ADDITIONAL aU = Includes: Syllabus Mathematical Notation Specimen Papers Formulae & Important Notes Past Examination Questions Latest Examination Papers Answers Based on the latest’ 2008 syllabus i Cate ee er eae a port fe recenra air he le lee rd lara lant ee ete a mcca rakcoapoe lee eee Fag else oe eth ke pty preetyO-LEVEL CLASSIFIED ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS New Edition 2008 © Singapore Asian Publications (S) Pte Ltd except questions extracted from Singapore-Cambridge GCE 0 Level Past Years’ Examination Papers and Syllabus Support Materials Copyright © 2007 Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board All rights reserved, No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sysie, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior peemission ix writing of the Singapore Examination and Assessment Board. 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Printed in Singapore ‘GOOD BOOKS - OUR BUSINESSCONTENTS O Level Additional Mathematics Syllabus _-~---------------------------- i) - (Vv) Mathematical Notation _- -~- -- -----------~-----~~+~-=-=-=++=+=++++++-+ (vi) - G9 Mathematical Formulae (xi) Specimen Papers for examination in 2008 - (SP)1-8 ALGEBRA TOPIC1 Sets --------------+-+ +--+ ++ 2-2 one neneeeeeee es TOPIC 2 _ Irrational Roots (Surds)_------------------------------------ Qu -3 TOPIC3 Inilices ------ ++ -e 0s soe ee eee ee eee ee eee eee eee Gy -2 TOPIC 4 Logarithms ----------------------------------------+----- (41-3 TOPICS Simultaneous Linear Equations -----------++----------------- (S)L-3 TOPIC 6 Solution of Quadratic Equations _----------- (6)1-2 TOPIC 7 __ Simultaneous Linear and Non-linear Equations (7 TOPIC 8 Linear Graphs (8}1 -6 TOPIC 9 Graphs of Linear Absolute Walue Functions ----~-----------~--- (91-2 TOPIC 10 Reduction to Linear Equations -~---------+--++-----+-----+++ Col -4 TOPIC 11 Quadratic Graphs _-- -- -~--~~------~------~------------------ dyi-2 TOPIC 12 Quadratic Inequalities _---~-~------------~-~--~-----------~--- 12)1-2 TOPIC 13 TOPIC 14 TOPIC 15 Roots and Coefficients of Quadratic Equations ------------------ Equations of Circles -------------+-----+----++-+------------+ TOPIC 16 Graphs of y = x" where mis Rational ------------------------- TOPIC 17_ General Graph Sketchin, 71-2 TOPIC 18 Simultaneous Inequalities : Cs} TOPIC 19 Mappings . aon TOPIC 20 Composition of Functions (20)1 - 3 TOPIC 21 Parametric and Cartesian Equations _------~--~--~-------~--------- (11-2 TOPIC 22 Identities --------++-0+ ++ eee ne ee eee eee eee eee (22)1 TOPIC 23 Partial Fractions_------~-------~----~-------------~--------- Q3)1 TOPIC 24 Remainder and Factor Theorem, Solution of Cubic Equations ------ (24)1 -3 TOPIC 25_ Permutations And Combinations ------~-------------~--------- (25)1 -3 TOPIC 26 Binomial Theorem: Positive Integral Index_--------------------- (26)1-2 TOPIC 27_Matrices_--- ----~----~-~-~~---++--- +--+ ee ee ee ee (27)) -5TRIGONOMETRY TOPIC 28 Trigonometric Functions For The General Angle (Q28)1 -2 TOPIC 29. Graphs Of Trigonometric Functions Q29)1 4 TOPIC 30 Trigonometric Identities And Equations -------++-+++++222-222- GO) -2 TOPIC 31 Solution Of Trigonometric Equations ------------------------- GHL-3 GEOMETRY TOPIC 32 Some Geometry Theorems --------=------ 0-255 -0--2 ene eee (32)1-2 TOPIC 33 Circles, Sectors And Segments. --------------------------+--- G3)1-4 TOPIC 34 Vector Geometry ----------------------++--- 2-2 eee sere eee (34)1-5 TOPIC 35 Velocity Vectors ----------------------------------------- GS)1-3 CALCULUS TOPIC 36 Differentiation Of Sum And Product --------+-+---------+----- (36)1 -2 TOPIC 37 Quotient Rule -- - G7) TOPIC 38 Chain Rule - G8) -2 TOPIC 39 Derivatives Of Exponential And Logarithmic Functions G91 TOPIC 40 Derivatives Of Trigonometric Functions -------++-+-+<-+---200+ (40)1 TOPIC 41 Implicit Differentiation ------------------------------------ (iyi TOPIC 42 Tangents And Normals. ---------------------+-++-2+0+205--+ (42)1 -2 TOPIC 43. Stationary Points (43)1 -5 TOPIC 44 Derivatives And Graph Sketching (44)1 TOPIC 45 Derivatives And Parametric Equations --------------------++-- (45)1 -2 TOPIC 46 Small Increments And Approximations ------------------------ (46)1 TOPIC 47 Connected Rates Of Change ----------------+++-+-- 220-2086 Ty -2 TOPIC 48 Indefinite Integrals (481-2 TOPIC 49 Definite Integrals (491-2 TOPIC 50 Plane Areas By Integration - - (Op -4 TOPIC 51 Kinematics (Without Calculus) -+++++++++++++++++---------2- (SIM -2 TOPIC 52 Kinematics (Calculus) ----------------+---------+---------- (52) -2 O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS EXAMINATION NOVEMBER 2007 (N2007)1 -9 ANSWERS (separate booklet) ------++--+-+----+2-5--025--- 7255 e o> Al-AI9 Specimen Papers Topie | » 52 Latest Examination PapersO LEVEL ADDITIONAL MA THEMATICS (4038) SCHEME OF ASSESSMENT Paper: Duration Description. Weighting | Paper 1 | 2h There will be 71 — 13 questions of varying marks and lengths testing more on the fundamental skills and concepts. Candidates are required to answer all questions. ae 80 44% Paper 2 2 Nils There will be 9— 11 questions of varying marks and lengths. Candidates are required to answer all questions. 400 56%CONTENT OUTLINE Knowledge of the content cf the O Level Mathematics syllabus is assumed in the syllabus below and will net be tested directly, but it may be required indirectly in respense to questions on other topics Topic/Sub-topics Content Algebra 1.1. | Quadratic equations and | Include: inequalities + conditions for a quadratic equation to have: (i) two real roots {ii}, two equal roats (ili) no real roots and related conditions for a given line to {i) intersect a given curve (ii) be a tangent ta a given curve (lid) not intersect a given curve + solution of quadratic inequalities, and the representation of the solution set on the number line + conditions for ax? +bx+c to be always positive (or always negative) + relationships between the roats and coefficients of the quadratic equation ar2+bx+e=0 1.2 | Indices and surds Include: + four operations on indices and surds + rationalising the denominator + solving equations involving indices and surds 1.3. | Polynomials Include: + multiplication and division of polynomials + use of remainder and factor theorems + factorisation of polynomials + solving cubic equations 1.4 | Simuttaneous equations | Incluge: in two unknowns. + solving simultaneous equations with at least one linear equation, by substitution + expressing a pair of linear equations in matrix form and solving the equations by inverse matrix method 1.5 | Partial fractions Include cases where the denominator is no more complicated than + (axthyex+d) + (ax+byoxtd)? © (axtbyxt+e2) ai)TopiciSub-topics Content Port | 16 | Binomial expansions | Inctude: | | + use ofthe Binomial Theorem for positive integer n | | + use ofthe notations n! ang (") | | ny | | | + use of the general term (° lab O 0} the sel of positive rational numbers and zero, (x © Q: x > O} the set of real numbers the set of positive real numbers, {x © B: x > 0) the set of positive real numbers and zero, {x € Rix = O} the real # tuples the set of complex numbers a subset of a proper subset of is not a subset of is not a proper subset of union intersection the closed interval (x GR: a < x= b} the is erval (x GR: a= x . Find, without using a calculator, the height of the block in the form (a /2 + 6/3 )m, where @ and & are integers. (N2003/P 1/4) . ably Given that ja + by3) = rr the value of a and of b, (N2004/P2/2) where a and 5 are integers, find, without using a calculator, A cuboid has a square base af side (2 — JJ )m and a valume of (2/3 ~ 3)m’. F nd the height of the cuboid in the form (a + 3 Jm, where a and b are integers. (N2005/P1/4) Express (2— J5 )’- oe in the form p+ g4/5 , where pand g are integers. (N2006/P2/9a} Without using a calculator find, in the form (a + 5/2) cm, the height of the right circular cylinder of volume n(7 + 4/2 ) cm’ whose radius is (1 + V2) cm. (SPO8/P2/6ii) (23TOPIC3 INDICES FORMULAE AND IMPORTANT NOTES 1. The three laws of indices: weer’ weve teaewts y= 2 wastes BG 3. Let a@ and 4 be positive integers ci) Ma xexex.. to a@ factor Gi) (iii) xeed dyer, Ges Gye = 4. Ifyt=x" then y= x 5. 10-a= ake = the digit 1 that is a places after the decimal point 10°= 1 10° = the digit | followed by a zero(s) WORKED EXAMPLES Fin the value of (22)? * @y +" Cy?) IGN)? «fe 8 -@) GySolve the equation 3° + 4°" = 576, 042 = 576 yrs =48 Solve the equation 27 = 2" + 10, (N2000/P2/3a) (a) Find, in its simplest form, the product ofa? +57 and at — ahi +54. (b) Given that 2°? x 57! = 8" = 5* evaluate 10". . . ed Without using a calculator, solve the equation == 4 Find the value of each of the imegers p and g for which (42) * = 2 x 5°, Given that 32> x 45 = ab’, find the value of x and of y. Without using a calculator, evaluate 6*, given that 3°! x 24"! =2""=, Gy (N2002/P2/9) (N2003/P2/2) (N2005/P2/8a) (N2006/P2/9b) (SP08/P2/6i)TOPIC 4 LOGARITHMS FORMULAE AND IMPORTANT NOTES won woe If y>0,a>O0and a#1, x is areal number, and y=a" then x is the logarithm of y to the base a. We write x=log,y. yealss’, If y= 10* then x = logioy = Ig y, the common logarithm of y. If y=e* where ¢ = 2-718281828... then x= In y, the natural logarithm of y. 1g001 = 1201 ig | 1g 10 Ig 100 log,a =Ig 10= Ine log,1 =O log,a=b log, y+ logaz # loga(y + z) and loguyz # logay x logyz log, ¥ + logaz = logayz logy Toe? log, y “logez # loge(y ~ z) and log Jogay —logez = loga> b log,» * (log,y) but logy” = bx log,,y logy * log,yz = loguz log, y X logya = logua = 1 Ify=a* then lg y= 1ga* lgy =xelga ley _ toy = na x o= aiBaseof | G.C.E. Keys in logarithm | notation | calculator of y Iny lag a ee hae PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 1. Solve the equation 1g(20 + 5x) - Ig(10- x) = 1. (N97/P2/4b) 2. Solve the equation 2'*' + 2'=9. (N98/2/5a) 3. Solve the equation Ig(y- 8) + le($ =14Ig(4). (N99/P23a) 4. Solve the equation 2'** = 2+ 10. (N2000/P2/3a) 5. (a) Given that 41 g(x sv) = 1-5 + Igy - 1gy, where x and y are both positive, express, in its simplest form, y in terms of x. (b) Given that p = log.g, express, in terms of p, (i) loge), (Gi) loge8g. (N2000/P2/5e, d) 6, Solve the equations (i) Ig(2x +5) = 1 + Igr, (ii) logay + logy (NO1/P27a) 7. (a) At the beginning of 1960, the number of animals of a certain species was estimated at 20 000. This number decreased so that, after a period of n years, the population was 20 000e* Estimate (i) the population at the beginning of 1970, (ii) the year in which the population would be expected to have first decreased to 2000. (b) Solve the equation 3**'~2=8x3""'. (N2004/P WV 12EITHER) 8. (a) Solve logs(17y + 15) =2 + log.(2y - 3). (b) Evaluate log,8 x logic p. (N2005/P1/7) 9, Variables V and 1 are related by the equation V = 100“, where k is a constant, Given that V=500 when r= 21, find (i) the value of 4, (i) the value of V when r= 30. (N2005/P2/1) 10. (a) Solve the equation Ig(x + 12) =1 +1g(2—») (b) Given that log:p = a, logy = b and 4 =2°, express ¢ in terms of a and b. (N2006/P 1/8) 11. Solve the equation logx(2«— 1) - logy(x? — 2) = 4s. (SPO8/P 1/7) a212. An engineering firm buys a new piece of equipment at a cost of $72 000. The value of this equipment decreases with time so that its value, $V, after ¢ months use is given by V = 72 000.8, where & is a positive constant. The value of the equipment is expected to be $40 000 after 30 months use. G@) Calculate the value, to the nearest $100, of the equipment after 20 months use. The equipment is replaced when its value reaches 4 of its original value, (i) Calculate the length of time, to the nearest month, the equipment has been in use when is replaced. (SPOS/P2/1) 3TOPIC 5 SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS FORMULAE AND IMPORTANT NOTES 1. To solve a pair of simultaneous lincar equations with two variables is to find the co-ordinates of their point of intersection, if any. 2. There is no solution if the lines are parallel and an infinite number of solutions if the lines coincide. 3. ‘There are generally four nongraphical methods of solutions: (i) Equating two expressions Solve: y=3x-4and2y=7+4y Solution: 2(31-4)=7+4xrete, (ii) Substitution Solve: 3p + 8v= I3.and2x=9-I1y Solution: 3p + 4(2x) =13 3+ 4(9 — 11)) = 13 ete. (iii) Addition or subtraction Solve: Sx—3y-=2and &x+5y=9 Solution: Sv—3y=2... (i) axe Spe (x5: 25r—15y (ii)x3; 0 2d4x415y . iii) + (iv) : 49x =37 ete (iv), Two-by-two determinant Solve: ax +hy =e andex+dy =f eb fd ab ed | eof = aaeb Solution: x= Note: If ad — cb = 0 then the graphs of the pair of equations are either parallel or identical. (5)1WORKED EXAMPLES 1. Solve the equations Sx -4y =84 ,2v+3y= 14. st 4 143 nN Solve the equations 2**! —$* = 131, 2*4+5'7 = 13, qelaosy =131 2 a5h2213 From 2(2")-5 From (ii). H+ 45) = we x =7andy=3 3. Given that log, (ay?) = 10 and log ,(x4y?) = 16, find the value of log, J". log (xy?) = 10+ log,x+3log,y = 10 log (x4y7) = 16 > 3 log x + 2log,y = 16 103 16 2 13 32 log x = Egy jog ,x+ logy) +442 G)2PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 1, A particle starts from rest at a fixed point O and moves in a straight line towards a point 4 The velocity, v ms“, of the particle, r seconds after leaving OQ, is given by v= 6 — 6". Given that the particle reaches.4 when f= In 2, find (i) the acceleration of the particle at 4, (ii) the distance O4. (N2005/P1/6) (5)3TOPIC 6 SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FORMULAE AND IMPORTANT NOTES 1, Iax-bMex-d) =O then x= % or #, ed whtJb? dae 2. ax?+br+e=0 then r= WORKED EXAMPLES 1, Find the value of q such that 2788-29"? = § «24-1, 2243 3g =5e2%-1 e222 aoe 549%41 =O sv -9(2") 41 =0 (8+ 27-12-17) =0 W8+2"-1 =O If 2%-1=0 a a = q q =0 Ans: q=~3or0 2. Solve for vif (gu)? = 17 gx +2. 9{lg.x)? =Ilgr+2 90g x)? = 17Igx 0 lgx+1)Ugx-2) =0 IrQiga+t =0 Iflgx-2=0 lex + Igx =2 x =0:774 x = 100 2. x= 0-774 or 100 3. Solve the equation Yx—5 + 444 Vxo5 + ued G—S)r+4) +044) = 45 i? =x- 20 =4]—-x xtax-20 = 1681 -82v+47 Six x (6)1PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS Given that x= |g @ is a solution of the equation 10°**' — 7(10*) = 26, find the value of a. (N97/P2/4c} Solve the equation 9" + 2(9**') = 40, (N99/P2/3b) (i) Sketch the graph of y = Inx. (ii) Determine the equation of the straight line which would need to be drawn on the graph of y = Inx in order to obtain a graphical solution of the equation xe"? = 1. (N2002/P2/8) Solve the equation logex = loga(x— 4) = 2. (N2003/P2/3) Solve the equation logis (3x — 1) = logs (3x) + log. (0.5). (N2004/P2/5) (i) Express the equation 4* — 2"*' = 3 as a quadratic equation in 2" (ii) Hence find the value of x, correct to 2 decimal places. (N2005/P2/8b) (6)2TOPIC 7 SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS WORKED EXAMPLES 1. Solve the equations x? + 2xy + 4y? = 28 and x+2p=6, vty =6>2y=6-x..i) x? + Daye dy? = 28 ox? +x(2y) +P = 28...(ii) From (i) and (ii), x2 +246 -x)+(6-x)? = 28 x? 46xy—a7 4 36= 12vax? = 28 =0 x? -6x+8 =0 (2-4) =o Ifx=2, from (i) y= F(6-x)= $(6~2) = Ifx=4, Ans: x=2,y mlFrom (ii) and (vi) : 3 + (ii)+() z 2 8 a 3. o ae u 5 2 yay g=4 +29 5 Solve the equations 7x —4y = 23 and 49x° — 16y7 = 1081. 49x? — ly? = (Jx—dy 7x + 4y) = 1081 23(7x+4y) = 1081 Ix tdy = 47 ..4i) Tx =4y =23 (i) + (ii) [4x = 70 x = 5...) From (i) and (iii) 5)+4y = 47 4y=12 =3 y Ans: as,y=3. PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS Find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the linex + 2y = 10 and the curve 2y- Fy tx =0. (NO/PI/) Salve the simultaneous equations 3° = 27(3), Ig(x + 25) = Ig5 + Ig3. (N98/P2/5b) (N2000/P 1/1) Find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the line y= 2x + 3 and the curve Solve the simultaneous equations 3x — 2 ox ty (NOL/PI/A) The line 4y =x s curve y= 2x +7 at the point 4 and B. Find the coordinates of the mid-point of the line AB. (N2003/P2/1) Without using a calculator, solve, forx and y, the simultaneous equations B=? =64, 36x (4)! =81 (N2004/P1/3) (n2TOPICS LINEAR GRAPHS FORMULAE AND IMPORTANT NOTES 1. Let Gy, yy) and Blx2, 2) be the end-points of a line segment. (i) Distance from 4 to B= Gi) The midpoint of AB =( (ii) The angle of inclination (0) of a straight line is the angle which the line makes with the positive direction of the axis of x. ‘The constant a (tan @) is called the gradient (slope) of the line, and m will be positive or negative according as to whether @ is acute or obtuse The gradient of a horizontal line is zero. ‘The gradient of a vertical line is infinite. All parallel lines have the same gradient. The gradients of two perpendicular lines are negative reciprocal of each ather. (iv) The equation of the line throug (v) The equation of the feu hare d@-mPeQenF = ym)? 2, Every pair of values that satisfies the equation of a graph is the co-ordinates of a point on the graph and conversely. Every straight line (linear graph) is represented by an equation of the first degree and conversely. (i) Special form: x =a This is a perpendicular line which crosses the x-axis at (a, 0). The equation of the y-a: x= 0. yeb This is a horizontal line which crosses the y-axis at (0, 6). The equation of the 2-axi y= ae This is a line through the origin with gradient m. xtysa This is a line which intersects both axes at points a un from the origin. (ii) Point-slope form: yey, smile xy) where (ey,y1)is a given point and a is the given gradient of the line, * where (x1, yi) and (x2, 2) are two given Gii) Two-point form: points. (iv) Slope-intercept form: y = mm + b where the gradient is ym and the line crosses the y-axis at (0, 5). (8)!18 «, at =] where the graph crosses the x-axis at (a, 0) and the y-axis at (0, 5). a and & are the x-intercept and yintercept respectively. (vi) General form: Ax + By + C=O where A, Band © are constants and A and B cannot be both zero. (Vv) Double intercept fo The set of straight lines » = mx +, where only wi is a constant, is a set of parallel lines which have different y-intercepts for different values of 6. The set of strai mx + 6, where only b is a constant, is a set of lines through ents for differeat values of m The lines Ax + By = C and Ax + By = D are parallel. IfC = D, they coincide, Therefore, the equation of the line that passes through (x), ¥:) and is parallel to 4x + By = Cis Ax + By = Ax; + By. The lines Ax + By = C and Bx — dy = D (or -Bx + Ay = D) ate perpendicular to each other. Therefore, the equation of the line that passes through (), ¥)) and is perpendicular to Ax + By = Cis Bx— Ay = Bry — Avi (or -By + dy = ~Bay + Ay). The general form Ax + By +C=0 can be transform (i) Slope-intercept form: y (ii) Double intercept form: = a : Ifthe equations of the four sides or the co-ordinates of the four vertices of a quadrilateral are known, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram if any one of the following can be proved: (i) All the opposite sides are parallel, i.e. they have equal gradients, (ii) All the opposite sides are equal. (iii) One pair of opposite sides are parallel and equal (iv) All the opposite angles are equal. (v) The diagonals bisect each other. If the four vertices of the quadrilateral are (xy, 1), Gez, v2), (vs, ps) and (xs, ya) ay) = Gs By). ‘The wo intersecting diagonals divide a parallelogram into four triangles with equal areas. A rectangle is an equiangular parallelogram, All the four vertices are rightangled. A thombus is an equilateral parallelogram. All the sides are equal. A square is both a rectangle and a rhombus. successively this amounts to proving that ( The area of atriangle ABC, where A= (ey,y1), B= (ea,y2) and C= (3,93) Xx} x2 ¥3 X) roxgy2—xyys| — units*. is + = deny + xays #31 — x *) yr v2 ya : ‘The area of a polygon with vertices (x, vi), (8 Ya) Cts, IsJealtets Yer) and Gy. ye) Is X} XE X30 Xe Xn XI Bi V2 V3 Vet Ya FL uni (8)2PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS lL A line drawn through the point 4(4, 6), parallel to the line 2) point B. — 2, meets the y-axis at the G) Calculate the coordinates of B. A line drawn through 4, perpendicular to 4B, meets the line 2y = x— 2 al the point C, (ii) Calculate the coordinates of C, (N97/P1/2) Solutions to this question by accurate drawing will not be ¥ accepted. The points 4(-1, 4), B(2, 7), C and DC, 0) are the four vertices of a parallelogram. The point £ lies on BC such that BE = +BC. Lines are drawn, parallel to the caf y-axis, from 4 to meet the x-axis at Nand from £ to mect CD at F. (i) Calculate the coordinates of C and of E. (ii) Find the equation of DC and calculate the coordinates of F. (ii) Explain why AEFN is a parallelogram and calculate its area. (N97/PI/15} Nel Ta. oF The line 2y +x =$ intersects the curve 1° +xy = 6 at the points 4 and B. Find (i) the coordinates of A and B, (ii) the distance 4B. (NO8/PI/1) Solutions to this question by accurate drawing will not be accepted. The diagram shows a parallelogram ABCD in which A is (8, 2) and B is (2, 6). The equation of BC is 2y=x+ 10 and ¥ is the point on BC such that AY is perpendicular to BC. Find () the equation of AX, (ii) the coordinates of XY. Given also thal BC = SBN, find (iii) the coordinates of C and of D, (iv) the area of the parallelogram ABCD, (NO8/PT/11) Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line joining the point (-5, 4) to the point (9, —3). (NOWP T/L) + 23 and is 5 units from the point (2, 0). Calculate the ns of P. (NO9/P 1/9) The point P(x, y) lies on the line 7y coordinates of the two possible posi (8)3Solutions to this question by accurate drawing will not be accepted. The diagram shows the trapezium ABCD in which 4 is the point (1, 2), 2 is G, 8), D is (5, 4), angle ABC = 90° and AB is parallel to DC. (i) Find the coordinates of C. The point £ lies on BD and is such that the area of ACDE is + of the area of ACDB. (ii) Find the coordinates of E. The point F is such that CDFE is a parallelogram. (iti) Find the coordinates of F and the area of the parallelogram CDFE. (N99/P 1/15) The points 4 and B have coordinates (2, 2) and (10, 8) respectively. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB. (N2000/P 1/2) Points A, B and C have coordinates (1, 2), (-2, 6) and (9, 8) respectively. (i) Show that triangle ABC is right-angled. (ii) Calculate the area of triangle ABC. CNOL/P1/2) The line joining 4(5, 11) and (0, 1) meets the x-axis at C. The point P lies on AC such that AP : PB=3 52, (i) Find the coordinates of P. Aline through P meets the x-axis at Q and angle PCQ= angle POC. Find (ii) the equation of PQ. (i) the coordinates of O. clo 6 7 (NOL/P1/3) ‘The line 2y = 3x - 6 intersects the curve xy = 12 at the points P and Q. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of PO. (N2002/P 19) Solutions to this question by accurate drawing will not be accepted. The diagram, which is not drawn ta scale, sh parallelogram OABC where Q is the origin and 4 is the point (2, 6). The equations of OA, OC and CB are respectively. The perpendicular from 4 to OC meets OC ai the point D. Find (i) the coordinates of C, B and D, (ii) the perimeter of the parallelogram OABC, carrect to | decimal place. (N2003/P1/11) = 3x, = $y and y = 3x - 15 (3)4The line 4y = 3x + 1 intersects the curve xy = 28x — 27y at the point P(1, 1) and at the point Q. The perpendicular bisector of ?Q imersects the line y = 4x at the point R. Calculate the area of triangle POR. (N2004/P1/11) The diagram shows a trapezium O4BC, where O is the ori The equation of Od is y= 3x and the equation of OC is vy + 2x = 0. The line through A perpendicular to O4 meets the y-axis at B and BC is parallel to AQ. Given that the length of O4 is /250 units, calculate the coordinates of A, of Band of C. (N2004/P2/11) Solutions to this question by accurate drawing will not he accepted ew The diagram, which is not drawn to scale, esis shows a quadrilateral ABCD in which A is (0, 10), Bis (2, 16) and C is (8, 14). Aw) ° Show that triangle ABC is isosceles. ¢ point D lies on the x-axis and is such that De CD. Find (ii) the coordinates of D, (iii) the ratio of the area of triangle ABC to the area of triangle ACD. (N2005/P 1/10) o D " The line x + y= 10 meets the curve y° = 2x +4 at the points 4 and B. Find the coordinates of the mid-point of AB. (N2005/P2/2) The straight line 2x + y= L4 intersects the curve 2x? — y* = 2xy — 6 at the points 4 and B, Show that the length of AB is 24/3 units. (N2006/P2/5) Solutions to this question by accurate drawing will not be accepted. (8)5‘The diagram shows an isosceles wiangle ABC in which A is the point (3, 3), B is the point (6, 3) and C lies below the x-axis, Given that the area of triangle ABC is 6 square units, (i) _ find the coordinates of C. The line CB is extended to the point D so that B is the mid-point of CD, ii) Find the coordinates of D. A line is drawn from P, parallel to AC, to the point £ (10, &) and C is joined to £. Gii) Find the value of & (iv) Prove that angle CED is not a right angle. (N2006/P2/120R) The diagram shows a trapezium ABCD in which A is (0, 3), C is (14, 5) and angle 48C is 90°. The point D lies on the y-axis and the point 8 has coordinates (2. p), where p is a positive constan (i) Express the gradient of 4B and the gradient of BC in terms ofp. Hence find the value of p. ) Find the coordinates of D. (iv) Calculate the perimeter of ABCD, correct to 1 decimal place, (SPO8/P2/8) (8)6TOPIC 9 GRAPHS OF LINEAR ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTIONS FORMULAE AND IMPORTANT NOTES 1. To draw the graph of y= lex +4]: Draw the graph of y= av-+h. Draw the reflection image of the portion below the x-axis. Erase the portion below the x-axis. Graph of p= me +5 Corresponding graph of y= | mx + 5} @ A k 5 b YT So lp (ii) N A of, NZ. : (iii a A Lb ao @ x wos b (ivy K A b b al «@ ‘ a) @ * I&) (vi) () If}fG) [2a then either f(x) <-a or f()2a where a isa non-negative constant. Gi) IF @)|>a@ then either f(x) <-a or f(x)>a . (ii) If PO] = a then 0c) = ta. (iv) If lf) 0 and a maximum point if a <0. 7, Join the points of No. 3 and No. 5 with a smooth parabola. The axis of symmetry must pass through the x-intercept if there is only one, or halfway between them if there are two. The axis of symmetry needs not be drawn unless asked but the graph must be symmetrical about it, Write the quadratic function above the graph. 2 2 8. By ‘completing the square’ any quadratic function can be expressed as a(x+)° +4", The point (--, =") is a maximum point if @ < 0 and a minimum point if a> 0.The yeintercept is ¢. If B? = 4ac <0 the quadratic equation ax? + bx +c=0 has no real root. When this happens the minimwm point and y-intercept are above the x-axis and the maximum point and y-intercept are below the x-axis. 9. If &*—dac is zero there is only one x-intercept -2. If it is positive there are two x-intereepis. 10. To sketch the graph of lax? + 4x+el: sketch the graph of ax? + hx +e. Draw the reflection image of the portion below the x-axis, if any. Erase the partion of the graph below the x-axis. PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 1. Find the minimum value of (x — 2)° - 2 and the corresponding value of x. Sketch the graph of y=|Qx-2F-2|for0sx4. (N99/P1/17b) n Draw the graph of y = 3 + f° — 5x +4), for 0 0 a) Nae (iy >; NY, x y > 0 forall real values of x. asp « cand B are complex numbers. y>Oifxea yeOifxsa @ A y20ifxsaorfisx yoOifxcaorfex y=Oifx=aorx=f, y athen either f() <- Ja or fle) > Ja, where a is a non-negative constam. (ii) UFO? >a then either fle) <— J@ or fix) > Va. ii) If FO)? =a then fO)=+ Ja. (iv) If YG)? 3 —27. (N97/P 1/4) Find the range of values of x for which x(10 - x) 2 24. (N98/P1/3a) Find the range of values of x for which 30+ 1)? < 16x. (N99/P1/2) Find the range of values of x for which (2x + 1)(4— x) > 4. (N2000/P 1/3b) Given that f(x) 2 2° - 5x-7, (i) find the value of a, of b and of ¢ for which f(x} = atx — by = c, (ii) state the minimum value of f(x), (iii) sketch the graph of y = |f(x)| for -2 12. (NOI/PI/Tay Find the x-coordinate of the point on the line y = 5 - 2¢ where xy is a maximum. (NOP 5a) Find the set of values of x for which (x - 6) > x. y= Qr- Die=2) (N2005/P 1/1) Find the value of ¢ and of d for which (x: ~ 5 0 the equation has real roots. (i) If 6?-4ae=0 the equation has equal (repeated, identical) roots which are equal to (ii) If b? -4ae>0 the roots are unequal (different, distinct). @ fa, «lc are rational and b? -4ae is non-zero and a perfect square, then the roots are rational. (b) If 6? ~dac is nota perfect square but positive then the roots are irrational. The x-coordinates of the points of imersection of the straight line y= mx +d and the quadratic curve y= ax? +bx+e can be obtained from: avrtixtcsurtd Hence ax? +(b- a) +(o-d)=0 Discriminant =(b—m)? —4ale—d) If the discriminant is negative, the strai If the discriminant is zero, the straight tangent to the curve. ht line and the curve have no common point. ine touches the curve at one and only one point. It is a If the discriminant is positive, the straight line intersect the curve at two distinct points. If y=ay?+bx+e is either positive or negative for all values of x then the equation y = 0 has no real roots and 6? —4ae-<0. PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS Find the value of the constant ¢ for which the line y = 2x + c is a tangent to the curve y= 4e°— Gy + 11. This tangent meets the a-axis al A and the y-axis at &, Calculate the area of the triangle OAB, where Q is the ongin. (NO7/P 1/3) Find the valuc of & for which 2y +. = 4 is a tangent to the curve "4+ 4v= 20. (N98/P1/3b) The straight line y = 2p + 1 intersects the curve y = x + > at two distinct points. Find the range of values of p. (NS9/P 1/5) Find the value of k for which 8y =x + 2k is a tangent (o the curve 2y? = x +k. (N2000/P 13a) Find the value of the constant & for which the equation 447 + £7 + 1 = 4(k -3)x has equal roots. (N2001/P1/7b) (d3)1Find the values of m for which the line y = ax —9 is a tangent to the curve x* = 4y. (N2002/P 1/2) 2 = 2x43 donot intersect. «N2003/P 1/1) Find the values of & for which the line x + Sv =k and the curve y: + (N2004/P2/4) Find the values of & for which the line y =.x + 2 meets the curve y? + (x +4)? Find the value of mn for which the line y = wix — 3 is a tangent to the curve y =x + + and find the x-coordinate of the point at which this tangent touches the curve. (N2006/P2/7a) The equation of a straight line is y = 5 + kx, where k is a constant. Find the values of & for which this straight line is a tangent to the curve y* = 4y +04 1. (SPO8/P1/4) (13)2TOPIC 14 ROOTS AND COEFFICIENTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FORMULAE AND IMPORTANT NOTES 1. A function of aand fis symmetric if it remains unchanged when aand f are interchanged. Examples: a+ £, af, a? + §°, Jaf and 4 are symmetric functions. a— fj, - and a@fiare not symmetric functions unless a= Vy (i) If wand fare the roots of a quadratic equation ax’ + by + ¢ = 0, then a+ 8 =—4 and af =. The equation can also be written in the form 7 -(@+ S)x+ af=0. Gi) Any symmetric function of @ and #can be expressed in terms of a, b and c. OB + Pas ofkar B= a-t)=—S Git) Let p and g be the roots of another quadratic equation .° - (p + g).a + pq =0. If p and g are both symmetric equations of @ and f, then the coefficients of the second quadratic equation can be expressed in terms of a, # and c. Examples: Find the quadratic equation of x whose roots are 7 + 4 and a7f + fa. Express its coefficient in terms of a, b and c. Working: sum of the roots of the second equation =(h +7) +(@' B+ Fe) =-t4+c# product of the roots of the second equation =r +7) (B+ fa be VR) by ey HE = yx+S = P(e +e Olxe be = 2° — (sum of the roots) x + product of the roots y PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 1. The roots of the quadratic equation 27 — 4x + 5 =O are @and f. (i) State the value of a+ and of af. (i) Find the quadratic equation in x whose roots are 4 and ¢: (SPO8/P2/5) a4TOPIC 15 EQUATIONS OF CIRCLES FORMULAE AND IMPORTANT NOTES 1 ne y Equation of circle with centre at the origin and value + Equation of circle with centre at (a, b) and radius r units: (x- ay +- bY Equation of circle which passes through the end-points of a diameter; The equation of a circle in a quadratic equation in two variables x and y such that (i) the coefficients of x and y are equal and (ii) there is no xy term. Find the centre and radius of a cirele whose equation is +27 + Dav + y' + Iby =e Working: x*+2ar+)* + 2by=c eS +laxvta+ y+ 2bytPac+a te (eta + (yt bP sa + bec [x—Ca)P + [y+ bP = fa? +b? tc? The centre is (-a, -b) and the radius is Ja? + b? + ¢ PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS The equation of acircle, Cis x7 +)? - 6x - 8¥ + 16 =0. (i) Find the coordinates of the centre of C and find the radius of C. (ii) Show that C touches the y-axis, (iii), Find the equation of the circle which is a reflection of C in the y-axis. (SPO8/P1/9) asylTOPIC 16 GRAPHS OF y= x" WHERE m IS RATIONAL FORMULAE AND IMPORTANT NOTES We shall first consider cases where m is positive. Let m = n/d where n and d are positive integers which are either mutually prime (have no common factor except 1) or d is a factor of n (nid is a positive integers). rand d are both odd x nis odd, disevena>0 niseven, dis odd y>0. and y have the same sign | because d is even because nis even because » and dare odd ned yl abe as x90 y' 0 as rote: asd y= L forall x's acd y 0s x30 yi Stee as x sttes If d is a factor of a then this is a graph of an even this is a graph of an odd integral power of x, eg integral power of x, e.g. ye" The graph of y =x" is the graph of the reciprocal of y =". The graph of y = Ax” if k #1, is the graph of y =.x” stretched vertically with the 2-axis as the axis of stretch, and a stretch factor of k. Similarly for the graph of y= kr. PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. No questions on this iapic in the last 10 years, (16)1TOPIC 17 GENERAL GRAPH SKETCHING FORMULAE AND IMPORTANT NOTES 1. The following are the most common graphs of some simple functions y = f(x). y y : xre(RuR) a yer y a * yest yea'a>l xER xeR yer yer 0 * * ¥ per yea.01 xeR x *eRt pel yeR 0 x y ye y Palos O war are related in the following ways: For the same value of x they have the same sign. . Both functions equal £1 simultancously. |. Both functions cannot be zero for any value of x. . When one function approaches zero the other approaches infinity. When one is decreasing the other is increasing and vice versa. is remains invariant, PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 1. The graph of y = 4'(x) is a smooth curve passing through the ints (1, 0), (13, 1), (2, 1-7) and (3, 2). (i) Draw, on graph paper, the graph of » = #”'(x) using the same scale on each ‘On the same diagram draw the graph of y = A(x) for 0S x < 2. (N99/P1/17e) a7)2TOPIC 18 SIMULTANEOUS INEQUALITIES FORMULAE AND IMPORTANT NOTES 1, Suppose that the graph of y = (x) divides the xy-plane into two half-planes. For every point in the region above the line y > f(x) and for every point in the region below the line y < f(x). For these two graphs : (i) fG)> gtx) ify gtx) if'x Oor 59 then f(x) and g(x) have the same sign. a) Gi) TF fQ)+ gx) 2r +1}, B= tery? > xt}, find the values of x which define the set 4 > 8. (N2002/P2/4) syTOPIC19 MAPPINGS FORMULAE AND IMPORTANT NOTES An ordered pair consists of two elements, say x and y, in which one of them, say x, is designated as the first element and the other as the second element, It is denoted by (x, v). “y Let Y and Y be two sets and let x be an element of Vand y be an element of F. Ifevery x of X appears as the first term of at least an ordered pair of (x, y) we have a mapping from Xo ¥, A function f is a mapping from ¥ to ¥ (f:¥ +3 ¥) for which each element of X has one and only one element of ¥ as its image. It is written as f:x 1 y or y = f(x). y is called the image and x the preimage. f(x) is called ihe value of the function f at x. ¥ is the domain of the funetion and Y is the codomain. Those elements of Y which are the images: ofat least one x is the range of the function. PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS No questions on this topie in the last 10 years. (19TOPIC 20 COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS FORMULAE AND IMPORTANT NOTES 1. In f:X +> ¥, ifevery element of ¥ is an image of only one element of X then we can form an inverse function f~ x=f(y)and then y=. X. If y =f (x) then x = f7!(y) but more usually we first have 2. Inthe following nis a constant fQ)s 8 wen xem nex one FE he PMs x oxen xem nex oom ge ox" 3. f(j=n where n is a constant, is called a constant function. 4. f(x) =.is called an identity function, Itis denoted by /. 5. If f and g area pair of functions such that the range of f is a subset of the domain of g, then the composite af f and_g (or the compasite of f followed by g) is denoted by gof or ef where gf (x) = 9(f(4)). gf is generally not identical to_fe. 6 flef=fef)=/if both f and f' coexist. 7 tefafelaf 8 (fagy leg tof! 9. fAxd=f (FLX). Itis usually equal to neither (fx)? nor f G2). lo. ptsyeytagyrapol es! ll, feesr pet af'" fo where a and r are positive integer with n> Pr. 12, Wf" =f then faf"™ fisp" Bnet phe afmttes prapmasMafMs,.= 13. GMa) =a and f-'f(a)) =a PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 1. A function f is defined by fs. x19 5- 4,420. (a) Find f~ and state the value of x for which f~! is undefined. (b) Find the values of x for which f(x) =f"). (N9V/P 1/7) ws Funetions f and g are defined by fsx SS}.x42, gi xr 2S, #3. (a) Show that fg: xb x. (b) Evaluate f-'(5), g°'(4) and ffg(7). (NOP I/17a) (20)1(a) The function g is defined by g : x -> 8 ~ 3x, Find (i) an expression for g-'{x) and for g°(x), (ii) the value of x for which g(x) = gia). (b) The function /r is defined by h : x ++ ax 4+ b, a 4-1, for the domain 0) ¢ x ¢ 5. Given that the graph of y = A(x) passes through the point (8, 5) and that the graphs of y = A(x) and y = /r'(x) intersect at the point whose x-coordinat find the value of a and of db, (N98/P1/16b, ©) Functions f and g are defined by fixhe 547.043, ¢ 00h 11 + ba’, where we R. Given that {°(5) = $ and fe(2) = 4, evaluate a and b. (N9O/P L/17ay (a) The diagram shows the graph of y = f(x), where f is a function with domain -4 =~ S 6 and range 0 = f(x) <3. Make a sketch of the diagram shown and add a sketch of the graph of y = f(x). State the 3 range of f. (by) The functions f and g are defined for real values of x by fire 2e- 1g sae ty, where w #1. o Express (i) fa(x), G0) g'Q), in form of a single 2 fraction in terms of x, stating in each ease the value 4 of x for which the function is not defined. “ (c) The functions f and g are defined for real values of x by fsx hoo, gH x3. Express each of the following in terms of fand g only. G) xh x-6, ir -6, fix i+ 3, (N2000/P 1/11) Functions f and g are defined, forx€ R, by fib Sv-2, gre gbp.é f. (a) Find the value of g7(2). Find the value of x for which (b) f(x) = f'Q9, (c) fg(x) + 3g) = 0. (NOMP1/13a) The function fis given by fx 5-3 weR, (i) State the range of f. ) Solve the equation f(x) = 0, giving your answer correct to two decimal places. i) Sketch the graph of y = f(x}, showing on your diagram the coordinates of the points of imersection with the axes, (iv) Find an expression for fin terms of x, (N2003/P1/10) EITHER Functions f and g are defined for xe Rby fixe 3v-2ae4, gia gy ee? (i) Solve the equation gffx) = 2. (ii) Determine the number of rea] roots of the equation f(x) = g(x). (ii) Express f-! and g™ in terms of x. (20)2(iv) Sketch, on a single diagram, the graphs of y = fG) and y = f-'(), stating the coordinates of the point of intersection of the two graphs. OR (i) Find the value of a and of b for which | — x? + 6x can be expressed in the form a-(v+bP, A function f is defined by f :.x--+1 —x°+ 6x for the domain x 2 4. Gi) Explain why has an inverse. (iii) Find an expression for f-' in terms of x. A funetion g is defined by gs 1 — x? + 6x for the domain 2 < «<7. (iv) Find the range of g {v) Sketch the graph of y= | g(x) | for2<4<7. (N2003/P2/12) The function fis defined, for xe R, by fra Atl yes. (i) Find f in terms of x and explain what this implies about the symmetry of the graph of y= fi. The function g is defined, for x € R, by gis. (ii) Find the values of x for which f(x) = g¢"(x). (iii) State the value of x for which gf(x) = -2 (N2004/P 1/8) tye, ‘The funetions f and ¢ are defined forx€ R by ext? Express each of the following as a composite function, using only f, g, f°" and/or g' : @) xe +2, Gi) rox-2, ii) x (v+2)7. (N2006/P2/1) 203TOPIC 21. PARAMETRIC AND CARTESIAN EQUATIONS FORMULAE AND IMPORTANT NOTES (such as ions. The set of all points whose positions are determined by those specified by an equation) is called the locus of points It is sometimes advantageous to express each of the x and y co-ordinates of the general point of a curve in terms of a third variable, called the parameter. The two equations expressing x and y in terms of the parameter are called parametric equations. It may be possible to obtain an equation connecting x and y by eliminating the parameter. Such an equation is called a cartesian cquation, or simply, equal a tof given conditic ubject to those con WORKED EXAMPLES Find the equation of the lise (i) through the origin O with gradient m, (ii) through the point (0.2) with gradient +. These two lines intersect at P. Find the co-ordinates of P in terms of mm. Write down the equation of the locus of P as nm varies. yo =m .(i) y Equation of the locus of P: x? = 2y ijl2. Acurve which is defined parametrically by the equations x = 24 and y = 8 + 2¢- 2? meets the line y = x +6 at the points A and B, find the mid-point of AB. AtA and B: yext6 842-7 = 24446 t-P <0 Ifr=0,x=2+0 y=8+2(0)-07 =8 Ift=1,x=241=3, y=8+20)-17=9 ©. Mid-point of a2 = (734, 45°) = (24, 84) 3. The parametric equations of a curve are x= a, y=2P, Find the cartesian equation of the curve and where it intercepts the y-axis. gat v xf=xettl M-textl x-Wsxtt ©. Cartesian equation of the curve is ye 1) = 241" Ifx=0, (0-1)? = 20041)? ye2 «. It intercepts the y-axis at (0, 2). PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS No questions on tris topic in the last 10 years. (212