UNIT 4/\ Weather g h AN OVERVIEW Identity Icons & Sym, OF SCOTLAND Customs in Scotland. Do in Si : eak in the U.K. is located atin ighest 9 ics ie Ea and height? Compare it with Fa Pan - the highest point in Vietnam. @ Is English the official language in Scotland? © Do you know the name of a well-known lake in ter is supposed to live? Scotland where a monst © What is the Scottish highland dress for men? ‘A. saffron robe B.kilt C. sarong D. cloak © Lookat the man inthe picture, Do you know the name of the musical instrument he is playing? ae ee * “ i P set in Gaelic, Alba, is a country (formerly an independent ae SeSual Wal aes occupying the northern third of the island of Great Ba. sb nen a fst united with England in 1603, when the Scottish Kine 2 ap ee eae Seottent: On March 26, 1707 OS the United Kingdon merged to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, whie event root Sadi ae ee te Noe sl though sm ale : ‘ Ber, ae rule parliament to ee separate, In 1999, Scotland reo Moti lg edlaigescatiin id he the he, domestic matters Inited Kingdom (after England). PHYSICA Topography” GEOGRAPHY OF SCOTLAND Scotland hy ties Ri the Souther an BAY lear! ; im upland), oSttY Marked regions. Just worth of the border wo i a / rr, economy dep in area ep of sm: ; : father ori ds toa ltge extent agra quite far apart from each © a Mountaing any” |S the ce ee} a feos and deep ntral plain, Finally, there are ‘the pighlane® roost e Walleysiand j ‘and includi FP ineluding numerous small islands © Scanned with CamScannera ty occupies the same land there. It is in the [central plaffYand the strip of east coast ation of Scotlandslives. In the industrial north of wular natural beaut million people live fee ands om i that oe tha OM of He PP ox is regi he same difficulties as ve es, this region has had many of tl ae tee Noi Sea oil industry has helped to keep ‘unemployment down. ra EM daalial belt Quick facts: SCOTLAND 78,789 sq km oe southern England but area of spectae potion 5,064,000 (2001 estimate) popesan 64 persons per sq km (2001 estimate) Edinburgh Flower of Scotland (unofficial) ‘Aberdeen, Dundee, Glasgow, Edinburgh, the caj tic \them sie jpital, Inverness, Major cities Stirling Oticisllanguage English (Scottish Gaelic is spoken by 1.4 percent of the population) Currency Pound Sterling (£) Highest point Ben Nevis (1,343 m) Major rivers. ‘The Clyde, The Dee, The Don, The Forth, The Spey, The Tay, The Tweed Longest river Tay (188 km) ‘Major lakes Loch Linnhe, Loch Fyne (Sea Lakes); Loch Ness, Loch Lomond (Freshwater Lakes) Largest lake Loch Lomond (60 sq km) Nationalemblems St. Andrew, bluebell, thistle Weather: and Climate Like the climate of the rest of Britain, that of Scotland is [Subject to the moderating | ; lunes ‘of the surrounding, séa8, ind result of these influences, [extreme seasonal) ming ae a= sls wines) and 6601/Sumimers"aire the outstanding climatic rat in in ae Sampras, however, re common during the winter season in the | nodeang en of the interior. In the western coastal region, which is subject to the Blom ee of the Gulf Stream, conditions are somewhat milder than in the east, Th temperature of th ion i a | i we eastern coastal region is 4°C (39°F), and the average } mary Berges tate Of the western coastal region is 3°C (37°F); TRS are 14°C (574 corresponding July t it F) and 15°C (59°F). The | tity of Bi . The average January and July ter meat Enbugh a 3°68) and 10°C (HT), pect, Pore este peeional variations, ranges from about 3800 mm (about 150 i) aa | Highlands to 635 mm ¢ ; : (25 in) annually in certain eastern areas, ) annually in the 33 | Scanned with CamScannerYE Orephictars com a ee fact | a gntic OceON pendand Firth oS Island ie fall into £80 toes Se forecasting roups: - nd forecasting on climate climate. forecasts, those sayings which predict summer rainfall from observing when species of tree come into leaf, oF severity of the coming winter from the time of migration of certain birds, have little validity: But familiarity with the local topography can oak 6 temeile ees a eae Within the next few hours CLICK HERE direction, temperature Belfa Oe and humidity are kn — ‘weather signs in me ‘wn. Over hundred, or thousands, of y ve recorded thes? : form of proverb: » Of years, people have recor 2 Aelight” Or the description ot Scotch eu as the familiar ‘ted sky at night, shepherds t by Buff Hardie: 'm laidhe, Wi a ith a rod, ‘ jnhaduinn; Fila, sky at bedtime Mhaduinn oe ld rise early athehadal With rosy sky at dawn © Would take another sleep. ittere Nt reputat, “Putations. Glas ale SY and some cf S80" is the thied Targést ety Glsgoye nae Abs Worst housing conditions i “lasgow 18S a st «2. Was famous in this ) Shag ge hte” S8H001 (leg 48 AMtistic erie tls FesPeCD) Teeeiye Ue: In 19 Y Mackintoshy - ta8¢: At the turn of the Y immigray 3S tha) Put the city at the forefront fro Welany City of Culture. Over the and in some ways it reflects at Scanned with CamScannervisions in the community that exist in Northern Ireland. For example, of its éwo rival i eas, one i Catholic (Celtic) and the other is Protestant (Rangers), football Sat is half the size of Glasgow, has a\ comparatively middle-class image rarer a Gass difeebes Wei need Gaitwa éliles brea really very great). It is|the capital (tte and is esociated wit RARE MAANSMAGEREMAatesene This reputation, ek its many fine historic buildings, and also perhaps its topography (there is a bags middle ofthe city on which stands the castle) has led to its being called ¢Athens [GHENGTE. The annoal Edinburgh Festival of the arts is internationally famous. IDENTITY, ICONS, SYMBOLS & CUSTOMS “Custom, then, is the great guide of human life,” ; . David Hume'’. Scottish Identity ‘ "People in Scotland have constant reminders of theif distinctiv aspects of public life are organized separately, and differently, from the rest of Britain — roably, education, law and religion, Second, the Scottish way of speaking English is very distinctive. A moder of the di ness. First, several important Mariage and Family Pepe ‘ually marry in their middle to xt 20s, Many couples tive together before or instead living in the Scottish r Hands were loyal to their clan, a fume was educated g¢ of 12. His health was poor, anc} 35 Scanned with CamScannering WC her bond of | tives sharing a common ancestor or some ot of loya, unit hat bound west Timportane in the lives of individual family members today, Each drone Till headed by a chieftain, but the position is mainly symbolic. Contempo cn ere of a elan may make efforts to preserve its traditions and history. Each clan ig me fe ‘ nted by a tartan, a distinctive plaid pattern. ‘ Bs fal noe extended family can still be important, but in urban areas families tend ty be small and generally close-knit. Although relatives visit each other often, families are independent from each other. The elderly prefer to stay in their own homes and Temain independent as long as possible, rather than live with their married children. Just over half all homes are owner occupied, the lowest level in the United Kingdom. a ed po fell Traditionally, the Scots haye favoured ihe: meals such as -stews, eaten with q atti ional dish is haggis, which ipezetabessuch as nceps ips) and tates (ottoes), he mation dish i hag, wih “ig gade from [pound sheep efits, mixed with[8ARind [spices;Jand tied in a hae eas and cooked. Younger Scotstypically Gat less of this traditional fare. The fatoal \drink is whiskey (spelled “whisky in Scotland), the produetjon of “Bias cis ty allenic significantlystocthe*econiomy. There are more than ji0) malt’ wi in the ‘Hightands and it is not surprising that the word (Scotch) is|used to’ mean Whisky throughout the world, Socializing A handshake is usual when people are introduced, and standard English greetings such # “Hello” and “How do you do?” are common. More informal greetings among friend include “All right?” and, in the north, “Fit like?,” to which the response is Nae sae bad (‘Not so bad”), or “All right.” In Scotland, visits to the home are usually prearranged. Only close friends and family drop by unannounced. Recreation The most popular organized sport is soccer, followed by rugby, but a wide ange of sports are enjoyed. Many people Play golf, which was devised in Scotland in the 14th or 15th century, and the Country has many excellent courses, Scotland is also famous for its fishing. Winter sports include curling (in which ie teams of four players slide granite BAGPIPE Scanned with CamScannerditions are not that reliable. 4 | S Sie ae snot in many parts of the Scottish Highlands during the summer. They are Highland Games d meeti the events include tossing the caber (a tional Ki ack and field meeting where t oe a and throwing the hammer (a heavy metal ball attached to a roughly trimmes in). P often wear traditional dres: icians play traditional| bagpipe _ chain). Participants often traditional dress, and musicians play ip ain). ilevision and going to the cinema 0 ite leis - Pubs— ci televisic going nema are also favorite leisure activities. Watching i t slic houses that serve alcoholic beverages and sometimes food—are probably the mos! 4 ns fea venues outside the home for socializing. day lebrations F eee Eve (Hogmanay) is when some of the year’s most lively celebrations take place in Scotland. New Year's Eve is a more important festival in Scotland than it shi «England, and it even has a special name. It is not clear where the word ‘hogmaynay? comes fom, butt is connected with the provision of food and drink for all visitors to your home on ‘3I* Decembé. Traditionally, on Hogmanay, children would go to the doors of their ‘iehtous, and sing and cry out “Hogmanay!” to receive oatmeal cakes in return. Another ‘rion asociated with New Year’s Eve isthe “fist-footer,” or the first person to cross the ‘heshold ofa home after midnight on New Year’s Eve. Ifthe first-footer is a dark-haired angyins Presents, the family should have good luck for the rest of the year. The song "Auld Lang Syne] which means “in memory of past times”, by beloved Scottish poet {Rober Bums|is sung on New Year's Evg Omar ck AULD LANG SYNE Should auld acquaintance be forgot And never brought to mind Should auld acquaintance be forgot For the sake of auld lang syne. For auld lang syne, my dear, For auld lang syne We'll take a cup of kindness yer, | For the sake of auld lang syne, Me By 918 honour ‘Burns's (Sire basi birthday (25 Janu; Ib ty s served, anyiby celebrating his life and works at 37 Scanned with CamScanner—— val in the popularity of wearing kilts on special occasions There has been a recent revi ‘ such as graduations, weddings, or Hogmanay. night wear them for events st Men Flowers of Scotland: the Thistle and the Bluebell) ‘The prickly purple thistle is pethaps the most identifiable symbols of all things Scottish and nowadays, it can be seen promoting the ‘Scottishness' of a wide variety of products, services and organisations. Ever present in fields and pastures throughout Scotland, thistle has been Scotland's emblem for centuries. The first use as a royal symbol was on silver coins issued by James III in 1470. The plant, which grows to a height | of five feet, has no enemies because of vicious spines that cover i. it like armor plating. But why is it that such a proud people as the Scots should choose a humble weed as its national symbol? In truth, no-one knows. There is a legend which relates how a sleeping party of Scots warriors were almost set upon by an invading band of Vikings and were only saved when one ofthe attackers trod on a wild thistle with his bare feet. His cries raised the alarm and the roused Scots duly defeated the Danes. In gratitude, the plant became known as the Guardian Thisle and was adopted as the symbol of Scotland. Sadly, there is no historical evidence to back wp the tale. Bluebells add a splash of colour as they display themselves in full flower in the woods it Scotland. Here is an extract from a poem by someone who appreciated such delights. THE BLUEBELL OF SCOTLAND The rose, summer's emblem, ‘tis England's chosen tree And France decks her shield with the stately Fluer-de-lis But brighter, fairer far than these There blooms a flower for me, Tis the Bluebell, the Bluebell On Scotland's grassy lea Where from the dark, up springs the lark The rising sun to see! Where from the dark, up ines fs fork The rising sun to see! Scanned with CamScannerow with a suitable word or phrase. of Great Britain. It is the biggest country bel il each of the BaPS a i Scotland is in ie and is only smaller than ____——"" oot eg Scotland has three ee aah icon in area. 4, The economy of the Souther Upland depends largely on : ‘% of Scottish people live in the _____—"_. 2 noe and the tohein of whisky play an important role in the local economy of the ee 6. Two major cities in Scotland are and the size of the latter. 1 on © Write E for Edinburgh, G for Glasgow in the space after each of the descriptions below. The capital city of Scotland _ The third largest city in Britain Haas a comparative middle-class image. __ ‘Associated with scholarship, the law and administration. Associated with heavy industry and bad housing conditions. _ Has a strong artistic heritage. Sometimes called ‘Athens ofthe North’. Was the European City of Culture in 1990__ Haas received many immigrants from Ireland. __ Its two rival football teams are Celtic and Rangers. __ . The former is half per ar ae nye 10. © Fillin each of the following gaps with appropriate information. 1. Outstanding climatic features of Scotland are winter and summer, 2: In the western cx i itic ii 2 ‘oastal region, conditions are somewhat than in the east. Sayings about weather in Scotland fall into two groups: forecasting forecasting . Climatic forecasts has little but ; of weather is possible if we're familiar with the local topography. | ______is the name given to certain geometrical = . = e patterns woven into cloth, cloth itself, from which are made the garments traditionally worn in the Highing a of Scotland. Sanat and forecast é Re tlre emblem of Scotland is : e national dish of Scotland is ich is » which is made fj ——____ entrails, mixed with oats and spi ied i Eee = and spices, and tied ina °s stomach 39 Scanned with CamScanner| The national drink of Scotland is ignii the economy. : : ae are a traditional ‘kind of meeting where the ven include tossing the caber and throwing the hammer. 9. Although are found throughout the world, Scotland is country most identified with the musical instrument. 10. The most famous poet in Scotland is - 11.Scotsmen all over the world celebrate Burn’s Night on ‘ 12. Traditionally on New Year’s Eve, children would go to the doors of their n and sing and cry out “ !” to receive oatmeal cake in return, 13, Saint Andrew’s Day, on honours the patron saint of Scotland. 14.Men might wear _ tiff, for events such as graduations, weddings, o Hogmanay. x the production of which Contribute, ~ Probably the eighbours, © Decide if the following statements are true (1) or false (F). ~ The thistle is a symbol of love, _F Clans become less important in the lives of individual family members today. [_ . The elderly prefer to stay with their married children. £ . The word ‘Scotch’ i tthe is used to mean whisky throughout the world, ane There has been a recent revival in the Popularity “of Wearing kilts on speci occasions, home are usually prearranged. ae em of unknown author. i *d with the provision of food and drink for all visitors on New wwe a . In Scotland, visits to the - Auld Lang Syne is a p - Hogmanay is connect Year's Eve, T ox Scanned with CamScannerLead-in Major Cities UNIT 5 Weather & Climate AN OVERVIEW |i" Icons & Symbols OF WALES | cisions 0 How big is Wales in comparison with other parts of Britain? @Wales is a constituent part of the UK, but why is its flag not included in the Union Flag? © Why is Wales called a principality? Look at the pictures and fill in the blank. Wales is a land of and princes. Quick facts: WALES Area Population Population density [Capitar city Major cities Official language Currency (Highest point | Longest river Largest lake National emblems National game Main text 20,779 sq km 2,903,000 (2001 est) 140/sq km Cardiff Caerphilly, Newport, Swansea, Wrexham English, Welsh. Pound Sterling (£) ‘Snowdon (1,085 m) Severn (partly in England) (354 km ) Bala (4.4 sq km) St. David, the Daffodil and the leek Rugby Union 41 Scanned with CamScannerpHY outh. About two-thirds of the tora puysicaL GeoGRAT fom noth Naor CH ply 242 y relive in the - vila oe) more than 2.9 million er ad and Newport Bs populati 4:8 on the TaWe River. Swansea is an.importan, nonferrous metals and motor thee biggest towns are seapo eee actin soa WAS | porude steel and + Swans jth manufactures that include located in th chemical works are jocat e suburb of finery and s a a mw vey Calle of Santee 1920) and is Kost to ah ._The city isthe seat of - : toa ee an ‘A Norman fortress Was erected on the site about 1099. During the Middle ‘Ages the community Was a regional market center. Its industrial growth began in the 18° en -xport the coal mined in southern Wales. The town century, when the port was developed to € centre was desttoyed by German bombing during World War II (1939-1945); the city has since been rebuilt. Swansea was ‘enlarged in 1974, and now includes the scenic Gower’ Peninsula, a farming and resort area. + Newport is a town it in is [Newportis a Soe ROSE) Walesa port on the Usk River, Newport is a.major[sieck euch ts ai Kingdom. It is also'a commercial and transportation center of southe: E , improved in the 1970s, handles it j i oe i , handles imports of ore! and |timber and machinery. Located here is Baint Woolos's Cathedral. rif a as well asa notablémuseum and art gallery. i has b = ’ = of pal apital «; - been ig roe 1955] There has ing in So HES. This wag Rand to become ever, When ga? and eae Period when the : dit eed ese industieg ea a major” Fea In to decline, interesig. NOW Expanding as 4 ing p} t ling as Whi ae to live in, with ‘0 Visiting cee® BEAHY 10,000 “astle arid Llandaft ah een the but it tie Scanned with CamScannercathedral, or the National Museum of Wales. If you like music, there is the famous national concert hall, St David’s Hall, or the New Theatre, which isthe home of the Weleh National tere, . Opera Company. notify > preserved mote cull poly Most of the rest of Wales i(wiountainongl Because of this, Communication! between orth and south is very difficult. As a result, each part of Wales has (closer contact with its neighbouring part of England than it does with other parts of Wales: the {north with Liverpool, and mid-Wales with the English West midlands, The area round Mount Snowdon {nthe north-West of the country is very beautiful and is\the largest National Park in Britain’ The highest peak, Snowdon, is 1,085 m. You can reach the summit on foot or by the mountain railway, which is 7 km long, Weather and Climate. The climate of Wales, like that of England) is mild a inJuly 916°C (60°F), and in\January|it is 6°C (42°F), Wales shares with Manchester, England, a reputation foribeing wel] In Manchester's case the rputation is largely unjustified, but most of Wales (gets an {awful lot of rain) Of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom, \Wales has the{ (highest average rainfall) Annual rainfall varies with elevation, ranging from about 760 mm {about 30 in) in eertain coastal regions to more than. 2,500 mm (more than 100 in) in the Snowdon massif. ¥ i average daily temperature i IDENTITY, SYMBOLS & CUSTOMS Tdentity ‘ The people of Wales (do not have as many reminders of their Welshness “in everyday life! The (organization of Public life is similar to that in England, Nor are there as iY well-known symbols of Welshness. In addition, a wi minority of the people in Wales probably do not sauder themselves to be'especially Welsh at all. In the Niheteenth Century large numbers of Scottish, Irish, and. Eelsh people went te find_work there, and today many jot SUPESPIEMi make their homes in Wale or have a va house ther@! As a result, a feeling of loyalty to wa often Similar in hature tothe fairly Weak loyalties”? ~pitlctlar geographical areas found throughout England Noy Sil Fatier than nationalists] , wane there is one single highly-important symbol of ie uity ~{the Welsh I verybody in Wales | Sn hg oR about she but it if not everybody's first language, ) % of the pop (that’s more than half a NU Scanned with CamScannermillion people) the mother-tongue is Welsh. For these people Welsh identity obviously more than just livin the region known as Wales. Moreover, in gona. the other an minority languages of Europe, Welsh show signs of continued ‘ally’ Thanks 10 stceca Tot of public support. All children in Wales lean tats, ns, the Janguage receives @ ai ypers in Welsh, there is a Welsh television channel and etl ten in both Welsh and English. campaigi thére are many local newspa public notices and signs are writ ff their language and culture, (Ghe Wels Language ie[race, are very proud o} for in the south and eastithey The Welsh, who ‘belong to’ the Feltic ‘These are{best preserved in the north apd west of the country, have been more challenged by industralisation: Welsh is one of the Celtic languages, like Scottish and Irish Gaelic. It is estimated that Welsh is spoken by 16 to 20 per cent of the population, although in North and West Wales (50 per ent speak the language. The (Welsh language, Act of 11967) said that all|official ‘documents should be in{both languages, and most road signs are printed in English and ‘Welsh * Sincé the 1960s there has been increased interest in Welsh. At ‘secondary schools almost 50, Since 1982 there has also ‘per cent of all students earn Welsh as d first or second language. been an independent fourth TV channel broadcasting mainly in Welsh. Although{not many Welsh’ words are well-known in England, the word [is is understood by almost everyone. This is the Welsh name for a competition people meet to dance, sing and read jpoems. Usually, only’ Welsh is spoken and in recent years they have attracted people who swish to protest against the influence of English on Wales language and culture. (Customs of Wales! Somewhat isolated by a rugee mountainous téfrain, the Welsh have rétaitied moye of the culture of their Celtic fSrebears than have either the Scots or the English. TH Welsh are fell known for theit Joye) GMMY (of sinzing, and theichymns and Bieeg! ‘songs ate widely known throvgho™. ining of Waried men*) is the ational musie“ana Tet oe Read a ee omemcen: til aps Wels lnewee, a ST cystens j ancl _ 1 ARIE Pr compton among thems or te Tae {st otiaseemblL re the’ licensing magni candidates to the position of aap ser oe s. The € Scanned with CamScanneror assembly, now ‘occurs on the second day (Tuesday) of the festival to confer degrees of four grades on the modern cphalaet the Welsh bards. The history of Eisteddfod te ‘ jates the Christian era, rahtedates | Not only is the Eisteddfod)an important cuttural event but a great social gathering, where hundreds of old friends mect to renew their friendship, This, too, was the intention of its ibs ibe founder in 1947, Many families come for the day and bring their'picnic with ‘ahd vacuum” flasks with them, It has been known for meribers of the audience to remain atthe Eisteddfod from 11 a, m. until the final male voice competition af 10.30 p.m., when they usyally, ends with thousands more people out 6h the pasts than in the Bee shay me ‘presentiday Welsh singing stars started on their careers af thé Miners’ Eisteddfod. It is a ra at ile fh clo and one of the highli hts,of the day's events is the children’s 26% ‘ompetition) which attracts the finest ieee choirs from mining villages.t is always the wish of the organizers to make the proceedings as entertaining as sssible by providing competitions for as many classes as possiblé= women’s choirs, men’s AE panties xed choirs and of course ‘the male voice choirs Which attract some of the finest choirs in the land. Hoa tha fui toidiy Welsh Symbols: The Daffodil and the Leek’ ‘The jonal_flowet) of Wales is the daffodill which is{traditionally Wornfon St David's Day) many explanations of how the leek came to be adopted as the national P emblem of Wales. One is that St David) Q>. advised the Welsh, on the eve of battle with the Saxons, to|wear leeks in their caps to ‘distinguish friend from foe.! © Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). 1. OF the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom, Wales has the highest average rainfall inthe UK. T 4 ~ Most of the total population, in Wales live in coastal area in the south of Wales. Cardiff is situated in the He or wates =— . . Like English, the Welsh language developed from Alo saxon oh a Germanic AEN language, The people in Wales are of Celtic race. [_ ‘You can easily find both English and Welsh printed on road signs in Wales, Eisteddfod is a dancing festival. ales abe 45 Scanned with CamScanner