DELHI SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT,

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

DATA ANALYSIS

INNOVATIVE PROJECT
(2021-2023)

SUBMITTED BY –
YASH SAINI ( 2K21/DMBA/145)

Internal
ABSTRACT

TOPIC:

A quantitative analysis of Education quality across various demographics of India.

PROBLEM STATEMENT:

The education Index evaluates the performance of States and Union territories in the
school education sector. The education Index considers all the following indicators

• Learning outcomes and Quality

• Access outcomes

• Infrastructure & Facilities for Outcomes

• Equity Outcomes

This is the reason why this study considers education Index instead of Literacy Rate
because unlike the Literacy Rate, the Education Index captures the quality aspect of
the education system in a more efficient manner. The Sex ratio of India indicates the
number of females per thousand males. There has been a constant effort put by the
Indian Govt. to increase both the education index and the sex ratio of the country.
Indian govt. has been focusing on increasing the girl child education. Various
initiatives like ‘Beti Bachao Beti Padhao’ have been in motion to raise the level of
education across the country for Indian females. This study can assess the
effectiveness of various policies which target girl child education since it captures the
effect of one unit increase in sex ratio on the education index of various states in
India.

OBJECTIVES:

Internal
 1) To analyze the relationship between education index and sex ratio across
Indian states.
2) To study the difference between the quality of education in northern and
southern states of India through education index as a benchmark.

RESEARCH QUESTION:

Q1) Is the education index of states with higher sex ratio also high?
Q2) Is the education quality in southern states higher than that of northern states in
India?

HYPOTHESIS:

Ho: m=0 (Change in education index with one unit increase in sex ratio is 0)
Ha: m ≠0 (Change in education index with one unit increase in sex ratio not 0)
Where:
Y= a + mX
Y: Education Index
X: Sex ratios

For T-test assuming unequal variances, following hypothesis is constructed:

ho: u1=u2
ha: u2 > u1
Where,
u1 is average education index for northern states.
u2 is average education index for southern states.

METHODOLOGY:

The current study uses secondary data analysis through MS Excel. Data is collected
from reliable sources. Single variable linear regression is used to capture the
relationship between the two significant variables:

Internal
Y: Education Index
X: Sex ratio
Education index is considered as a dependent variable on Sex ratio.
Further analysis is conducted using a T-test assuming unequal variances between
variables because the number of observations for northern and southern states differ.
A thorough analysis supported by relevant descriptive statistics is also done using
Excel functions.
Through out the analysis, a 95% confidence interval is assumed.

SOURCES:

1. censusindia.gov.in

2. social.niti.gov.in

Internal
DATA ANALYSIS:

1. Descriptive Analysis

Education index State Sex Ratio State

Maximum 82.9 Chandigarh 1084 Kerala
Arunachal Daman and
Minimum 24.64 Pradesh 618 Diu
Average 51.88 932.03

Arunachal Daman and

Chandigarh Pradesh Kerala Diu
Education
index 82.9 24.64 76.63 41.13
Sex ratio 818 938 1084 618
Annexure 1

Observations –

• Education Index is maximum for Chandigarh (82.9) and minimum is for

Arunachal Pradesh (24.64)
• The sex ratio is maximum for Kerala (1084) and minimum is for Daman
and Diu (618).

• The difference between the education index for Chandigarh and Kerala
is (82.9-76.63) 6.27 .However, the sex ratio's difference between these
two states is 266 (1084-818).

Internal
 2. REGRESSION

Regression
SUMMARY
OUTPUT

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.158
R Square 0.025
Adjusted R
Square -0.005
Standard
Error 13.196
Observations 35

ANOVA
Significan
df SS MS F ce F
147.
Regression 1 147.14 14 0.84 0.36
174.
Residual 33 5746.33 13
Total 34 5893.47

P-
Coeffici Standard t valu Lower Upper Lower Upper
ents Error Stat e 95% 95% 95.0% 95.0%
Intercept 27.71 26.39 1.05 0.30 -26.00 81.41 -26.00 81.41
Sex Ratio 0.03 0.03 0.92 0.36 -0.03 0.08 -0.03 0.08

Annexure 1

Observations -

Internal
• The R square is 2.5% which implies that only 2.5%of the data fits the
regression model. The lower R square indicates a poor fit for the model. This
is because the number of the observations are 35. However, quality of the
regression model does not completely depends upon R square but nature of
the variables employed in the model.

• Moving on to the ANNOVA now : The same result can be interpreted by

looking at F stat and Significance F values .
A higher P value of 0.36 implies that there is no statistical significance of the
observed difference . Same can be interpreted by the T stat.

Even though the trendline in the scatter plot is slightly upward sloping , huge
variance in the education index (dependent variable) is visible.

y= a+mx, here 'y' is education index and 'x' is sex ratio.

Ho: m=0
Ha: m ≠0

The REGRESSION, therefore, accepts the null hypothesis that sex ratio has
no effect on the education index of a state in India.

90

80

70

60
Education Index

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Sex Ratio

Edu Index Vs Sex Ratio Linear (Edu Index Vs Sex Ratio)

Annexure 1

Internal
 3. Paired t test

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal

Variances

EDUCATION INDEX
EUCATION INDEX (N) (S)
Mean 52.16 53.78
Variance 189.83 211.64
Observations 12.00 10
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0.00
df 19.00
t Stat -0.27
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.40
t Critical one-tail 1.73
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.79
t Critical two-tail 2.09
Annexure 2

Observations –

• we are using a t-test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

because the number of observations for northern and southern states
differ.

• ho: u1=u2
u1 is avg.education index for northern states.
u2 is avg.education index for southern states.
ha: u2 > u1

Since, the P value one-tail is 0.39 which is significantly greater than 0.05
implying that we have to accept the null- hypothesis.
Also, the Tstat, i.e., -0.27 is less than the critical one-tail value , which is ,
1.73.

Therefore, we can conclude that average education index of the southern

states of India is not higher than average education index of the nothern
states.

We can see the means of the two samples are also very close (52.16 is
almost equal to 53.775).

Thus, our analysis aligns with the data.

Internal
 4. CORRELATION

Education Sex
index Ratio
Education
index 1
Sex Ratio 0.158006274 1
Annexure 1

Observations –

The corelation analysis demonstrates a weak positive correlation between the

sex ratio and the education index.

CONCLUSION

• The education index is maximum for the state Chandigarh. The sex ratio for
Chandigarh is 818.

• The sex ratio is maximum for the state Kerala. The education index for Kerala
is 76.63

• We can see that for Kerela, the difference is not so huge but for Chandigarh,
even though the education index is higher, sex ratio is so low - which aligns
with the next result from the regression analysis.

• Increase in sex ratio is not affecting the education index across various states.
However, national policies should be such that an increase in sex ratio (i.e.
number of women per 1000 men increase) should lead to a significant rise in
the education index – which implies a higher quality of education for the rising
population of women in different states.

• The average education index of the southern states of India is not higher than
average education index of the northern states. Therefore, The study
disclaims the general notion that southern states are exceedingly superior
than the northern ones when it comes to the quality of education.
.

Internal
ANNEXURE

State Education index Sex Ratio

Kerala 76.63 1084
Puducherry 42.98 1037
Tamil Nadu 56.37 996
Andhra Pradesh 67.88 993
Chhattisgarh 46.55 991
Meghalaya 39.08 989
Manipur 68.76 985
Telangana 46.43 985
Odisha 48.36 979
Mizoram 49.81 976
Karnataka 69.57 973
Goa 58.37 973
Himachal Pradesh 55.32 972
Uttarakhand 53.34 963
Tripura 64.5 960
Assam 60.29 958
Jharkhand 43.91 948
Lakshadweep 30.88 946
Arunachal Pradesh 24.64 938
Nagaland 48.65 931
Madhya Pradesh 45.56 931
Maharashtra 57.43 929
Rajasthan 72.86 928
Gujarat 61.95 919
Bihar 42.05 918
Uttar Pradesh 36.42 912
Punjab 41.14 895
Sikkim 42.27 890
Jammu and Kashmir 41.06 889
Haryana 50.53 879
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 40.28 876
Delhi 48.96 868
Chandigarh 82.9 818
Dadra and Nagar Haveli 58.99 774
Daman and Diu 41.13 618

Internal
NORTHERN EDUCATION SEX EDUCATION SEX
STATES INDEX (N) RATIO SOUTHERN STATES INDEX (S) RATIO
Bihar Andaman and
42.05 918 Nicobar Islands 40.28 876
Chandigarh 82.9 818 Andhra Pradesh 67.88 993
Delhi 48.96 868 Karnataka 69.57 973
Haryana 50.53 879 Kerala 76.63 1084
Himachal Lakshadweep
Pradesh 55.32 972 30.88 946
Jammu and Odisha
Kashmir 41.06 889 48.36 979
Jharkhand 43.91 948 Tamil Nadu 56.37 996
Maharashtra 57.43 929 Telangana 46.43 985
Punjab 41.14 895 Puducherry 42.98 1037
Rajasthan 72.86 928 Goa 58.37 973
Uttar Pradesh 36.42 912
Uttarakhand 53.34 963

Internal