fiction, marginalized groups who would otherwise

not be represented in the media can be represented through literature. This helps their stories

become mainstream as well as opening our eyes to the atrocities they face as a result of climate

change. Writers use these stories to teach the privileged about people who are suffering and in

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desperate need for aid (Kelly-Akinnuoye). They can show us why we need to fight not only for

our futures but for others whose present realities are less fortunate than our own. In 1972 John

Brunner published The Sheep Look Up, a dystopian environmental science fiction novel. His

novel, “scathingly critiques the entrenched capitalist system that simultaneously destroys the

environment and markets products designed to ameliorate the risks caused by contaminated air,

water, and food” (Vint). He uses his writing to recognise the damage that has been afflicted by

colonialism and capitalism as well as ridicule our current economic system. His book touches on

both the privileged and the marginalized groups perspectives of environmental ruin and discusses

the possible future if we continue to over consume and pollute.

Octavia Butler also uses her voice and her own life experiences as an African American

woman to uplift marginalized groups. In her series Parable, “she imagines a future California

beset by massive displacements fueled by climate change” (Vint). While both the grim

possibilities and hope for a better future are portrayed in her novels, her “work demands of its

audience that we confront the difficult task of building communities in the face of loss,

displacement, and tensions about diversity” (Vint). She uses her books to explain to her audience

the importance of unity and understanding in times of hardship. This allows the readers to reflect

on their own judgements of others and how they work with the people around them to create an

inclusive space for climate justice to be serviced.

While most well known climate literature depicts terrifying potential futures as a result of

climate change some novels create futures to inspire us to live more sustainably. Ernest

Callenbach wrote Ecotopia to help readers envision a world in which, “the Pacific Northwest…

seceded from America to establish a new polis defined by sustainability, recycling, minimal use

of fossil fuels, localized food production, and gender equality” (Vint). He uses the perspective of

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a journalist to show how this society is creating a world that could withstand climate change and

that it is possible for monumental social reform to occur. Although it is a ficticious future, it

allows the readers to feel motivated and inspired by a story of a society where they did find

solutions to climate change. The positive emotions he develops impact the reader by making

them feel more optimistic about the future and possibilities for society to change its ways.

Not only are novels able to create change through positive emotions, poetry can also

encourage readers to participate in sustainable practices and fight against climate change. In

relation to, “invoking positive emotions about the environment, poetry has a long and storied

history” (Illingworth). For centuries people have used poetry to spread hope during challenging

times in history. Messages of hope and social justice in poetry, “can increase empathy in readers

and, therefore, can be an effective tool in conveying these urgent messages and changing

behaviors” (Thatcher). Poetry tells stories and spreads ideas through emotional language and

literary devices which in turn give people the encouragement they need to engage in social

reform. It can also help people understand messages that do not innately carry much emotion,

such as science. For example, climate change, “can appear confusing and alienating…Poets and

poetry offer a method of communicating the science of climate change to the wider society using

language that they not only better understand, but which also has the potential to stimulate

accountability and inspire action” (Illingworth). Scientific reports can often use jargon that

non-specialists will not understand and not be able to relate to. Poetry uses language that people

who do not fully understand the science behind climate change will be able to relate to. This

gives them a way to become involved in the movement towards sustainability.

Literature, such as climate fiction and poetry, allows the reader to gain an emotional

connection to a scientific issue. By creating a personal connection to an issue it can make the

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solution seem more feasible. Poetry and climate fiction give people a future, untold story, or

other emotional connection to the climate crisis. As a result, people are more willing to take steps

in the right direction and look for solutions. When I first began to become involved in

sustainability my parents were hesitant to make changes in our home. My parents were not

unaware that climate change was a pressing issue but continued to use plastic ziplock bags and

use harmful cleaning chemicals. They believed in their ways and were skeptical about changing

everything they had ever known. All they knew was what they learned from the news about

plastic water bottles and recycling. I began to read to them small excerpts from the books I was

reading, showing them short stories, and poems. Gradually they began to become more invested

in the climate crisis and sustainability. Together we have replaced our old cleaning products with

new refill options. In fact, they have become so passionate about the issues that they send me

stories about environmental issues. Just as my parents have, we can all be inspired by literature.

Reading about the pain and suffering of others, and glimpses into our possibly devastating future,

allow us to understand the climate crisis in a way we are unable to without the help of literature.

We can discover our passion for change and empathy for others, we can find our “why”.

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Works Cited

Electronic Sources:

Schneider-Mayerson, Matthew. “The Influence of Climate Fiction: An Empirical Survey of

Readers.” Read.dukeupress.edu,

https://read.dukeupress.edu/environmental-humanities/article/10/2/473/136689/The

-Influence-of-Climate-FictionAn-Empirical.

Thatcher, Christina. “How Poetry Can Help Us Understand the Urgency of the Climate

Crisis.” The Conversation, 5 Jan. 2023,

https://theconversation.com/how-poetry-can-help-us-understand-the-urgency-of-the

-climate-crisis-170971.

Gustafson, Abel, et al. “Reading Environmental Literature Can Persuade on Climate.” Yale

Program on Climate Change Communication, 30 Sept. 2020,

https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/publications/reading-environmental-literatur

e-can-persuade-on-climate/.

Illingworth, Sam. “For What We Can Hope to Afford - What Poetry Tells Us about the

Perception of Climate Change.” NASA/ADS,

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EGUGA..21.6949I/abstract.

Illingworth, Sam. “How Poetry Can Help Address the Climate Crisis.” The Conversation,

14 Mar. 2023,

https://theconversation.com/how-poetry-can-help-address-the-climate-crisis-196081

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Kelly-Akinnuoye, Fisola. “How Can Literature Tackle Climate Change?” University of

Birmingham,

https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/climate/climate-publications/new-approach

es/how-can-literature-tackle-climate-change.aspx.

“Legacy of Rachel Carsons Silent Spring National Historic Chemical Landmark.”

American Chemical Society,

https://www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/rachel-carson-silent-spri

ng.html.

Marlon, Jennifer, et al. “Yale Climate Opinion Maps 2021.” Yale Program on Climate

Change Communication, 8 Mar. 2023,

https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/visualizations-data/ycom-us/.

Moore, Rob. “Climate Change Literature That Made Waves in 2019.” Be a Force for the

Future, 20 Dec. 2019,

https://www.nrdc.org/bio/rob-moore/climate-change-literature-made-waves-2019.

Perez, Craig Santos. “From ‘Understory’ by Craig Santos Perez.” Poetry Foundation,

Poetry Foundation,

https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/poems/58639/from-understory.

Reviewed by Anders Pettersson, Umeå University. “How Literature Changes the Way We

Think.” Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, 29 Nov. 2018,

https://ndpr.nd.edu/reviews/how-literature-changes-the-way-we-think/.

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Tdus. “Climate Change Terms and Definitions.” UC Davis, 17 Feb. 2023,

https://climatechange.ucdavis.edu/climate/definitions.

This Bookmark Gauges the Depths of the Human: How Poetry Can Help to ...

https://gc.copernicus.org/preprints/gc-2019-19/gc-2019-19-manuscript-version3.pdf

Vint, Sherryl. “Synonyms of Inspire.” Www.thesaurus.com,

https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/inspire.

Primary Sources:

Esau, Jumana. “Jumana Esau Interview.” E-mail interview. 6 Mar. 2023

Golan, Amy. “Amy Golan Interview.” Personal interview. Mar. 2023

Books:

Mack, Michael. How Literature Changes the Way We Think. Continuum, 2012.

Works Consulted

Electronic Sources:

30th, October. “Climate Change, Power, and Poetry.” Poetry Center, 26 Nov. 2019,

https://poetry.arizona.edu/blog/climate-change-power-and-poetry.

Core – Aggregating the World’s Open Access Research Papers.

https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/80854144.pdf.

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“Craig Santos Perez.” Poetry Foundation, Poetry Foundation,

https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/craig-santos-perez.

Hamid, Mohsin, and Francine Prose. “Does Fiction Have the Power to Sway Politics?” The

New York Times, The New York Times, 17 Feb. 2015,

https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/22/books/review/does-fiction-have-the-power-to

-sway-politics.html.

Lindwall, Courtney. “These Poets Reckon with Drought, Displacement, and Despair-and

Then Make Space for Hope.” Be a Force for the Future, 1 Apr. 2021,

https://www.nrdc.org/stories/these-poets-reckon-drought-displacement-and-despair-

and-then-make-space-hope.

The MIT Press Reader. “A Century of Science Fiction That Changed How We Think about

the Environment.” The MIT Press Reader, 22 July 2021,

https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/century-of-science-fiction-environment-anthropo

cene/.

Moore, Rob. “Climate Change Literature That Made Waves in 2019.” Be a Force for the

Future, 20 Dec. 2019,

https://www.nrdc.org/experts/rob-moore/climate-change-literature-made-waves-201

9.

“Poetry and the Environment.” Poetry Foundation, Poetry Foundation,

https://www.poetryfoundation.org/collections/146462/poetry-and-the-environment.

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“Why Science Needs the Humanities to Solve Climate Change // Brilliant Future // UCI.” //

Brilliant Future // UCI,

https://uci.edu/brilliant/research/climate-change/science-needs-the-humanities-to-so

lve-climate-change.php.

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