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Practical Research 2
Quarter 2 – Module 6
Using Statistical Techniques
to Analyze Data
Practical Research 2 – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 6: Using Statistical Techniques to Analyze Data

First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Stalin S. Baja

Cecille P. Buco
Editors: Arcadio J. Malmis PhD
Principal III

Cristina N. Apale PhD

Principal II

Elvira I. Jabonillo PhD

Principal I

Management Team: Bianito A. Dagatan EdD, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

Casiana P. Caberte PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Felix C. Galacio Jr. PhD

EPS, Mathematics

Josephine D. Eronico PhD

EPS, LRMDS

Printed in the Philippines by Schools Division of Bohol

Department of Education – Region VII, Central Visayas

Office Address: 0050 Lino Chatto Drive Barangay Cogon, Tagbilaran City,
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Learning Competencies: Uses statistical techniques to analyze data—study of differences and
relationships limited for bivariate analysis (CS_RS12-IId-g-3).

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

 use the appropriate statistical techniques to analyse data
 solve the mean and standard deviation
 state the null and alternative hypothesis

Lesson 1: Introduction: Using Statistical Techniques

to Analyze Data

What is it

Statistical methods and techniques were already discussed in the previous modules. This lesson will
discuss deeply the five most useful statistical techniques specifically in quantitative research: Percentage,
Mean, Standard Deviation, Correlation, Regression, and Hypothesis Testing.
The computational procedure for hypothesis testing will also be shown in this lesson because this is
where your decision-making skill will be tested. You will investigate and evaluate the claims about your
study before writing your conclusions.
Statistical Techniques
Percentage – it is any portion from the whole.
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡
Formula: (%) = ( )𝑥 100
𝑊ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒

Example:
Here’s a data gathered by Purok A City High School administration regarding the number of Grade
7 parents who opted to receive digital copies of the learning modules.

Table 1: Percentage of Parents who Opted to Receive Digital Copies of Learning Modules
Total Number of Parents who
Sections Number of opted to received digital Percentage (%)
Parents copies of learning modules
7-A 30 24 (24÷30)X100 = 80%
7-B 25 25 (25÷25)X100 = 100%
7-C 32 16 (16÷32)X100 = 50%
7-D 30 11 (12÷30)X100 = 40%
TOTAL 117 76 (76÷117)X100 = 64.96%

Mean or average - is the middlemost value of your list of values and this can be
obtained by adding all the values and divide the obtained sum to the number of
values.

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠

Formula : 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 (𝑥̅ ) = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
 Standard Deviation – is the square root of the quotient of the total squared deviation of
the mean and the total number of cases.

Σ(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2
Formula : 𝑆𝐷 = √ 𝑛

Example: Table 2. A Random Sample of Grade 7 Students’ Grades in Mathematics

Math Grade
Student (𝒙 − ̅
𝒙) ̅)𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝒙
(x)
1 92 -3.2 10.24
2 95 -0.2 0.04
3 95 0 0
4 96 0.8 0.64
5 97 1.8 3.24
6 98 2.8 7.84
7 95 -0.2 0.04
8 94 -1.2 1.44
9 98 2.8 7.84
10 92 -3.2 10.24
Total Σ𝑥 = 952 Σ(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 = 41.56

What’s More
Direction: Find the mean and standard deviation of the given data in Table 2. (4pts)
1. Mean (2pts.)
2. Standard deviation (2pts.)

Lesson 2: Correlation and Regression Analysis

What is it

Correlation Analysis (Pearson’s r) is a statistical method used to estimate the strength of

relationship between two quantitative variables. The closer the value of r is to ±1 , the stronger the correlation
is; the closer the value is to 0, the weaker the correlation is.

Formula:

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 Pearson r Qualitative Description
±1 Perfect correlation
±0.75 𝑡𝑜 < ±1 Very high correlation
±50 𝑡𝑜 < ±0.75 Moderately high correlation
±0.25 𝑡𝑜 < ±0.50 Moderately low correlation
> 0 𝑡𝑜 < ±0.25 Very low correlation
0 No correlation

To test the significance of r, we use the formula:

𝑛−2
𝑡 = 𝑟√ , where df = n-2
1−𝑟 2

Regression Analysis is can be used to explain the relationship between dependent and
independent variables. If it appears that there is no significant relationship between the two variables, we
will not proceed anymore to regression analysis.

Formula:

Three major uses:

a. Causal analysis -shows you the possible causation of changes in Y by changes X.
b. Forecasting an Effect- allows you estimate and predict the value of Y given
the value of X.
c. Linear Trend Forecasting- helps you trace the line best fit to tine series.

Example

The following data shows number of absences and the number of quizzes missed by five students.
Is there a significant relationship between the number of absences and the number of quizzes?

Table 3. Number of Absences and the Number of Missed Quizzes by Five Students

Number of Absences Number of Missed

Student (x) Quizzes (y) x2 y2 xy
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 1 4 2
3 2 4 4 16 8
4 3 2 9 4 6
5 4 4 16 16 16
2
Sum Σ𝑥 = 11 Σ𝑦 = 13 Σ𝑥 = 31 Σ𝑦 2 Σx𝑦
= 41 = 33

1. Find r.
5(33)−11(13)
𝑟= = 0.63
√[5(31)−(11)2 ][5(41)−(14)2 ]

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 𝑛−2 5−2
2. Test the significance of r using the formula: 𝑡 = 𝑟√ = 0.63√ = 1.41
1−𝑟 2 1−(0.63)2

3. Using df= 3, 𝛼 = 0.05, two-tailed test, we find from the table that the critical value of t is
3.182.Thus, there is no significant relationship between the number of absences and the number
of missed quizzes. So, we will not proceed to regression analysis.

What’s More

Direction: Identify the strength of correlation given in each value of r.

1. r = 0.65
2. r = - 0.70
3. r = 0.92
4. r = - 0.44

Lesson 3: Hypothesis Testing

What is it

Hypothesis testing. A hypothesis test helps you determine some quantity under a given
assumption. The outcome of the test tells you whether the assumption holds or whether the assumption has
been violated.

The statistical test uses the data obtained from a sample to decide about whether the null hypothesis
should be rejected. In a one-tailed test (left-tailed or right-tailed test), when the test value falls in the
critical region on one side of the mean, the null hypothesis should be rejected.

On the other hand, in a two-tailed test, the null hypothesis should be rejected when the test value
falls in either of the two critical regions.

One-tailed, right-tailed test One-tailed, left-tailed test Two-tailed test

To perform hypothesis testing, you compute the mean from the sample and compare it with the mean
from the population. Then, you decide whether to reject or not reject the null hypothesis. If the difference
is significant, the null hypothesis is rejected. If the difference is not significant, then the null hypothesis is
not rejected. In the hypothesis- testing, there are four possible results.

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 The four possibilities are as follows:
1. It would be an incorrect decision and would result in a Type I error when you reject
the null hypothesis when it is true.
2. It would be a correct decision when you reject the null hypothesis when it is false.
3. It would be a correct decision when you do not reject the null hypothesis when it is true.
4. It would be an incorrect decision and would result in a Type II error when you do not
reject the null hypothesis when it is false.

The basic format for hypothesis testing:

1. State the hypotheses and identify them.
2. Find the critical value(s).
3. Compute the test value.
4. Make the decision.
5. Summarize the result

Hypothesis testing can be done using the following t-value approach or critical value approach and
p-value approach.

1. The Critical Value Approach is used to determine whether the observed test statistic is more
extreme than a defined critical value. Hence, the observed test statistic (calculated on the basis of
sample data) is compared to the critical value, from t-table. If the test statistic is more extreme
than the critical value, the null hypothesis is rejected. If the test statistic is not as extreme as the
critical value, the null hypothesis is not rejected.

2. P-value Approach involves determining the probability (assuming the null hypothesis
were true) of observing a more extreme test statistic in the direction of the alternative
hypothesis than the one observed. If the P-value is less than (or equal to) 𝛼 then the null
hypothesis is rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. And, if the P-value is greater
than 𝛼, then the null hypothesis is not rejected.

Use statistical software or an online calculator https://www.statology.org/t-score-p-

value- calculator/) to find the corresponding p-value.

Example:

Given:
n=10 𝛼 = 0.05 𝜇 o= 93 𝑥̅ = 94 sd= 2.49

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 What’s More

Direction: A random sample of 10 Grade 7 students has grades in MAPEH, where marks range from 90
(Good) to 98 (Excellent). The general average grade (Gen. Ave.) of all Grade 7 students as of
the last 5 years is 95. Is the Gen. Ave. of the 10 Grade 7 students different from the
population’s Gen. Ave? Use 0.05 level of significance.

Student 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MAPEH 92 95 95 96 97 98 95 94 98 92
Grade

Given: 𝑛=10 𝛼=0.05 𝜇o=95

1. State the null hypothesis. (2pts.)

2. State the alternative hypothesis. (2pts.)

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 Assessment

Directions: Choose the best answer from the given choices.

1. In a two-tailed test, which should be rejected when the test value falls in any of the two
critical regions.
A. Alternative hypothesis C. Type I error
B. Null hypothesis D. Type II error

2. Which correlation is the strongest?

A. -1.0 B. -0.6 C. 0.80 D. 0.5

3. In which of the following situation does a Type I error occurs?

A. The null hypothesis is accepted when it is false.
B. The null hypothesis is accepted when it is true.
C. The null hypothesis is rejected when it is false.
D. The null hypothesis is rejected when it is true.

4. Which of the following is true about the significance level?

A. It measures the probability of rejecting a correct null hypothesis.
B. It is set after a statistical test is conducted.
C. It is always set at 0.05.
D. It results in a p-value.

5. What is the decision that you will make if the p-value is lower than the alpha level?
A. Do not accept the null hypothesis.
B. Do not reject the null hypothesis
C. Accept the null hypothesis.
D. Reject the null hypothesis

6. Which of the following is not considered part of descriptive statistic values?

A. Standard deviation B. Variance C. Pearson’s r D. Mean

7. What kind of correlation exists when two variables have no relationship with each
other?
A. Strong Negative Correlation C. Negative Correlation
B. Strong Positive Correlation D. No Correlation

8. What is the outcome when you reject the null hypothesis when it is false?
A. Incorrect decision C. Type I Error
B. Correct decision D. Type II Error

9. Which correlation is the weakest among the four?

A. -1.0 B. 0.80 C.-0.6 D. 0.5

10. Which of the following is NOT necessary when preparing your data analysis?
A. Create a conclusion after gathering your data.
B. Encode and organize your data for analysis.
C. Prepare your research instruments.
D. Begin gathering your data.

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 Answer Sheet

Name: __________________________________________________________
Grade & Section: ________________ Score: _______

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Quarter 2 – Module 6

Lesson 1. What’s More

1. 2.

Lesson 2. What’s More Assessment

1. 1. 2.
2. 3. 4.
3. 5. 6.
4. 7. 8.
9. 10.

Lesson 3. What’s More

1. 2.

“But seek first the kingdom of God and his righteousness, and all these things will be added to you.”
Matthew 6:33
Congratulations! You made it! 😊 Keep it up!

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 Answer Key

H1 : 𝜇 ≠ 95
population gen ave. of 95.
H1 : There is a significant difference between the gen.ave. of 10 Grade 7 students from the 2.
Ho : 𝜇 = 95
population gen ave. of 95.
Ho: There is no significant difference between the gen.ave. of 10 Grade 7 students from the 1.

What’s More

Lesson 3

Moderately low correlation 4.

Very high correlation 3.
Moderately high correlation 2.
Moderately high correlation 1.
10. A 5. D What’s More
9. D 4. A
Lesson 2
8. B 3. D

7. D 2. A

6. C 1. B
2. sd=2.039 or 2.04
1. X= 95.2
Assessment
What’s More
Lesson 1

Quarter 2 - Module 6

References
Baccay, Elisa S., Belecina, Rene R., and Mateo, Efren B. Statistics and Probability. Rex Book store, Inc.,
Philippine Copyright 2016.
Barrot, Jessie S. Practical Research 2 for Senior High School. Quezon City, Philippines: C & E Publishing,
Inc., 2017.
Cristobal, Amadio P.Jr., and Cristobal, Maura Consolacion D. Practical Research 2 for Senior High
School.C & E Publishing, Inc., 2017.
Fraenkel, Jack R. and Wallen, Norman E. How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. Asia: Mc-
Graw Hill Companies, Inc., 2006.
Fraenkel, Jack R. and Wallen, Norman E. 2020. How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. 6th
ed., McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Accessed June 3, 2020. https://bit.ly/3eBIVrs