Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION III
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BULACAN
STA. MARIA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Subject/Specialization: Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion Grade/Section:

Subject Teachers: Ronel D. Loticio
Name of Student:
Ruth N. Llanera
CS_RS12-IId-g-2 Third Quarter
MELCs/Code Date Duration:
CS_RS12-IId-g-3 Week 4

What I Need To Know (Objectives)

At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. Understand different statistical techniques to analyze data; and
2. use the Microsoft Excel in analyzing the data.

What I Know (Pre-Test)

1. A correlation coefficient enables you to:
A. quantify the strength of the relationship between variables. C. measure the difference between two quantities
B. evaluate whether two variables measure the same values. D. establish whether the data is exact.
2. Which of the following is not necessary when preparing your data analysis?
A. Create a conclusion after gathering your data. C. Prepare your research instruments.
B. Encode and organize your data for analysis. D. Begin gathering your data.
3. Which correlation is the weakest among the four?
A. -1.0 B. +.80 C.-0.6 D. +0.5
4. Which correlation is the strongest?
A. -1.0 B. +.80 C.-0.6 D. +0.5
5. What is the decision that you will make if the p-value is lower than the alpha level?
A. Do not accept the null hypothesis. C. Accept the null hypothesis.
B. Do not reject the null hypothesis D. Reject the null hypothesis.

What’s In (Review of the previous lesson)

Before you proceed to the new lesson, let’s try to review the previous lesson.

What’s New (Introduction of the new lesson)

What Is It (Lesson Proper)
Presentation and Interpretation of Data

1. Correlation Analysis (Pearson’s r) is a statistical method used to estimate the strength of relationship between two
quantitative variables.

n ∑ xy−( ∑ x ∑ y )
r=
√ [ n ∑ x −( ∑ x ) ] ¿ ¿ ¿
2 2

Where:
n= number of pairs of scores

∑ xy = sum of the product of the paired scores

n

∑ x = sum of x scores
∑ y= sum of y scores
∑ x 2= sum of squared x scores
∑ y = sum of squared y scores
2

Example:
Here’s a data of five students with their corresponding grade in Math (Independent Variable) and grade in English
(Dependent Variable). Is there a significant relationship between the grade in Math and the grade in English?

Table 1. Grade in Math and Grade in English of Five Students

Grade in Mathematics Grade in English
Student x
2
y
2
xy
(x) (y)
A 96 97 9216 9409 9312
B 90 92 8100 8464 8280
C 93 96 8649 9216 8928
D 94 95 8836 9025 8930
E 92 90 8464 8100 8280
Total 465 470 43265 44214 43730

5 ( 43730 )−( 465)(470)

r=
√ [ 5 ( 43265 ) −( 465) ][ 5 ( 44214 )−( 470) ]
2 2

r =0.77

How to compute for the correlation using Microsoft Excel?

Step 1: Input your data.
Step 2. Go to Data>Data Analysis

Step 3. Select Correlation

Step 4: Select Input Range and Output Range > Tick the labels in first row> OK

For this example, I want the results to appear below the table.
Step 5: Results

To interpret the correlation value, use the correlation matrix below.

Rule of thumb
0.0=r :no correlation 0.0=r :no correlation
−0.0< r ←0.2: very weak negative correlation 0.0< r< 0.2: very weak positive correlation
−0.2 ≤ r ←0.4 :weak negative correlation 0.2 ≤ r< 0.4 :weak positivecorrelation
−0.4 ≤ r ←0.6 :moderately strong negative correlation0.4 ≤ r <0.6 : moderately strong positive correlation
−0.6 ≤ r ←0.8 :strong negative correlation 0.6 ≤ r <0.8 : strong positive correlation
−0.8 ≤ r ←1.0: very strong negative correlation 0.8 ≤ r <1.0 :very strong positive correlation
−1.0=r : perfect correlation 1.0=r : perfect correlation

Interpretation: From the table of values, there is a strong positive correlation between the grade in Math and the grade in
English.

A hypothesis test helps you determine some quantity under a given assumption. The outcome of the test tells you
whether the assumption holds or whether the assumption has been violated. The basic format for hypothesis
testing:
I. State the hypotheses and identify them.
II. State the alpha.
 III. Compute the test value.
IV. Make the decision.
V. Summarize the result.
2. Regression Analysis is can be used to explain the relationship between dependent and independent variables.
Three major uses:
a. Causal analysis -shows you the possible causation of changes in Y by changes X.
b. Forecasting an Effect- allows you estimate and predict the value of Y given the value of X.
c. Linear Trend Forecasting- helps you trace the line best fit to tine series
Characteristics Regression Line
1. When m>0, y increases as x increases. (Positive Linear Relationship)
2. When m<0, y decreases as x increases. (Negative Linear Relationship)
3. When m=0, y constant and is equal to y-intercept b. (No Relationship)

y=mx+b
( ∑ y ) ( ∑ x 2 ) −( ∑ x )( ∑ xy )
b= 2
n ( ∑ x ) −( ∑ x )
2

n( ∑ xy )−( ∑ x )( ∑ y )
m= 2
n ( ∑ x )−( ∑ x )
2

Compute the 𝑏 and 𝑚.

( 470 ) ( 43265 ) −( 465 ) ( 43730 )
b=
5 ( 43265 )−( 465 )2
b=1

5(43730)−( 465 ) ( 470 )

m=
5 ( 43265 )−( 465 )2
m=1

Substitute the value of m and b to the regression formula.

The regression equation for predicting the grade in English given the grade in Math is y=x +1
For example, using the obtain equation is y=x +1, substitute 91 (Grade in Mathematics) in x. y = 91 + 1 = 92 (Grade in
English). According to this model, for every 1point increase in the Math grade, there is a corresponding average increase of 1
point in the English grade. The Math grade is directly proportional to the English grade because the slope is positive.

I. State the hypotheses and identify them.

Ho: There is no significant relationship between Mathematics grade and English grade of the students.
II. State the alpha.
α =0.05

Regression Analysis in Microsoft Excel

Step 1: Go to Data>Data Analysis
 Step 2: Select Regression

Step 3: Select your Input Y Range, Input X Range, and Output Range>Tick the Labels> OK

Regression Table
 III. Compute the test value.
P-value=0.130218
IV. Make the decision.
P-value>0.05
Since this P-value is not less than the chosen alpha level of 0.05, we can’t reject the null hypothesis.
V. Summarize the result.
The table presents the relationship of the dependent and independent variables. The computed P-value which is
0.130218 is greater than the Alpha which is 0.05. The numerical data shows that there is no significant relationship between
Mathematics Grade and English Grade of the students, r (3) = 0.766, p > 0.05.

3. Independent Sample t-test: Equal Variances Assumed

The independent-measures hypothesis test allows researchers to evaluate or to compare the mean difference
between two populations using the data from two separate samples.
Example: Suppose we put people on 2 diets “the fruit diet and the bread diet”. Participants are randomly assigned to
either 7-days of eating exclusively fruits of 7-days of exclusively eating bread. At the end of the week, we measure the weight
gain of each participant. Does bread diet cause more weight gain compared to fruits diets? Test the claim using 10% level of
significance.
H0: Bread diet does not cause more weight gain compared to fruits diet.
α =0.1
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7
Fruit Diet 3 4 4 4 5 6 6
Bread Diet 1 2 2 2 3 4 4
t-test in Microsoft Excel
Step 1: Input your data.

Step 2: Go to Data>Data Analysis>t-test: Two Sample Assuming Equal Variances>OK

Step 3: Select your Input Y Range, Input X Range, and Output Range>Tick the Labels>0.10 Alpha OK

Step 4:
 P-value=0.006342
P-value¿0.10
Since this P-value less than the chosen alpha level of 0.10, we reject the null hypothesis.
Conclusion: Bread diet causes more gain compared to fruit diet.

4. ANOVA. One way analysis of variance is used when you want to compare the means of more than two groups. This test can
be used only if the background assumptions are satisfied such that it has independent random samples, population are normal
population variance are equal.

Example: A teacher is concerned about the level of knowledge possessed by PUP students regarding Philippine history.
Academic major of the students was also recorded. Data in terms of percent correct is recorded below for 24 students. Is there
a significant difference between the levels of knowledge possessed by PUP students regarding Philippine history when
grouped according to their academic major? Compute for the appropriate test for the data provided below and use 0.05 level
of significance.
Education Business/Management Behavioral/Science Engineering
63 72 42 81
79 49 52 57
78 64 30 87
56 68 83 64
67 39 22 29
47 78 71 30

ANOVA in Microsoft Excel

Step 1: Input your Data

Step 2: Click Data>Data Analysis>ANOVA Single Factor>OK

Step 3: Select the Input Range> Select Columns>Label in First Row>O.O5 Alpha>New Worksheet Ply>OK
Step 4: Results

P-value=0.59284
P-value¿0.05
Since this P-value greater than the chosen alpha level of 0.05, we do not reject the null hypothesis.
Conclusion: There is no significant difference between the levels of knowledge possessed by PUP students
regarding Philippine history when grouped according to their academic major.
What Is More (Lesson Activity)

What I Have Learned (Generalization)

Write an essay on a separate sheet and fasten it in your portfolio. Use the guide questions below.
My Reflective Journal No. 4
What have you learned in this module?
How this lesson will improve your current study?
Share your experiences in answering the module.
What I Can Do (Application)

Additional Activities (Enrichment or Assignment)