Gender and Academic Performance
Divesh Rajendran
Prof. Sana Ramzan
BUSI 650
April 30th, 2023
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Analysis
3. Pivot Table Analysis
4. Linear Regression, Correlation Coefficient
5. Variables
6. Cause and Effect
7. Graphs
8. Conclusion
Introduction
The primary goal of this project is to analyse, organize and
interpret the given using statistical techniques and
presenting the work as a detailed report.
The topic chosen is Gender and Academic Performance.
The topic has been chosen to compare how each of the
gender’s fare in their overall performance.
Furthermore, we will also delve into data analysis of other
relevant fields such as:
1. What is the relationship between academic
performance and study time?
2. How is academic performance and sleep time related?
3. Did Commute time impact the academic performance of
students from both the genders?
Hypothesis is male students have better overall
performance have a lesser study time.
Analysis
Measures of Central Tendency
The mean, median and mode from the data set of
Overall score was calculated.
The mean value was found to be 311.6655
The central measure/ median : 309.65
As the scores are of a set of students there is no value
or score that was most repeated, hence mode is Not
Applicable in this case.
From a set of 96 values the average score is 311.6655.
This means than that more 77.9% of students have a
healthy average.
The median is calculated by arranging the given values
in ascending order and then indicating the central
value of the set provided.The median of scores is
309.65. We can thus infer that 77.4% have their scores
around the median calculated.
Measures of Spread
Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation of 17.40 is a measure of how spread
out the data is around the centre of distribution of of
311.65 ie mean.
Source:
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/normaldistribu
tion.asp
Sample Variance
A squared deviation quantifies how far an observation is
from the mean. The sample variance being an average
of the squared deviations measures the average
distance from the mean. The Sample variance of 302.97
indicates that the values are closer to the mean of
311.66.
Source: https://www.statlect.com/glossary/sample-
variance
Kurtosis
Kurtosis is a measure of whether the data is heavy tailed
or light tailed relative to a normal distribution. Here we
have arrived at a negative value of -0.2678 which
implies that the distribution is flat.
Range
The range is a basic statistic that tells you the range of
values. This shows us where the bulk of data lies. In
simpler words, range explains us how much is in
between the highest and lowest values. The maximum
value is 353.200 and the minimum value is 272.100 and
the range is a difference of the two which is 81.22. Thus,
the bulk of values falls in this range.
Pivot Table Analysis
Average Academic Performance of Female Vs Male
314.00
313.50 313.36
313.00
312.50
Scores
312.00
311.50
311.00
310.46 Total
310.50
310.00
309.50
309.00
0 1
0 - Female 1- Male
The hypothesis stated has been proved right with Male
students performing better than their female
counterparts.
We have taken the average score of both genders and
compared it with a pivot table Bar Chart to arrive at the
hypothesis.
Linear Regression, Correlation coefficient r
1 Line Fit Plot
360
350
340
330
Total Marks
320 Series2
Linear (Series2)
310 f(x) = − 0.574201281405227 x + 314.682050968253 Predicted 312.77
300 R² = 0.00670027620395131
290
280
270
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Sleep Time
The line of best fit is the representation of the correlation in data. The gradient of the graph
above is negative. The regression value also tells us the correlation between the values. If the
values are closer to -1 and +1 then it is a strong relationship between academic performance
and sleep time. However, here the value is 0.0818 is closer to zero and hence indicates a weak
relationship between sleep time and the academic performance of students.
Variables
Academic Performance
We evaluated Academic Performance as an overall score of all students in four subjects. It is a
continuous variable and dependent. The overall academic performance depends on how well
the student’s score in each of the four subjects.
Gender
Gender is a categorical variable and independent. We did a comparison on the overall academic
performance gender wise. Irrespective of gender the academic performance of students did not
differ much. Thus, gender is not dependent on any other variable and is categorical.
Sleep Time
Does the number of hours that students sleep have an impact on their academic performance?
The data was observed to be an discrete and independent variable.
Cause and Effect
R Value
The R value explains the relationship between academic performance and sleep time. The
relationship was found to be weak, which means that the sleep time does not impact the
academic performance. The value was observed to be 0.081855215 an hence closer to zero that
signifies a weak relationship.
R2
It shows the effect between two variables. The observed value is
0.006700. The influence of sleep time on Academic performance is only
0.67%.
Adjusted R2
The formula of adjusted R square value is intended to be negative. If the
actual R value is closer to zero then the adjusted R square can be
slightly negative. It is used to find out how reliable the correlation is
between the variables and how much it changes by the addition of
independent variables. Here we have a negative value of -0.0039.
Standard Error
It tells you how accurate the mean of any given sample from that
population is likely to be compared to the true population mean. Since
the standard error values is 17.532 the mean is less spread out and the
values are likely to be more accurate depiction of the true population
mean.
P Value
The p value helps us to whether reject a null hypothesis. If P Value is
less than the Standard error then it is significant. The smaller P value of
0.4303 helps us to reject the null hypothesis ie Men will not have a
better overall performance.
Bar Chart
Gender Wise Study Hours
500
454
450
400
358
350
300
Total
250
200
150
100
50
0 Male
0 Female 1
The above graph depicts that female student’s study longer
than males. However male counterparts fare better in their
overall academic performance compared to the opposite
gender as shown in the graph below even though they study for
lesser hours.
Average Academic Performance of Female Vs Male
314.00
313.50 313.36
313.00
312.50
Scores
312.00
311.50
311.00
310.46 Total
310.50
310.00
309.50
309.00
0 1
0 - Female 1- Male
1 Line Fit Plot
360
350
340
330
Total Marks
320 Series2
Linear (Series2)
310 f(x) = − 0.574201281405227 x + 314.682050968253 Predicted 312.77
300 R² = 0.00670027620395131
290
280
270
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Sleep Time
The points are almost evenly spread out from the trendline.
Since the plots are spread out from the trendline which means
the correlation between the Sleep Time and Total marks is less.
The relationship between total marks and commute time is
shown below with a bar chart for Females
350.00
313.36
300.00
250.00
200.00
Average of Com-
muteTime
150.00 Average of Total Marks
100.00
50.00 25.88
0.00
Total
The relationship between total marks and commute time is
shown below with a bar chart for Males
Conclusion
In conclusion, we
summarize that
male students
perform better than the female students from the pivot table
analysis. Refer to the Pivot table.
We then analyzed the relationship between sleep time and
academic performance. Here we concluded that there is a weak
relationship between the values with a R value of 0.081 closer
to zero.
The relationship between academic performance and study
time was also irrelevant because male students had better
marks compared to females even though they put in lesser
number of hours into their studies.
Therefore, my hypothesis that male students fare better than
their female peers was proved right.
