فزیک طبی بخش حرارت

Ketabton.
com
1
Ketabton.com
(c) ketabton.com: The Digital Library
Ketabton.com
( )
1391
Ketabton.com
( )
www.ba.edu.af
1391
www.ecampus-afghanistan.org
1000
(DAAD)
.
.
.
.
0756014640
wardak@afghanic.org
978- 123456789
Ketabton.com
.
.
.
DAAD
Ketabton.com
.
)
: (
»
.
.
«.
.
.
.
.
.
60
50
.
.
6
Ketabton.com
( )
:
.1
.
. 100
.
( )
.
7
Ketabton.com
.
.
) DAAD
90 (
. 50
(Mainz/Germany)
Dieter Hampel
.
Ketabton.com
(Center for CIM (GIZ)

International Migration and Development)
wardak@afghanic.org :
textbooks@afghanic.org
Ketabton.com
32 16
. 4
.
.
10
Ketabton.com
16 16
. 4
:
:
-
.
. -
-
.
:
. -
-
.
-
.
. -
. -
11
Ketabton.com
.
:
.
:
.
.
:
50 16
20 .
.
12
Ketabton.com
. !
13
Ketabton.com
..........................................................................................
....................................................................................
1..........................................................................
3................................................................. 1- 1
6......................................................... 2- 1
8................................................................ 3- 1
11................................................................................... 4- 1
12. .......................................................................... 5- 1
14 .................................................... 6- 1
18............................................................. 1-2
21..................................................................... 2-2
21.......................................................... 3-2
22.............................................. 4-2
25........................................ 5-2
28........................................................... 6-2
29................................................................ 7-2
30..................................... 8-2
31................................................................... 9-2
33.................................................... 2-10
35.............................................................. 11-2
37..................................... 12-2
43.....................................................................
46……………………………. 1 3
47..................................... 2 3
48........................................ 3 3
14
Ketabton.com
49............. 4 3
50........................ 5 3
.51........................................................... 6 3
55............................................................. 7 3
57................................................... 8 3
60.....................................................................
63................................................... 1 4
63......................................... 2 4
68......................................... 3 4
69........................................... 44
70............................................... 54
72......................................................... 64
73.......................................................... 74
75.................................................... 84
77..................................... 94
84...........................................................................
86................................................................. 1-5
86................................................................... 2-5
87....................................................................... 3-5
88 ................................................................ (4-5)
88 ......................................................................... (5-5)
89 ................................................... 6 -5
91................................................... 5-7
93 ................................................................... 5-8
99................................ 9-5
101...............................................................................
103 ....................................................................... 6 1
104........................................................................ 2 6
15
Ketabton.com
105...................................................... 3 6
105................................................. 4 6
106.................................................................. 5-6
107......................................................................... 6-6
109........................................ 66
112 ...................................................................... ( 7 6)
114 ..................................................................... 8 6
115 ......................................................................... 96
116............................... 10 6
118................................................ 11 6
122..........................................................................
126........................................................................ 1 7
126 .................................................................. 2 7
128............................................................................ 3 7
131.................................................. 4 7
133................................................................... 5 7
135................................................................... 6 7
137............................................ 7 7
137......................................................... 8 7
138................................................ 10 7
138.......................................................... 11 7
138.................................................... 12 7
140....................................... 13 7
143......................................................... 14 7
145......................................................... 15 7
146..........................................................................
148......................................................... 1-8
148.................................................. (2-8)
150.................................................................... 3-8
155..................................................... 4-8
16
Ketabton.com
160................................................. 5 8
162........................................ 8-6
163............................................................... 7 8
164........................................................... 8 8
166................................................................. 9 8
167............................ 10 8
170............................................. 11 8
172....................................... 12 8
174........................................................................
176.......................................... 1 9
177.......................................... 2 9
179............................................. 3 9
180.................................................... 4 9
183........................................................ 5 9
184..................................................... 6 9
186................................................................ 7 9
187................................................... 8 9
189.......................................................................... 9-9
190............................................ 9-10
191....................................................................................
193.................................................................. 1-10
194...................................................................... 2- 10
197................................................. 3-10
197............................................................... 4-10
198......................................................................................
200....................................... .........................................
215..............................................
224........................................... ............
........................................
17
Ketabton.com
.
0
21 C
. 10 m/s 50%
.
18
Ketabton.com
10.
.
19
Ketabton.com
1- 1
.
1
.
2
1745 .
(9,19)
6 5 4
.
.
1
Democritus
2
Bacan
3
(10)
4
Laroisier
5
James Black
20
Ketabton.com
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
8
. .
6
Caloric
7
Benjamin Thompson
8
Count Rumford of Bovaria
21
Ketabton.com
.
.
.
.
.(12.11.4)
9
.
10
12 11
9
James prescalt jouls
10 Luding Boltzman
11
Jemes cleark Maxwell
12 Jemes Willaro Gibbs
22
Ketabton.com
.(4.11.12)
2- 1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
23
Ketabton.com
.
.
(15,11)
.
.
)
(
.
.
.
) .
( 19, 29
24
Ketabton.com
.
:
.
.
. (11 20)
3 -1
.
.
)
. (
.
:
.
.
:
25
Ketabton.com
. .
.
:
.
5000C 0 4000
.
.
.
.
:
26
Ketabton.com
.
2.2.9.1017 Kg / m 3
.(15 11 9) . (Pb)
4- 1
: .
.
.
:
27
Ketabton.com
.
.
:
: .
.
:
.
:
.
:
.
28
Ketabton.com
5 -1
.
: -
.
.(1 14). 2Cal
.
: -
:
.
. :
.
.
.
29
Ketabton.com
.
.
.
. (4 11 8)
6- 1
.
13
.
.
13 Gallen
30
Ketabton.com
) .
. (
.
1800
.
14
. 1240
1908 .
. (He)
2 John Gorrie
31
Ketabton.com
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
10
2.10 m - 10
- 11
- 12
- 13
32
Ketabton.com
- 14
- 15
- 16
- 17
- 18
- 19
- 20
33
Ketabton.com
1- 2
.
.
.
.
.
. (27.20.1)
.
34
Ketabton.com
.(12)
(12. 4.1)
15
2- 2
.
1690
16
.
.( 4 12 31) .
15
Thermometer
16
Jan Locke
35
Ketabton.com
.
.
.
.(2 12 4 )
3-2
. ( )
.
( )
36
Ketabton.com
.
.
.
.
.
760 mmHg
.
. (1- 2) .
(1- 2)
4-2
37
Ketabton.com
18 17
.
.
SI
1954 .
.
.
.
(0F )
212 32 .
. 180
17 . Fahrenheit
18 . Celsius
38
Ketabton.com
100
0
. C
19
273.15 0 C
K
.
:
. ( )
(22, 15, 11,4)
20
R . 80
.
19 . Lord Kalvin
20. Reaumur scale
39
Ketabton.com
.
. 492 273
. Ra
5-2
:
( )
.
.
t C = at F + b ..... (1- 2)
. b a t F t C
0 C = 32 F
( 1- 2)
0 = a . 32 + b ...... (2- 2 )
40
Ketabton.com
100 = a. 212 + b ..... (3- 2 )

b= b a (3- 2 ) ( 2- 2 )
- 5/9 . 32
a = 5/9
(2- 2) b a
.
t C = 5/9 (t F – 32 ) . . . (4-2)
t F = 9/5 t C + 32 . . . (5-2)
(5- 2 ) (4- 2 )
.
:
F 1.8 C .... ( 6- 2 )
. :
tk = at C + b . . . ( 7-2)
41
Ketabton.com
( 7- 2 ) b,a
.
) tk = t C + 273 . . . ( 8-2
. -:
: ( 8- 2 ) ( 5 -2 )
tk = 5/9 (t F + 459, 4 ) . . (9-2)
.
38 . . . ( 10-2) t F = 9/5 tk - 253
. :
.
R = 80/100 C = 0,8 C . . . (11-2)
:
:
Ra=1.8 C …..,(12-2)
42
Ketabton.com
R
Ra K F C
672 80 373 212 100

558 6 29 6 310 98 6 37
492 0 273 32 0
0 - 218.4 0 - 460 - 273 1- 2)
(
( 15 10)
6- 2
.
.
21
(-130 C )
(27.11.12)
.21
.
43
Ketabton.com
7 -2
92 F 43 C 35 C .
. 110 F
.(2- 2) .
C F
43 110
37 98.6
35 92
(2-2)
.
44
Ketabton.com
.
:
.
.
.
22
.
.(19, 14. 1 )
8- 2
.
)
(
.
.
22
Rectum
45
Ketabton.com
.
.
.
( 98.6 F 37 C
.14,17,12)
9- 2
46
Ketabton.com
(3- 2 ) . (5% / C )
.
. .
T
-
V
+
3- 2
.
. 0,01 C
47
Ketabton.com
23
.(26 12)
10-2
.
24
.
( 4- 2)
.
(00C )
(4- 2)
23
Pneumograph
24
Thermo couple
48
Ketabton.com
25
(emf )
.
. ( )
.
. -258 C
.
E (t) = at2 + bt + c . . . 13- 2
. cb a
E = f (t)
.
. 0 ,00 4V 100 C
. (11,12)
25
. Electro Motive Force
49
Ketabton.com
11- 2
,
) .
. ( 5- 2
.
(5- 2)
50
Ketabton.com
.( 6- 2 ) .
.
.
. (12.1 3)
( 6- 2 )
51
Ketabton.com
12- 2
.
.
.
±
0. 6 C
.
60 C 13 C
.
.
52
Ketabton.com
37 C . 37 C 36 C
. 39,7 C 38 C .
.
40 C 33,3
36. 7 C
.
.
.
. (1 17 )
1950
1 C .
.
(12,18)
100-80 20 C -18 C
.
53
Ketabton.com
60% 24 C
24 C 80% .
30 C 40%
. .
5 C .
.(1 7. 8).
. 98.6 F .1
:
:
t= 98.6 F
t=? C
t C= 5/9 (t F -32)
= 5/9 (98.6-32)
= 5/9 (66.6) = 37
98.6 F=37 C
. 20 C .2
: .
54
Ketabton.com
:
t= 20 C
t=? F
t F= 9/5 t C +32
= 9/5 20 +32 = 68
20 C=68 F
.3
, 5
:
1=0,1
37.5 C = 37+ 0.5
t F = 9/5 t C +32
t F = 9/5 (37.5) +32
=99.5
37.5 C= 99.5 F
37 C = 98 . 6 F
99 . 5 – 98 . 6 = 0 . 9
. 9
55
Ketabton.com
. 37 C .4
tK = t C + 273
= 37 + 273 = 310
37 C = 310 K
20 F : .5
tK = 5/9(t F+459.4)
= 5/9(20+459.4)=5/9(479.4)
= 266.3
20 F= 266.3 K
56
Ketabton.com
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
- 60 F .10
.11
.12
C, F .13
20 C .14
57
Ketabton.com
. - 196 C .15
. 99 , 2 F .16
6
.
. - 183 C .17
. 351 k .18
175 F .19
.20
. .21
98 , 6 F 1 .22
. .
.
.23
b= . t
, , 100 C , a = 50.10 4 0,2mv/deq
58
Ketabton.com
500 C , 400 C 200 C

E
100 C .24
E=f(t) .25
.
59
Ketabton.com
1 3
26
.
.
.
.
.
2 3
1- Metabolism
60
Ketabton.com
(11 15 21 24)
t1
.
. t2
. Q m
Q~ m…… (1 3)
Q~(t2-t1)……..(2-3)
. Q
. (2- 3) (1- 3 ) C
Q= mc(t2-t1) ……(3 3)
Q=mc t (4 3)
61
Ketabton.com
C . C (4 3)
.
(4 3)
3 3
.
.
( ) .
( 18. 15. 12. 11.)
62
Ketabton.com
4 3
: :
27
. C.G.S
. cal
. 50C 15 14.50C
(Kcal) M.K.S
1Kcal = 103 cal

1kg
. 15.50C 50C 14
:28
.
:(B. T.U) 29 . .
(Lb)
.( 45 6 32 ). 5F 60 59.5F
27
Calorie
2- Thermy
2 - (B.T.U) British Thermal Unit
63
Ketabton.com
(SI)
:
1cal = 4.18 joul
1Kcal = 3.968 BTU

: :
( 27 35) . BTU/Lb. 0F cal/g. 0C
5 3
1cal/g 0C
.
. . 0.11
( )
.
.
. ( 12 17 30)
6 3
64
Ketabton.com
.
.
30
.
.
.
.
t2 t1
(.10 3) t1 t2
. Isoloted .1
.
65
Ketabton.com
m2 m1
t1 t2 C2 C1
Q2 Q1 .
.
Q1 m1c1 ( t1 )
Q2 m2c2 (t2 )
Q1=Q2
. ( )
m1c1t1
....(3 3)
m1c1 m2c2
n
m1 c1t1
n
...(4 3)
m1 c1
2 1
:
(m1 = m2) (C1= C2) 1
.
t1 t2 ……(5-3) .
66
Ketabton.com
2
m 1 t1 m 2t2
m1 m 2 ...(6 3)
3
C 1t1 C 2t2
... (7-3)
C1 C2
800 650C 300 .1

. 100C
m2=800g m1=300g. (6 3)
t2=100C
C1=C2=1cal/g.c
=?
m 1t1 m 2t2
m1 m2
300 .65 800 .10
300 800
25 C
67
Ketabton.com
1000C 2kg 100C 300 :.2

. 0,03cal/gC .
:
(3 3)
m1=mH2o=300g
m2=mHg=2000g
t1=tH2O=100C
t2=tHg=1000C
c1=cH2O=1cal/g0C
c2=cHg=0, 03cal/g0C
?
m1c1t1 m2 c2 t 2
m1c m2 c2
300.1.10 2000.100.0,03
0 300.1 2000.0,03
25 C
200C 100g .3
800C
:
m= 100g
t1=200C
68
Ketabton.com
t2=800C
C=1Cal/g0C
Q=?
Q= mC(t2-t1)
Q=100.1(80-20)
Q=100.60
Q=6000Cal=6kCal
31 7 3
.
32
. 1892
. 100L
.
1000cm3 250cm3
1-
Colorimeter
32
- Jams Dewar
69
Ketabton.com
.
.(2 3)
( )
. ( )
.
. 19 29 )
(12
8 3
.
.
70
Ketabton.com
.
. ( 370C ) 98.6 0F
2500Kcal
35 34 33
.
36
.
800cm3 600cm3
32% . 416kcal
.
.
. 3000kcal
1- Conduction
2-
Convection
3-
Radiation
4-
evaporation
71
Ketabton.com
.
. ( ) kcal/g
.(11 27 12)
75kg .1
. 2500kcal
. 0.8cal/g0C
.
Q= 2500Kcal
8Cal/g0C C=0
m= 75kg
t= ?
Q= C.m t
t=Q/C.m
6 0C 8.75=41 t= 2500000/0
5000 .2
50
. 51.60C 250C
Kcal/g
72
Ketabton.com
:
C= 1Cal/g0C
m=5000g
t1= 250C
t2=51, 60C
Q=?
S=?
Q= Cm(t2-t1)
Q= 1.5000(51,6-25)
Q= 133kCal
S=Q/m
S= 133Kcal/50g=2 , 66Kcal/g
850C 200C 5 .1
.
0.20cal/g0C
300C 100C 250cm3 .2
(1cal/gC )
150C 860 .3
200 .
. 960C
73
Ketabton.com
300C
190C 150 .4
1000C 60
28 .
220C
6kcal 2 0C 400 .5
.
0.092 cal/g0C
30cm 2.2kg .6
54.4kg . 0.04cal
6400m
0.8 50kg .7
. 100Kcal Kcal/gC
. 0.5cm2 80cm .8
250C
950C
74
Ketabton.com
.10
0.16 cal 2,2Kg 30cm
5Kg 54.5kg
(450cal) 0.
80kg .9
. 2500kcal
0.8cal/g0C
400 300 .10

1000C . 200C
400 .11
. 720cal 200C
0.2cal/g0C 100 .12

100cal . 200C
75
Ketabton.com
1 4
.
.
.
.
37
.
.
.
(4.12.17) .
38
2 4
37
gradient
38
condution
76
Ketabton.com
.
.
.
.
. .
.(20 19)
.
.
.
.
77
Ketabton.com
.
(19 12)
(1 4)
(1- 4)
t
1t
X
t1 X A
t . t2>t1 t2
t2 t1 K
78
Ketabton.com
Q
.
Q/t=K. A (t2-t1)/X ...(1 4)
t2-t1 X A (1 4)
. t
. t2-t1/X
K (1 4)
K= Q.X/A. (t2-t1).t ...(2 4)
(2 4)
. (cal/cm.OC.sec)
.
.
. ( )
450cm2 :
15 C . 5mm
10min . 25 C
79
Ketabton.com
0. 0024cal/cm.C.sec
.
A=450Cm2
x=5mm=0.5Cm
t1=150C
t2=250C
t=10min
k= 0.0024 cal/cm.0C.sec
Q=?
K A(t 2 t1 )t
Q
X
0.0024 450(25 15)600
Q 12960Cal
0 .5
80
Ketabton.com
40 39
3 4
.
41
.
.(2 4) .
(2-4)
.
: .
39
-- Convection
40
[ 19 ] -
81
Ketabton.com
.
: .
.
.
.
. .
42
44
42
. Radition
82
Ketabton.com
.
.
.
( ) .
. .
.
X
.
.
1.5
.
.
83
Ketabton.com
.
150x106km .
. .
(Fire Fly)
.(13 12 14).
54
X
.
: .
. 10-2cm 8.10-5cm
.
.
84
Ketabton.com
5) . .
(28
64
.
.
.
.
.
43
.
( )
.
E2 E1 .
44
: .
= E2/E1 ....(3-4)
43
Emissive Power.
44
Abserbtirity
85
Ketabton.com
(12).
74
B A .
(3 4)
.
( )
.
(3-4)
B A .
A B
B A
.
10 B 97 A
B A
86
Ketabton.com
.
. .
.
.
45
(2.12).
:
46
45
Black Body
46
Diffuss
87
Ketabton.com
( ) .
(21)..
48 47
84
49
.
.
.
W= T4 ……..(4-4)
(watt/m2) SI W
T. 1m2
47
Stefan
48
Boltzmann
49
Tyndall
88
Ketabton.com
. .50
.
:
m2. K4 5.68 10-8 watt/=
T
. .
.( ).
T2
. T1
Q/t= . .A(T42-t41) …(5-4)
(30 18 14) A (5- 4)
94
.
. ( )
.
.
50
. . =1 .
89
Ketabton.com
.
4 C .
. 5 C
.
. 1/3
3/4
.
(-273 C) .
.
60 .
.
90
Ketabton.com
20 5
.51
. .
.
.
.
.
12
.
- 51
.
91
Ketabton.com
.
.
0.58kcal
.
. 600ml
. 16kcal 12
92
Ketabton.com
.
.
.
.
.
20%.
.
.
.
. 4kcal/h
. 90watt 2m2
(2 17 34 ).
93
Ketabton.com
34 C :1
. 23 C .
2m2
:
(6 4) :
.A(T42-t41)
Q/t= .
= 0.97
= 5.67X10-8 W/m2K4
A = 2m2
T1 = 23 C=296K
T1 = 34 C=307K
67.10 .2(307) -(296)4 Q/t=0.97 X5
-8 4
Q/t=133Watt
1 :2
.
. 23 C 5cm
)00057(cal/sec)/(cm. C/cm K=0
) :
X=5cm
A= m =2.104cm2
2 2
T2-T1=11 C
Q/t=A.K(T2-T1)/d
Q/t=2.10.5.7.10-5.11/5
=10.5watts
94
Ketabton.com
450cm2 :3
25 C 15 C . 5mm
10mm
:
.0024cal/cm. C.sec K=0
:
A=450cm2
X=5mm=0.5cm
T1=15 C
T2=25 C
t=10min=600sec
Q=K.A.t (t2-t1)/X
5 Q=0.0024.450.600(25-15)/0
Q=12960cal
Q=12.960kcal
2cm2 :4
10min .
K=0.2cal/cm. C sec
F=80cal/ g
A=2 cm2
X=L= =2cm a
95
Ketabton.com
t=t2-t1=100-0=100 C
t=10 min
Q=KxAt (t2-t1)/x
A=2 cm2
m=Q/F=2400/80=300g
0.2cal/cm.0c.sec 1
5min 200cm2
10cm
50 C
. 0.5cm2 80cm 2
3min 25 C
. 90 C
. 20mm 100cm2 3
2.10-4Cal/Cm
. 100 C
96
Ketabton.com
97% 2m2 4
22 C . 28 C
36 C
580cal/g 5
540cal/g 100 C
. 2000cal
.
. 22 C 2m2 6
22 C 50cm
5cm
. .
watt . 28 C
.
watt . 36 C
.
7
200watt
97
Ketabton.com
2m2 8
. 2mm
10 C 0 C
98
Ketabton.com
1- 5
4 .
.
.
.( 12 14)
2- 5
.
.
.
99
Ketabton.com
(19 15) .
3- 5
.
( ) .
.
= - / t ……. (1- 5 )
1 l l0 1 l
...........(2 5)
l0 t 2 t1 l0 t
(4- 5)
. ( )
100
Ketabton.com
A (t )
( ) A t
(1- 5)
a a(1- 5)
2 =
A= A (1+ t ) …. (3- 5)
(5-5)
.
L t Lo to
. (1- 5)
3
L3 L0 (1 t )3
2
.
3
L3 L0 (1 3 t)
101
Ketabton.com
. V L3 V0 L3O
V V0 (1 3 t )...(4 5)
V V0 (1 t ). 3 =
(1-5)
6 -5
.
V0 t0 (m) .
m
0 ...(5 5)
V0
. V t
m
V
V V0 (1 t)
102
Ketabton.com
m
...(6 5)
V0 (1 t)
: (6- 5) (5- 5)
0 V0
V/ 0 1 t
1
0
.
1 t
0 1 t ...(7 5)
. (7- 5)
.(12 13)
.
( )
(2- 5)
103
Ketabton.com
(2- 5 )
E
d
c
a
b
.
(2-5 ) .
7-5
.
.
H 2O
2 . 8 .
. L 6 K
. K
104
Ketabton.com
H .
O
105
H . 105 0
OH
.
.
105
Ketabton.com
40 C
.
00 c 40 C 40 C
.
40 C
. 1000C
. 00 C 40 C
.
. (3- 5)
V[c
max
1 1
1 0
1 0
0.99
1
t
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 1
. (3- 5)
106
Ketabton.com
.
. 40 C
.
.
.
. 40 C
(16 12 14)
8-5
.
.
1000C 0 0 c 760mmHg
0 0366 1 / 273
. 00 c
. V /V
107
Ketabton.com
. b .
.
P P0 1 b t . . . (8- 5)
. b
.
.
.
V V 0 (1 t)
.
P P0 1 bt
. (24 12)
108
Ketabton.com
9- 5
.
.
( Pyrex ) .
.
.
.
.
109
Ketabton.com
.
.
. .
.
43 3 34 4
.
( )
.
.
.
110
Ketabton.com
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
)
( 27 26 14
111
Ketabton.com
0 0C -1
.
= 16.10-6/0C 600C
112
Ketabton.com
. 90Cm3 0 0C -2
1000C 19.10-6 / 0C
5Cm 0 0C -3
1000C . 2Cm
. 28.10-6/0C
100C 360Cm3 -4
. 500C
0.0012 / 0 C
0.000027 / 0 C
7.9 g / cm 3 ,25 0 C -5
110 0 C
. 45cm 3 250 C -6
. 45.55cm 3 60 0 C
. 250 C 70cm -7
. 0,0588cm 14.10 6 / 0 C
30mm -8
30,02mm
113
Ketabton.com
2.10- 1 19.10-6/0C
5 0
/C
2.00166m 500C -9
2,00 0664/0C 20000C
0 0C
200C - 10
10Cm
400C -200C
114
Ketabton.com
1 6
.
.
.
.
52
...
.
:53
. 6.02x1023
52
Macroscopic
53
Microscopic
115
Ketabton.com
.
.
10-8cm
( 21,4)
2 6
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
. ( )
.
3 6
116
Ketabton.com
.
.
.
.
. P T v
4 6
55 54 1
. (T=cont)
.
.
..... 1- 6PV=cont
.
.
( 1- 6 )
.
. (1- 6) (1 6)
54
Robert Boyel
55
Marioth
117
Ketabton.com
: (1 6)
V
7
P1V1=P2V2
6
5
T=cont
4
3
2
1
P
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(1- 6)
2
( P=cont )
.
.
V
CONST...........(2 6)
T
. (2 6)
V1 V2
....... CONST
T1 T2
3
118
Ketabton.com
P
CONST ....( 3 6)
T
.
.
P1 P2
...... CONST
T1 T2
5 6
.
PV
CONST ......( 4 6)
T.
(4 6) R
PV
R ........( 5 6)
T
: (5 6) n
PV
nR .......( 6 6)
T
. n (6 6)
T=273k 4L V0=22 P0=1atm
R (6 6)
1 atm . 22 , 4 l atm .l
R 0 , 082
273 k mol . k
119
Ketabton.com
R=8.31j/mol.k MKS R
: (6 6)
PV=nRT
n= m/
. M
56
n= N/NA
NA N
.02.1023 NA=6
.
.( 19 ) 16 23
66
1
. 370C (98.60F)
.
57
56
Avogadro
57
Enspiration 2 Expiration
120
Ketabton.com
.
.. 58 .
(.17)
.
.
PV=cont
59
61 60
62
. .
59
AIDS
60
Erythrocyte
61
Leucyte
62
Burdies Asthma
121
Ketabton.com
(120/80mmHg)
.
63
.
.
64
.
V/T=Cont
.
.
3
65
63
Shock
64
Dehydration
65
Vaccine
122
Ketabton.com
.
.
.
.
p/v=Cont
.
(7 6)
.
.
.
.
.(751-754mmHg)
) 66
66
Pneumotharax
123
Ketabton.com
. (
.
.
. .
.
.
67
.
: .
. 1at 150at
150
.(17 13 2)
67
Respirator
124
Ketabton.com
68 8 6
.
.
.
.
.
b .
. (v-b) v
. (v-b) v
.
.
.
)
69
. .(
68 Real Gas
69
J.D.Vander Waals
125
Ketabton.com
a . (a/v2)
(6 6) .
v-b v p p+a/v2
.
(P+a/v2) (v-b) = nRT ..... (7 6)
b.a . (7 6)
.(10 6 ) ()
b a .
.
.
(6 11) .
96
.
.
126
Ketabton.com
P=P1+P2+…+Pn …. (8-6)
n
p pn
i 1
10 6
70
.
.
.0. 04% 79% 20.96%
. .
.
.
20,96
PO2 760 159,3mmHg
100
79
PN 2 760 600,4mmHg
100
0,04
PCO2 760 0,3mmHg
100
.
(Henry) -1
.
127
Ketabton.com
p PO2 PN 2 PCO2
P 150,3 600,4 0,3 760mmHg
P 1atm
.
(7 9) .
11 6
71
H2 O2 .
.
.
d2 d1 .
: v2 v1
V1 d2
.....(9 6)
V2 d1
71
Diffusion -
128
Ketabton.com
6) .
: (9
V1 M1
.....(10 6)
V2 M2
. M2 .M1 (10 6)
. 16
.
12 6
.
.
103cm3 70kg
.
.
. .
.
72
.
72
Aeroembolism
129
Ketabton.com
7000m
.
.
:
. .
:
.
:
.
.
:
.
:
130
Ketabton.com
. 20.96%
.
.
.
.
.
(8 13 14 15 19 )
2730C 270C 15 :1
: V1=15L
T1=27 0C= 300K
T2= 2730C=546K
P=Cont
V2=?
V1/V2=T1/T2
V2=V1x T2/T1=15x546/300
131
Ketabton.com
V2=27.3L
. 0.896 :2
. 524cm3 730 mmHg 280C
m=0.896g
V=524cm = 0.524m3
3
96atm P=730mmHg=0
T=280C=301K
=?
PV=nRT
n=PV/RT = 0.896x0524/0.082x310
n= 0.0204mol
=m/n
896/0 =0
020=44g/mol
. 9at 5L :3
6at 10L
:
PA=9atm
PB=6atm
VA=5L
VB=10L
132
Ketabton.com
P=?
PAxVA=PA` VA`
PA`=PAxVA/VA+VB
PA`=9x5/5+10 = 3atm
PB VB=PB`VB`
PA`=PBVB/VA+VB
PB`=6x10/5+10=4atm
P=PA`+PB`
P=3+4=7atm
. 10m 5m 12m .1
27 C 600mmHg
% 20 % CO 2 , N 2 , O 2
0.2 % 79.8
23 C 752mmHg .2
1atm . 280ml
22.4L 10 C 2atm 3.62g .3

25 C 0.436g .
300ml
133
Ketabton.com
(CO) .4
15 C 740mmHg
873mmHg 120 C .5
. . 0.746L
.
.
0 C 1.4L .6
10mmHg
0.34g 0.15g .7
.(NH4) 0.79g
. 27 C . 1atm
.
.
.
25 C .8
. 741ml 300 C (ether) .9
)
. P=48.4atm
0 C 753mmHg 0.942g .10
. . 241ml
134
Ketabton.com
SI ( )R .11
4m 5m 10m .12
25 C .5 C
. .
0 C 1.39g/L
. 273 C 27 C 10L .13
1520mmHg CO2 2.2g .14

. 227 C
592 (L2atm/mol2) a= 3
b= 0.04267(L/mol)
b= 0.03183 (L/mol)
135
Ketabton.com
1 7
.
.
.
.
: . .
. 100 C
.
(1 7)
.(4)
136
Ketabton.com
(1- 7)
2 7
:
.
. . :
:
. .
760mmHg
.
137
Ketabton.com
.
.
.
-1
. 00 C
. -2
. -3
80 00 C .
.
. -4
. (1 7)
- 20 0 C
bc . 00 C ab
.
C f
120 d e
100
80
+
60
40
20 b
0 c
-20 138 t[sec]
a
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Ketabton.com
(1- 7)
cd 100 0 C
ef ed .
.
73
3 7
:
.
.
.
.
( )
.
.
73
Vaporization
139
Ketabton.com
) .
. .(
( 15.11.1).
.
)
(
.
140
Ketabton.com
.
:
.
.
( )
) .
(
.
141
Ketabton.com
.
.
:
.
.
.
4 7
.
( )
. .
.
.
.
. 998
142
Ketabton.com
. 574
.
5 7
.
100 C .
143
Ketabton.com
.
.
1
.
.
. 760mmHg,100 C .
. 100 C 760mmHg
: .
.
144
Ketabton.com
100 C
.
: .
100 C 760mmHg 96 C 660mmHg
.
.
27mmHg
.
2
.
. 103 C 37cm .
.
145
Ketabton.com
:
.
108 C 103 C
.
100 C
.
.
74
6 7
.
.
.
.
.
. .
74
Condenastion
146
Ketabton.com
.
.
:
.
:
75
( 25.13.11.8) .
7 7
76
.
.
.
. - 75
76
Van`t Hoff
147
Ketabton.com
8 7
2 .
.
9 7
10 7
.
.
.
11 7
148
Ketabton.com
.
.
.
.
.
.
12 7
7700A 4000000A
.
.
.
.
. ( )
149
Ketabton.com
: .
:
.
:
.
.
.
:
.
.
:
(13 5 1).
13 7
150
Ketabton.com
.
.
151
Ketabton.com
.
.
.
. ( )
.
( )
.
152
Ketabton.com
.
.
.
.
.
.
77
14 7
77
- Heat Stroke
153
Ketabton.com
550C(1300F)
100 .
. 350C
300C 320C
.
42.20C 41.1
.
35km
. %100
...
15 7
154
Ketabton.com
30 20
. .
29.500C . 250C
.
34.500C
.
.
. .
.
.
(17 14 5)
0 0C 3Cm 150Cm 300Cm 1

-100C .
155
Ketabton.com
800Cal/g ,
. 0.5Cal/g.0C
800C 200g 2
0 0C . 0 0C 1000g
0 0C
. 0.112Cal/g0C
0 0C 100g 1000C 3
.
20 4
. 1000C 00C
1000C
. 0.5Cal/g0C
-200C 5
1000C
0.5Cal/g0C
. 540Cal/g 80Cal/g
0 0C 30 400C 30 6
156
Ketabton.com
. 0 0C 300C 7
. 800C 80Cal
00C 34 360C 8
.( 80Cal )
0 0C 125 400C 500 9
. 160C .
1000C 0 0C 500 10
1000C 0 0C 500
.( 80Cal 540Cal )
0 0C 15 11
.
157
Ketabton.com
1- 8
. (9)
.
- 12- 11 ) .
(23
.
.
.
.(4)
(2- 8)
.
-1
158
Ketabton.com
.
.(16 9 )
.(17)
:
(Isothermal process)
.
.
( Adiabatic process)
.
( Isobar process)
.
.
( Isometric process)
159
Ketabton.com
.
.
( polytropic process)
(9.13.34) .
3- 8
. .
(Reversible) -1
(13- 9 )
.
:
.
( ) :
160
Ketabton.com
. ( )
.
-
( )
. (23 13 )
-2
.
) .
( 16 13 9
-3
161
Ketabton.com
.
( phase) -4
.
.
.
.
.
( process) -5
.
.
162
Ketabton.com
.
.
.
-6
(Reversible) -1
.
. .
.
.
.
( 32,26,19) .
(irreversible) -2
163
Ketabton.com
: -3
.
(.33 15).
4- 8
.
.
164
Ketabton.com
.
. U2 (2) U1 (1)
(2) (1 )
.
U U 2 U1 . . . (1- 8 )
U
.
.
.
.
.
( )
.
.
165
Ketabton.com
. (+) ( -)
( -Q)
. (+Q)
dx .
: W F
W F .dx . . . (2- 8)
W F.cos .dx (3- 8)
.
.
(a) s p
166
Ketabton.com
F P .S
dx .
dw F.dx
dw p.sdx . . .(4-8)
(3- 8 ) . sdx= dv
dw pdv
v1
W v2 pdv (5- 8)
. v2 v1 (5- 8 )
(1- 8)
. (a b c)
V d I
SP
V V
167
Ketabton.com
P
T
V
(a) (b)
[12]
w>0 (1-8)a
. 1
w<0
(b ) . II
II I (1 - 8 )c
.
. (cycle)
. II I
.
.
( 25,19,12 )
5 8
168
Ketabton.com
.
.
dE k dE P O ..... (8 - 8)
.
EP dE K
. dEp .
EK EP CONT..........(9 8)
.
.
.
U
.
169
Ketabton.com
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
U Q W ....(10 8)
: ( 9- 8 )
dU dQ dw.....(11 8)
. (11- 8)
.
170
Ketabton.com
( 25,27,23,12,10)
6-8
.
.(10)
( 14,11,10,4) .
7 8
) .
. (
(2 8)
.
171
Ketabton.com
. . (Cycle)
.
78
1824
1 (1 4])
. ( 3 8)
a W c
p
(2-8) [3] v p (3-8)
78
- Sadi Carnot
172
Ketabton.com
abc (3- 8)
cda .
.
79
8 8
(EN) .
.(8) (Tropy)
([32 19 )
.
.(19)
.
.
.
. S .
dQ
ds T
. Cal J
K K
79
- Entropy
173
Ketabton.com
( 31,16,9,3 )
80
9 8
.
.
.
. ( )
1 .
. 2
V V2 V1
P V
W P V
( 10 8) W
80
Enthalpy
174
Ketabton.com
Q8 u p v … (12-8)
. QP
.
U U2 U1
. (12 8)
Q P U 2 U 1 P (V 2 V1)
Q P U 2 U 1 PV 2 PV 1
Q P (U 1 PV 1 ) (U 2 PV 2 )
H=U+PV.......(13- 8)
.(25.8.2) J H .
10 8
. Q
W
.
175
Ketabton.com
( Q ) (W )
.
W
Q ....( 14 8 )
.
. Q1
. Q2 W
.
W1
Q1
W1 Q1 Q2
Q1 Q2
Q1
Q2
1 ....(15 8)
Q1
:
176
Ketabton.com
.
.
T1 T2
T1
T2
1 ...(16 8)
T1
. (16- 8) (15-8)
Q2 T2
1 1
Q1 T1
Q 4Q T 2
1 T1
Q2 Q1
T2 T1
. ( )
Q O....(17 8)
T
:
Q O......(18 8)
T
dQ O … (19-8)
T
dQ O …..( 20-8)
T
177
Ketabton.com
81
( 23,10,4 ) ( 20 8)
11 8
. .
. ( )
(14,11,9)
81
Clasusius
178
Ketabton.com
.
:
.
:
(20,16,11)
.
. ( )
179
Ketabton.com
.
(2,35,28) .
12 8
.
.
.
.
RNA 83 DNA 82
.
.
82
DNA (Deoxy Nuleic ACID )
83
RAN (Ribo Nucleic acid )
180
Ketabton.com
( 17 4 ).
:
600cal
. 300k 400k
:
Q1= 600cal
Q2
T1=400k
T1= 300k
= T1 – T2/T1
=400-300/400=0,25
=Q1-Q2/Q1
Q1=Q1-Q2
A=Q1-Q2= Q1
A=0,25.600.4.18=627 Joul
Q2=Q1-A
Q2=2500-627=1881Joul
181
Ketabton.com
1
. 2
.
.
.
.
.
3
4
5
c m 6
T2
S2 S1 mc n T2 T1
T1
7
182
Ketabton.com
9
127 0 C 10
. 270 0 C
1200cal :
:
150 j . 600K - 11
. 400K
450 0 C - 12
. 50 0 C
- 13
. 47 0 C 327 0 C
100 0 C 1.8 - 14
100 0 C
1000kg/m3 2260kg.kg
0,8kg/m3
183
Ketabton.com
1 9
.
:
( ) .
5 3 25 15
.
.
184
Ketabton.com
(14 13)
2 9
84
.
.
10 2
84
thermode
185
Ketabton.com
. .1
.
. 8
. .
.
. .2
.
.
(22 14)
3 9
186
Ketabton.com
.
)
(
. .
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
187
Ketabton.com
.(19 5 1) .
4 9
.
.
.
.
.
.
188
Ketabton.com
. .
(20.16.1 ).
.
.
30
.
.
.
.
.
189
Ketabton.com
.
.
.
85 5 9
.
.
85
- Diathermy ultra sound
190
Ketabton.com
.
.(14 17 1)
6 9
.
.
.
( )
.
.
191
Ketabton.com
)
. .(
(13)
.
( )
.
.
.
.
.
192
Ketabton.com
.
( 1 13 23 26 ) 86
87 7 9
.
.
.
.
( )OK
.
.
20 4 .( )
. 60 - 86
87
-Medical thermography
193
Ketabton.com
.
.
10 C
.
25 0 C 23 0 C
.
.
.
.(27 8 5)
(22 5)
8 9
.
.
. 95
194
Ketabton.com
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
.( ) -
(20.22.26) .
9- 9
195
Ketabton.com
.
32 0 C
.
. .
( 20.15.1). .
. .
15 0 C 10- .
.(20)
9- 10
196
Ketabton.com
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
30
.
(28.17.13 )
197
Ketabton.com
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
- 10
- 11
- 12
- 13
. - 14
- 15
- 16
- 17
- 18
198
Ketabton.com
.
.
1- 10
. (1- 10) .
1.75cm
1.95
cm
(1- 10)
199
Ketabton.com
( )
. ( )
10 0 C
.
. 30
.
85 0 C
.
.
.
90% .
.
2- 10
.
.
200
Ketabton.com
.
. 4%
. .
.
. 10 1/8
. 20
_
10 .
(12- 10) . 300
.
201
Ketabton.com
. 10 28 40
.
.
.
)
.(14 2
3
1.
2. 4
3. 20
4. 2
5.
1
6.
7.
8. 5
8
9. M irror foucssing .
system
6
7
[5 ] (12- 10)
3- 10
202
Ketabton.com
. 5.41
9/51
.
. (5,17) ( 30)
4- 10
.
.
I.R
.
.
.
.
.(4)
203
Ketabton.com
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
. .7
.8
.9
.10
. .11
204
Ketabton.com
205
Ketabton.com
(Entropy)
. -
-
.
(Atmosphere)
-
. -
0C 0
(Electromagnetic)
-
.
(Crystal)
206
Ketabton.com
(British Thermal Unit .)

( 453)
. 64F 0 63F 0
.(Radiation )
.
(Evaporation)
.
(Adiabatic)
.
(Subli mation)
.
.(Molecular-Kinetic theory).
207
Ketabton.com
( )
.
(Thermal equium)
.
(Solid)
.
(Volume of a gas).
.
(Brownian motion)
.
.
(Absolute zero)
208
Ketabton.com
.
.
(Heat capacity)
.
(Calorie )
. 15.5C 0 14.5C 0
(Gas)
209
Ketabton.com
(Ideal gas)
.
(Heat)
.
( Heat 0f evaporation)
.
.(Molar heat of vaporation)
.
(Liquld)
210
Ketabton.com
.
(Freezing point).
.
(Boiling point)
(Melting point) 760mmHg
(Triple point)
.
.
:( Intermolecular force)
211
Ketabton.com
.
(Nuclear force )
.
(Conduction)
(Convection)
.
(Elasticity )
.
212
Ketabton.com
(diathermy)
. --
--
.
(Heat grad)
.
(Thermometer)
(Couple thermo electric )
(Thermo couple )
213
Ketabton.com
.
(Quantity of heat)
.
(Thermal capacity):
1C 0
. 1g
(Thermy)
. ( 1C 0 )
(Conduction)
214
Ketabton.com
.
(Convection)
.
(Black body )
.
(coefficients of linear :
Expansion )
.
Macroscopic
.
Microscopic
215
Ketabton.com
.
(Isotherm)
.
(Isochors)
.
(Isobar)
.
(Respirators)
.
(Dehydration)
.
(Thermodynamic)
.
(system)
216
Ketabton.com
. .
.
(Adiabatic)
(Reversible)
.
.
(Irreversible)
217
Ketabton.com
. .
(process)
.
(enthalpy)
.
(thermode)
.
(Physiotherapy)
218
Ketabton.com
.
(Medical thermographs)
219
Ketabton.com
1870 (1858 - 1913)

.
220
Ketabton.com
. 1893
. .
4 .
.
.
.(1824- 1907)
.
.
.
.
.
.
(1947- 1858)
.
.
.
.
.
221
Ketabton.com
(1888- 1822)
.
. .
.
.
:
. (1832 - 1796)
.
. .
". "
Reflection on the motive power of fire
.
.
(27) (22) (28)
. (45) (24) (25)
. (1876- 1820)
222
Ketabton.com
.
.
.
. .
1769 .
1775 .
.
. 1806
. 1814
.
.(1913 - 1845)
.
.
.
.
.
223
Ketabton.com
. (1931- 1854)
. .
:
1876 RENSSELER 1870
.
1879
.
. 1.200
:
1850 1825 (1856- 1776)
.
.
(1915- 1841)
.
. (1923- 1837)
1910
.
(460- 370)
( ) .
224
Ketabton.com
. .
.
(1626- 1561)
.
(1799- 1728)
.
(1819- 1753)
.
(1889- 1818)
. .
. (1736- 1686)
225
Ketabton.com
.(1928- 1864)
.
". 1892
(1744- 1701)
1740
.
.
(1893- 1835)
.
(1906- 1627)
.
226
Ketabton.com
1643 (1691- 1627)

.
.
(1684- 1620)
.
(1844- 1766)
.
.-
(1850- 1778)
.
. 1816
(1822- 01726 )
. .
(1794- 1743)
.
227
Ketabton.com
25 .
" .
".
. 14 1771
.
1772
.
. .
. 1922
. 1923
. 1948
228
Ketabton.com
.
. 1982
229
Ketabton.com
[11 10 1] ( )
Col/g °C Col/g °C
BTU/LB°F BTU/LB°F
1
0.03 )
0.8 ` 0.51
0.16 ` 0.48
0.16 ` 0.217
0.523 ` 0.09
0.48 ` 0.092
0.248 ` 0.031
0.242 ` 0.11
0.095 ` 0.030
0.032 ` 0.056
167
230
Ketabton.com
Kcal/g ( )
kcal/g
kcal/g
1.7 0.64
3.94 3.54
0.23 2.66
0.27 0.37
1.84 3.93
1.04 1.62
7.94 0.2
5.7 0.27
9.3 0.72
1.12 0.97
1.6 0.63
168
231
Ketabton.com
( )
2
C.sec° Cal. Mm/cm
k(Cal. )
Mm/cm2
°C.sec
1.01 Ag
0.92 Cu
0.5 Al
0.163 Fe
0.083 Pb
0.005
0.0025
0.002
0.0014
0.0004
0.0004 H
0.00034 He
0.00026
0.00015
0.00011
0.0001
0.000057
0.7
0.26
0.0025
0.00051
0.0004
169
232
Ketabton.com
( )
[1 / C 0 ]
10.10-4
5.10-4
1.8.10-4
14.3.10-4
8.5.10-4
10.6.10-4
11.9.10-4
12.8.10-4
16.3.10-4
0.53.10-4
10.8.10-4
2.1.10-4
16.6.10-4
10.7.10-4
10.2.10-4
11.9.10-4
12.4.10-4
9.2.10-4
9,8.10-4
1.5.10-4
3,02.10-4
233
Ketabton.com
170
( ) ( )
24.9 10.2
13.4 11.9
18.9 28.3
5.5 35.1
17.5 13.4
7.9 8.9
-
17 8.7
16.7 3
0.91 0.5
)3
22.6 11.9
(20
70
21.4
18.4 4.3
8.5 70
)
Pyrex 3 50.6
(
14.5 30
8.3 12
234
Ketabton.com
50.7 11
)
6.58 3.6
(
171
( )
[ Ka / m3 ] [ Ka / m3 ]
3 3
1.2 0,7.10 3,0.10
3 3
0.1 1,0.10 2,7.10
3 3
1.3 1,26.10 7,8.10
3 3
1.4 0,90.10 19,3.10
3
2 0,80.10 9.103
3 3
13,6.10 8,9.10
- 1,055 3
3
8,9.10
1,066.10
3
7,4.10
3
11,3.10
3
10,5.10
3
7,8.10
235
Ketabton.com
3
2,5.10
3
7,0.10
3
7,8.10
172
172
236
Ketabton.com
[5,6] b a ( )
2 2
b [L/mol] a [L .at/mol ]
0.02661 0.2444 H
0.0237 0.03412 He
0.03913 1.39 N
0.3183 1.36 O
0.3985 1.485 CO
0.02789 1.34 NO
0.04267 3.592 CO2
0.030469 5.464 H2O
237
173
Ketabton.com
. .1372. . . . -1
94 71 : . .
: .1389 . . -2
.20 429183 188 197 201
. 1379 . . . . . . -3
. .
. 113- 110 :
. .1382 . . . -4
- 155 149 131 : . .
. 281- 157 257
. . . -5
. 173 156 155 . . 1377 .
. . .1365 . . -6
. 276- 224
. . 1376 . . -7
. 32 19
. 1357 . . -8
. 41 - 1
238
Ketabton.com
:. . 1364. . . . -9
. 12- 3
. .1380. . 10
.5 4 . : .
. . . 1368. . - 11
. 103 69 113 53- 41 22 28- 11.
. 1364. . - 12
. 120- 54 104- 44 11 12 18 38.
1389. . . - 13
. 127 82 72 . : . .
. . 1372 . . . . - 14
. 267- 250 . : .
15-Bill.W.Tillery, Mc Graw Hill. 2002,Physical Seince,

New York, pp90-102.
16- Chatwal G.R .2005. Biophysics . 1- Edition, Delhi

pp, 30,36,37,38, 41 .
17- Guyton.Arthur.C and Hall, 2000.Texbook of

Medical Physiology ,10-editon pp325,827,826,832
239
Ketabton.com
18-Hall Prentice.Nedhan T.Massachusaetts.Upper Sadle

River ,New Jersey, etal . 2001. Physical Sciences
.California Edition, pp 438 ,446.
19- Hausmann . E, Edger . p, Slack , 1989 Physics .New

York PP 231,248,263,298,316 .
Physics in nursing , 20 -Hassel.Howard,Flitter 1998

edition -6 . New York, pp 122-138 .
21 -Frank P. Incroper,David D.Witt,1996 Introduction

Volume -2,edition -3 ,U.S.A , pp 768-. toHeat Transfer
802 .
22 - Frank P Incroper,David D.Witt,1996

volume -1, edition-3 . Introduction to heat transfer
,U.S.A, pp1-33,55-61,427-451, 500-532 .
23 -kikoin A and Kikoin I .1978 .Molecular Physics.

Moscow. Pp 97-187 .
24 - Kakas ,Sidiq.V.A, Sheindlin V.V .1998,Heat

conduction, New York pp 1-12
25 – Kirilin .V.V,Sycher Sheindlin .1976 ,Engineering

Thermodinamic. New York. Pp 32,41,74,79 .
240
Ketabton.com
26 - Moore .Thomas. A, 1989. Physics Unit T , Some

processes and A Irreversible. six Ideas that shaped ,
U.S.A ,PP 16,17,18.
27 -Nelkon .M , 1993 Principles of Physics ,8-edition .

London .pp, 168-170 ,202,206 .
28 -Robert Resnic, David .Halliday Kenneth S.Krane

Physics, 5-edition .volume-1. 2002
New York. Pp 518,520, 523 , 544.
29 - Richard .I.F .weinde,Rabert Sells . 1971,Elementary

of Physics . volume -1, New York.pp 476-489,493-
.501,506-529
30 - Savaelyer.I.V,1980 .Physics A Genral course .volume

-1,Moscow .pp345,361 .
31 – Van Wylen . Borgnakke.Sontag 2002. Fundamental

of Thermodynamics .5- edition U.S.A , pp 779-782.
32 -Van Wylen. Gordan, Sontag Rechard .Borgnak .Claus.

.4-. 1998 , Fundamental of classical Thermodynamic
U.S.A ,pp 34,35 . edition
241
Ketabton.com
33 –Yoversky.B, and Deliaf . 1975 ,Hand Book of

Physics .Moscow. pp 74-79.
Dinsky 1975 , Fundamental of .34-Yovorsky .B,Mand A.A

Physics . Moscow ,pp260-302 .
35 - Yavorsky B.M,Seleznev Y.A , 1978 Physics A
Moscow pp160,156,176 .. Refresher course
242
Ketabton.com
1331 ( )
1349 1337 .
1354 12
. 1357
. .
1364
1368 .
1373 . 1370
1378
. 1381
23
.
.
.
22
. 2
1391
243
Ketabton.com
Abstract:
Literature Review:
Medical Physics at university level and teaching it in Faculties of Medical is the
key in students’ success to apply the knowledge gained through these lessons in
their day-to-day affairs.And it is in the category of basic subjects being taught
for medical students. In the past it was taught under the title of physics, but
today due to rapid expansion of knowledge and technology and the correlation
of physics with other subjects Medical Physics is taught as an independent
subject in Faculties of Medical. An important section of Medical Physics is heat
which is taught 2 credit hours in a week (1 hour of lecture and 2 hours of its
practical) in the curriculum of Faculty of Medical.
Aim:
Introducing the rules of Medical Physics specially the heat section and its vast
use in explaining activities performed by human’s body constitutes the major
aim of this book.
Material and Method:
The sources which are used in this book are from journals, internet, etc. In
addition this book is a guide for those students who are after gaining adequate
information on Medical Physics and its application. It will lead them to
autodidact learning on different aspects of physics. In this book relation of
subjects and pedagogical goals are systematically regarded.
Usefulness:
Teaching Medical Physicsespecially the Heat Section is in the curriculum of
Faculties of Medical and students are eager to know how the thermal events
effect human’s body and what would be the moderate heat in performing
different activities.
Conclusion:
Activities are performed in a normal heat. Heat has an impact on all incidents
and happenings especially environmental heat has a direct impact on human’s
activities. Since change in heat, the normal heat in the body, the needed
percentage of heat in the body, etc are all explained under the title of Medical
Physics; therefore, this subject is recommended for medical students so that it
leads the students in proper application of them.
244
Ketabton.com
Publishing of textbooks and providing

support
For the medical colleges in Afghanistan
Honorable lecturers and dear students,
The lack of quality text books in the universities of Afghanistan is a

serious issue, which is repeatedly challenging the students and teachers
alike. To tackle this issue we have initiated the process of providing
textbooks to the students of medicine. In the past two years we have
successfully published and delivered copies of 60 different books to the
medical colleges across the country.
The Afghan National Higher Education Strategy (2010-1014) states:
“Funds will be made ensured to encourage the writing and publication of

text books in Dari and Pashto, especially in priority areas, to improve the
quality of teaching and learning and give students access to state-of-
the-art information. In the meantime, translation of English language
textbooks and journals into Dari and Pashto is a major challenge for
curriculum reform. Without this, it would not be possible for university
students and faculty to acquire updated and accurate knowledge”
The medical colleges’ students and lecturers in Afghanistan are facing

multiple challenges. The out-dated method of lecture and no accessibility
to update and new teaching materials are main problems. The students
have easy access to low quality and cheap study materials (copied notes
& papers), hence the Afghan students are deprived of modern
knowledge and developments in their respective subjects. It is vital to
compose and print the books that have been written by lecturers. Taking
the critical situation of this war torn country into consideration, we need
desperately capable and professional medical experts. Those, who can
contribute in improving standard of medical education and public health
throughout Afghanistan, thus enough attention, should be given to the
medical colleges.
For this reason, we have published 60 different medical textbooks from

Nangarhar, Khost, Kandahar, Herat, Balkh & Kabul medical colleges.
245
Ketabton.com
Currently we are working on to publish 60 more different medical

textbooks, a sample of which is in your hand. It is to mention that all
these books have been distributed among the medical colleges of the
country free of cost.
As requested by the Ministry of Higher Education, the Afghan

universities, lecturers & students they want to extend this project to non-
medical subjects like (Science, Engineering, Agriculture, Economics &
Literature) and it is reminded that we will publish textbooks for different
colleges of the country which are in need.
As stated that publishing medical textbooks is part of our program, we

would like to focus on some other activities as following:
1. Publishing Medical Textbooks
This book in your hand is a sample of printed textbook. We would like to

continue this project and to end the method of manual notes and papers
and publish each year 100 different textbooks for Afghan Higher
Education Institutions.
2. Interactive and Multimedia Teaching
In the beginning of 2010, we were able to allocate multimedia projectors

in the medical colleges of Balkh, Herat, Nangarhar, Khost & Kandahar.
To improve learning environment the classrooms, conference rooms &
laboratories should also be equipped with multimedia projectors.
3. Situational Analysis and Needs Assessment
A comprehensive need assessment and situation analysis is needed of

the colleges to find out and evaluate the problems and future challenges.
This would facilitate making a better academic environment and it would
be a useful guide for administration and other developing projects.
4. College Libraries
246
Ketabton.com
New updated and standard textbooks in English language, journals and

related materials for all important subjects based on international
standards should be made available in the libraries of the colleges.
5. Laboratories
Each medical college should have well-equipped, well managed and fully
functional laboratories for different fields.
6. Teaching Hospitals (University Hospitals)
Each medical college should have its own teaching hospital (University
Hospital) or opportunities should be provided for medical students in
other hospitals for practical sessions.
7. Strategic Plan
It would be very nice if each medical college has its own strategic plan
according to the strategic plan of their related universities.
I would like to ask all the lecturers to write new textbooks, translate
or revise their lecture notes or written books and share them with
us for publication. We assure them quality composition, printing
and free of cost distribution to the medical colleges.
I would like the students to encourage and assist their lecturers in
this regard. We welcome any recommendations and suggestions
for improvement.
We are very thankful to the German Federal Foreign Office; German

Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for providing funds for 90 different
medical textbooks and the printing process for 50 of them are ongoing. I
am also thankful to Dr. Salmaj Turial from J. Gutenberg University
Mainz/Germany, Dieter Hampel member of Afghanic/Germany and
Afghanic organization for their support in administrative & technical
affairs.
I am especially grateful to GIZ (German Society for International

Cooperation) and CIM (Centre for International Migration &
Development) for providing working opportunities during the past two
years in Afghanistan.
247
Ketabton.com
In Afghanistan, I would like cordially to thank His Excellency the Minister

of Higher Education, Prof. Dr. Obaidullah Obaid, Academic Deputy
Minister Prof. Mohammad Osman Babury and Deputy Minister for
Administrative & Financial Affairs Associate Prof. Dr. Gul Hassan
Walizai, the universities’ chancellors and deans of the medical colleges
for their cooperation and support for this project. I am also thankful to all
those lecturers that encouraged us and gave all these books to be
published.
At the end I appreciate the efforts of my colleagues Dr. M. Yousuf

Mubarak, Abdul Munir Rahmanzai, Ahmad Fahim Habibi, Subhanullah
and Hematullah in publishing books.
Dr Yahya Wardak
CIM-Expert at the Ministry of Higher Education, November, 2012
Karte 4, Kabul, Afghanistan
Office: 0756014640
Email: textbooks@afghanic.org
wardak@afghanic.org
248
Ketabton.com
Message from the Ministry of Higher

Education
In the history, book has played a very important role in

gaining knowledge and Science and itis the fundamental unit
of educational curriculum which can also play an effective
role in improving the quality of Higher Education. Therefore,
keeping in mind the needs of the society and based on
educational standards and new learning materials, new
textbooks should be published for the students.
I appreciate the efforts ofthe lecturers of Higher Education
institutions and I am very thankful to them who have worked
for many years, and have written or translated textbooks. I
also warmly welcome more lecturers to prepare textbooks in
their respective fields. So, that they should be published and
distributed among the students to take full advantage of
them.
The Ministry of Higher Education has the responsibility to
make available new and updated learning materials in order
to better educate our students.
At the end, I am very grateful tothe German Federal Foreign
Office, theGerman Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)and
all those institutions and its people who have provided
opportunities for publishing medical textbooks. I am hopeful
that this project should be continued and publish textbooks
in other subjects too.
Sincerely,
Prof. Dr. Obaidullah Obaid
Minister of Higher Education
Kabul 2012
249
Ketabton.com
Book Name Medical Physics (Heat)

Author Prof. Mir M. Zaher Haidary
Publisher Balkh Medical Faculty
Website www.ba.edu.af
No of Copies 1000
Published 2012
Download www.ecampus-afghanistan.org
Printed at Afghanistan Times printing press
This Publication was financed by the German Academic Exchange

Service (DAAD) with funds from the German Federal Foreign
Office.
Administrative and Technical support by Afghanic organization.
The contents and textual structure of this book have been
developed by concerning author and relevant faculty and being
responsible for it. Funding and supporting agencies are not holding
any responsibilities.
If you want to publish your text books please contact us:

Dr. Yahya Wardak, MoHE, Kabul, Afghanistan
Office 0756014640
Email wardak@afghanic.org
ISBN 978- 123456789
All rights are reserved with the author
Printed in Afghanistan 2012

250
Ketabton.com
251
Ketabton.com
This document was created with Win2PDF available at http://www.win2pdf.com.

The unregistered version of Win2PDF is for evaluation or non-commercial use only.
This page will not be added after purchasing Win2PDF.
Ketabton.com
Get More e-books from www.ketabton.com
Ketabton.com: The Digital Library

فزیک طبی بخش حرارت

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

فزیک طبی بخش حرارت

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ketabton.

(Center for CIM (GIZ)

(22, 15, 11,4)

100 = a. 212 + b ..... (3- 2 )

672 80 373 212 100

500 C , 400 C 200 C

1Kcal = 103 cal

1Kcal = 3.968 BTU

800 650C 300 .1

1000C 2kg 100C 300 :.2

400 300 .10

0.2cal/g0C 100 .12

(30 18 14) A (5- 4)

P 150,3 600,4 0,3 760mmHg

22.4L 10 C 2atm 3.62g .3

1520mmHg CO2 2.2g .14

0 0C 3Cm 150Cm 300Cm 1

W F.cos .dx (3- 8)

(British Thermal Unit .)

(Melting point) 760mmHg

(Couple thermo electric )

1870 (1858 - 1913)

1643 (1691- 1627)

0.04267 3.592 CO2

0.030469 5.464 H2O

15-Bill.W.Tillery, Mc Graw Hill. 2002,Physical Seince,

16- Chatwal G.R .2005. Biophysics . 1- Edition, Delhi

17- Guyton.Arthur.C and Hall, 2000.Texbook of

18-Hall Prentice.Nedhan T.Massachusaetts.Upper Sadle

19- Hausmann . E, Edger . p, Slack , 1989 Physics .New

Physics in nursing , 20 -Hassel.Howard,Flitter 1998

21 -Frank P. Incroper,David D.Witt,1996 Introduction

22 - Frank P Incroper,David D.Witt,1996

23 -kikoin A and Kikoin I .1978 .Molecular Physics.

24 - Kakas ,Sidiq.V.A, Sheindlin V.V .1998,Heat

25 – Kirilin .V.V,Sycher Sheindlin .1976 ,Engineering

26 - Moore .Thomas. A, 1989. Physics Unit T , Some

27 -Nelkon .M , 1993 Principles of Physics ,8-edition .

28 -Robert Resnic, David .Halliday Kenneth S.Krane

29 - Richard .I.F .weinde,Rabert Sells . 1971,Elementary

30 - Savaelyer.I.V,1980 .Physics A Genral course .volume

31 – Van Wylen . Borgnakke.Sontag 2002. Fundamental

32 -Van Wylen. Gordan, Sontag Rechard .Borgnak .Claus.

33 –Yoversky.B, and Deliaf . 1975 ,Hand Book of

Dinsky 1975 , Fundamental of .34-Yovorsky .B,Mand A.A

Publishing of textbooks and providing

Honorable lecturers and dear students,

The lack of quality text books in the universities of Afghanistan is a

The Afghan National Higher Education Strategy (2010-1014) states:

“Funds will be made ensured to encourage the writing and publication of

The medical colleges’ students and lecturers in Afghanistan are facing

For this reason, we have published 60 different medical textbooks from

Currently we are working on to publish 60 more different medical

As requested by the Ministry of Higher Education, the Afghan

As stated that publishing medical textbooks is part of our program, we

1. Publishing Medical Textbooks

This book in your hand is a sample of printed textbook. We would like to

2. Interactive and Multimedia Teaching

In the beginning of 2010, we were able to allocate multimedia projectors

3. Situational Analysis and Needs Assessment

A comprehensive need assessment and situation analysis is needed of

New updated and standard textbooks in English language, journals and

6. Teaching Hospitals (University Hospitals)