Topclass Journal of Herbal Medicine Vol. 2(11) pp. 254-260, 26 Nov.

, 2013
Available online at http://www.topclassglobaljournals.org
ISSN 2315-8840 ©2013 Topclass Global Journals

Submitted 28/10/13 Accepted 21/11/13

Full Length Research Article

Antiarthritic activity of hydroalcoholic seed extract of

Cassia tora Linn.
Neelam Balekar*, Anil Kumar Pasi, Gaurav Parihar and D. K. Jain
College of Pharmacy, IPS Academy, A.B. Road Rajendra Nagar, Indore, India- 452012

*******************************************************************************************************************************
Abstract

The hydroalcoholic (70%) extract of seeds of Cassia tora (at different doses 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg,
body weight) was screened for antiarthritic activity. In Complete freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced
arthritis model degree of inflammation was evaluated by hind paw swelling, body weight measurement,
haematological parameters and supported by radiological and histopathological analysis. Treatment
with extracts of C. tora showed dose dependant and significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of edema in
adjuvant induced arthritic rats. Hydroalcoholic extract of seeds of C. tora at a dose of 500 mg/kg body
weight showed most potent and significant activity which is supported by the results analysis in
complete freund's adjuvant arthritis model. The extract was qualitatively analyzed for alkaloids,
flavonoids and phenols and the contents were found to be greater in ethanolic than aqueous extracts.
The normal architecture of joints has been ameliorated by oral application of hydroalcoholic extract.
Thus the extract possesses antiarthritic activity which may be attributed to the presence of alkaloids,
phenols and flavonoids of the plant.

Key words: Rheumatoid arthritis, C. tora, Complete Freund’s adjuvant

*******************************************************************************************************************************

INTRODUCTION

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), one of the commonest autoimmune diseases is a chronic, progressive, systemic inflammatory
disorder affecting the synovial joints and typically producing symmetrical arthritis that leads to joint destruction, which is
responsible for deformity and disability. The prevalence of RA in Indian subcontinent is 1.5-2 percent of the population.
The epidemiological ratio of female to male is 3:1 and the prevalence is 1% of the world population (Mishra et al., 2011).

*Corresponding Author’s E-mail: neelambalekar@gmail.com Tel.: +919039890627; Fax: +917314041627


RA is caused by pro-inflammatory molecules released by
macrophages including reactive oxygen species and
eicosanoids such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes and
cytokines. The regulation of these mediators secreted by
macrophages and other immune cells and modulation of
arachidonic acid metabolism by inhibiting enzymes like
cylco-oxygenase (COX) and lipo-oxygenase (LOX) are
the potential target for chronic inflammatory conditions
(Kore et al., 2011).
The conventional treatment options are available for
the treatment for RA, the use of non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), disease modifying anti-
rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and corticosteroids are
available but associated with adverse effects. Due to this
reason, patients suffering from chronic musculoskeletal
disorders are likely to seek alternative methods for
symptomatic relief and are amongst the highest users of
complementary and alternative medicine. Thus evidence
for effectiveness and safety of these complementary
therapies is limited (Singh et al., 2011).
In the current scenario there is no ideal animal model for
RA at this time, rat adjuvant arthritis shares many
features of human RA (Barbier et al., 1984), and the
sensitivity of this model to antiarthritic agents support the
view that the adjuvant arthritis is the best available model
of rheumatoid arthritis (Ward and Cloud, 1966).
Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) contains heat killed
Mycobacteria in a water-in-oil emulsion. After
subcutaneous injection, CFA induces adjuvant arthritis
that can serve as a model to test the anti-arthritic and
anti-inflammatory effects of investigational substances.
The effect observed in this model seems to be parallel to
that observed in human arthritis (Abudoleh et al., 2011).
C. tora is well known medicinal plant commonly known
as sickle senna, wild senna is generally found in India
and other tropical countries (Haritha and Maheshwari,
2007; Shukla et al., 2013). Various medicinal properties
have been attributed to this plant in the traditional system
of Indian medicine. Several anthraquinone have been
isolated from the seeds of C. tora. Sennosides, which are
well known for their medicinal importance, have been
detected in the leaves of the plants.
It is a well recognized traditional medicine as laxative
and useful as antitumor, antimutagenic, hepatoprotective,
hypolipidemic, antifertility, anthelmintic, antibacterial,
antifungal, anti-inflammatory, spasmogenic,
antinociceptive, antioxidant and as a purgative (Deore et
al., 2009; Ingle et al., 2012). The seeds of C. tora have
been used in Chinese medicine as aperients,
antiasthmatic, diuretic agent and for improving visual
activity. Seeds and leaves are also useful in treating
itching, ringworm and other skin diseases (Jain and Patil
2010).
Although the seeds possess many potential therapeutic
activities in traditional system of medicinal practice and
possessing rich phytoconstituents, they are not evaluated
for their pharmacological activities in detail. The other
Balekar et al., 2013..Topcls. J. Herb. Med. 2(11)255
species of the same genus, Cassia uniflora are been
used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and have
proven to be effective (Chaudhari et al., 2012). Taking
these facts into consideration, the present study deals
with the evaluation of antiarthritic activity and its changes
in immunological, haematological, radiological and
histopathology of the hydroalcoholic extract of C. tora
seeds in Freund's adjuvant induced arthritic rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant material
C. tora plants were collected from the region of Rajendra
Nagar, Indore (M.P.) India, during the months of July -
August 2012. The plant was identified and authenticated
by Dr. R.K. Jaiswal, Agriculture College, Indore M.P. The
voucher specimen no. is (No. / Hort. /2013 / I-X), it was
deposited in the department. Pods (Seeds) were
collected later in bulk during the months of October-
November 2012.
Extraction
The seeds were collected from the plant cleaned,
crushed in a grinder and then passed through mesh sieve
no. 40 to obtain a fine powder. Drug powder was packed
in a soxhlet apparatus and was defatted with petroleum
ether for 72 h. After defatting the marc was extracted with
hydroalcohol (70% v/v) in Soxhlet apparatus. Extract
obtained was concentrated and finally stored in tightly
closed glass bottles and placed in desiccator which was
kept in refrigerator at 2-8 °C until further experimental
studies. The percentage yield of extract was calculated.
(Chaurasia et al., 2011)
Percentage yield = Weight of extract × 100
Weight of powdered drug taken
Animals
Albino Wistar rats of either sex, 150-200 g weight were
used in the study. They were purchased from Sudhakar
Rao Naik Institute of Pharmacy, Pusad, Maharashtra,
India. Animals were housed under standard condition of
temperature (25±2°C), 12 h / 12 h light/dark cycle and fed
with standard pellet diet (Godrej Agrowet Ltd. Indore,
India) and water ad libitum. The animals were
acclimatized for 1 week before the experiments. All
experimental protocols were approved by the Institutional
Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) under the supervision of
committee for the purpose of control and supervision on
experiments on animals (CPCSEA).
Balekar et al., 2013..Topcls. J. Herb. Med. 2(11)256
Table 1. Qualitative phytochemical screening of hydroalcoholic extract of seeds of C. tora
Hydroalcoholic extract of C. tora seeds
Phytochemicals
Observation
Alkaloids Colored precipitate Presence of Alkaloids (+)
Flavonoids Yellow color
Glycosides Rose pink color
Saponin Forth formation
Carbohydrates Violet ring junction Presence of Carbohydrate (+)
Phenols and Tannin - Absence of phenols and Tannin (-)
Chemicals
Complete Freund’s adjuvant (Sigma-Aldrich, Delhi),
diclofenac sodium, sodium CMC, ketamine hydrochloride,
eosin-haematoxylin, formalin. All the reagents used were
of analytical grade.
Phytochemical Screening
The extract was tested qualitatively for presence of
different phytoconstituents like tannins, glycosides,
flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, carbohydrates, sterols,
proteins using standard methods (Gill et al., 2011).
Acute oral toxicity study
The phytoconstituents were investigated for its acute oral
toxicity as per Organization for Economic Co-operation
and Development (OECD) guidelines no. 425.
Antiarthritic activity
5 groups of male Wistar albino rats (n=6) were used in
this study. Group I: Control; Group II: Standard; Group III:
C. tora extract (100 mg/kg), p.o.; Group IV: C. tora extract
250 mg/kg, p.o.; Group V: C. tora extract 500 mg/kg, p.o.
Animals were fasted overnight with free access to water
before the experiment. Thereafter (on day 0) group I
received the sodium CMC (0.2%), group II received
diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg body wt) and groups III, IV
and V received test drug 100, 250, 500 mg/kg
respectively.
After half hour of treatment, arthritis was induced by
administration of 0.1 ml of complete Freund’s adjuvant
(0.05% w/v Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mineral oil) at
the sub planter region of the left hind paw of rats.
Baseline recording of the joints diameter was measured
by using digital Vernier caliper and was designated as
day 0. After immunization with CFA, all the groups were
maintained on vehicle/standard drug and test drug
treatment for 28 more days. Daily body weight
measurement was done and on days 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20,
Inference
Presence of Flavonoids (+)
Presence of Glycosides (+)
Presence of Saponin (+)
24, 28, the joint diameter was also measured and
recorded after vehicle/drug administration.
On day 29, bloods were withdrawn from each animal
through retro-orbital veins puncture by anaesthetizing the
animals with anesthetic ether. The blood was collected
into the vials containing potassium EDTA and the various
haematological parameters like WBCs count, RBCs
count and haemoglobin content were analyzed by
automatic bloods analyzer. The animals X- rays were
taken at the joints of the hind paw of the animals for
evaluating the soft tissue swelling, bony erosions,
narrowing of the space between the joints and bone
damage. On day 30, the animals were sacrificed by
cervical decapitation and for histopathology. The proximal
interphalangeal joints were removed, washed with saline
and stored in 10% formalin. The interphalangeal joint
sections were obtained, stained with eosin-haematoxylin
stain and viewed under 10 x and 40 x magnifications
(Abudoleh et al., 2011).
Statistical analysis
Data were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean
and statistical analysis was carried out employing one
way analysis of variance (ANOVA) Tukey’s - Kramer
multiple comparison test at p < 0.05 significance level
using “Graphpad” version 5.00 for windows 7, graphpad
software, San Diego, California, USA
(www.graphpad.com).
RESULTS
Percentage yield
Percentage yield (%w/w) of hydroalcoholic extract of C.
tora seeds was calculated and found to be 12.36% w/w.
Qualitative phytochemical screening
The qualitative phytochemical screening of
hydroalcoholic extract of seeds of C. tora showed the
presence of phytochemical like alkaloids, glycosides,
saponin, carbohydrate etc. (Table 1)
 Balekar et al., 2013..Topcls. J. Herb. Med. 2(11)257

Table 2. Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of seeds of C. tora on body

weight

Dose Body Weight (g)

Treatment
mg/kg Day 0 Day 28
Sodium CMC 1 ml 182.5 ± 2.5 175.9 ± 3.9
a
Diclofenac sodium 10 186.7 ± 3.1 222.5 ± 10.9
C. tora extract 100 179.2 ± 4.2 193.33 ± 9.8
C. tora extract 250 187.5 ± 5.0 207.5 ± 6.3
a
C. tora extract 500 191.7 ± 8.0 219.16 ± 12.3

Values are mean ± SEM, n = 6 animal in each groups. Comparisons

were made with control group and data was analyzed by one way
ANOVA followed by Tukey – Kramer test. aP< 0.001 compared with
control

Table 3. Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of seeds of C. tora on paw volume

Dose Paw volume in mm ( % inhibition)

Treatment
mg/kg Day 1 Day 12 Day 28
Sodium CMC 1 ml 6.8 ± 0.2 6.4 ± 0.1 6.4 ± 0.2
a b
Diclofenac sodium 10 5.7 ± 0.4 3.4 ± 0.1 (46.8%) 2.5 ± 0.1 (60.9%)
C. tora extract 100 6.7 ± 0.3 4.7 ± 0.1 (26.5%) 3.3 ± 0.2 (48.43%)
b b
C. tora extract 250 6.0 ± 0.3 4.1 ± 0.3 (35.93%) 3.0 ± 0.1 (53.1%)
b b
C. tora extract 500 5.4 ± 0.5 3.8 ± 0.3 (40.6%) 2.8 ± 0.01 (56.2%)

Values are mean ± SEM, n= 6 animal in each groups. Comparisons made with control group and data was analyzed by one
– way ANOVA followed by Tukey–Kramer test. aP< 0.05 and bP< 0.01 compared with control

Acute oral toxicity study
Determination of acute oral toxicity and LD 50 of
hydroalcoholic extract of C.tora seeds was performed. It
was found that the hydroalcoholic extract of C. tora seeds
was safer at the dose greater than 5000 mg/kg. So the
extracts safe for long term administration, on the basis of
toxicity study dose were selected 100, 250 and 500
mg/kg of body weight.
Antiarthritic activity
Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of seeds of C. tora on
body weight
There was reduction in body weight in the arthritis
induced control group. The standard group and all test
groups showed an increase in body weight. The increase
in the body weight observed with C. tora extract (500
mg/kg) was comparable to that of standard group (Table
2).
Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of seeds of C. tora on
paw volume
There was a significant increase in paw volume in
complete Freund’s adjuvant induced arthritic control rats
when compared with normal control rats. The standard
group (10 mg/kg p.o.) and C. tora 250 and 500 mg/kg)
showed a significant reduction in rats paw volume as
compared to the control on days 12 and 28. The percent
inhibition of C. tora (500 mg/kg) was found to be 56% on
day 28, whereas standard (Diclofenac sodium 10mg/kg
p.o.) showed 60.9% inhibition (Table 3).
th
The results are given in Table 2, up to the 12 day, the
inflammation in all the groups aroused gradually. The
th
inflammation was between 79 and 95%. On the 12 day,
the inflammation in standard group was 36%. The
inflammation in test groups 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w
was 75, 65 and 60% respectively. The arthritic control
group had maximum inflammation of 94%
Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of seeds of C. tora on
haematological parameters
There was a significant change in WBCs, RBCs and
haemoglobin count in control, standard and test treated
group (Table 4).
Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of seeds of C. tora on
immune organ coefficient
The index of spleen and thymus of the adjuvant arthritic
rats was determined on day 28. There was no change in
spleen weight treated with standard and hydroalcoholic
extract of C. tora seeds. There was a significant increase
Balekar et al., 2013..Topcls. J. Herb. Med. 2(11)258

Table 4. Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of seeds of C. tora on haematological parameters

3 6
Treatment Dose (mg/kg) WBC (×10 /µl) RBC (×10 / µl) Hb (g/dl)
Sodium CMC 1 ml 12.6 ± 1.4 6.7 ± 0.6 11.1 ± 1.0
a a
Diclofenac sodium 10 9.2 ± 0.5 9.0 ± 0.2 16.2 ± 0.7
b
C. tora extract 100 9.4 ± 0.3 16.2 ± 0.7 11.5 ± 1
a
C. tora extract 250 11.7 ± 1.1 9.5 ± 0.1 12.0 ± 0.3
b
C. tora extract 500 13 ± 0.6 7.6 ± 0.7 12.5 ± 1.7

Values are mean ± SEM, n = 6 animal in each groups. Comparisons made with control group
and data was analyzed by one way ANOVA followed by Tukey – Kramer test. aP< 0.05 and bP<
0.01 compared with control

Table 5. Influence on immune organ coefficient after injection of the

complete freund’s adjuvant

Dose Immune organ coefficient

Treatment
mg/kg Spleen (g/kg) Thymus (g/kg)
Sodium CMC 1 ml 2.60 ± 0.00 1.32 ± 0.02
a
Diclofenac sodium 10 2.87 ± 0.03 1.65 ± 0.02
C. tora extract 100 2.59 ± 0.00 1.29 ± 0.02
a
C. tora extract 250 2.64 ± 0.03 1.34 ± 0.01
C. tora extract 500 2.66 ± 0.03 1.55 ± 0.02

Values are mean ± SEM, n = 6 animal in each groups. Comparisons

made with control group and data was analyzed by one way ANOVA
followed by Tukey – Kramer test. ap< 0.001 compared with control

in thymus weight with standard and hydroalcoholic whereas test groups 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg showed
extract of C. tora seeds 500 mg/kg (Table 5). more.

Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of seeds of C. tora on DISCUSSION

radiological analysis
The X- ray report of all the groups of the adjuvant
induced arthritic rats were obtained and it was found that
in the case of a control group, there was a lot of bone
erosion, paw swelling, skin lesions and articular
deformity, while in standard and test groups (500 mg/kg)
showed less erosion, swelling and skin lesions (Figure 1).
Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of seeds of C. tora on
histopathological analysis
The observed histopathological changes of proximal
interphalangeal joints of the experimental groups are
shown in Figure 2. The histopathology of control groups
(Group I) the ankle joint showed prominent abnormalities
from the normal joint like edema formation, degeneration
with partial erosion of the cartilage, destruction of bone
marrow and extensive infiltration of inflammatory
exudates in the articular surface.
The standard group (Group II) showed normal bone
marrow with less cellular infiltrates. Test groups showed
less inflammatory signs like scanty cellular infiltrate,
absence of edema formation and normal bone marrow,
Plants have been a prime source of highly effective
conventional drug for the treatment of many form of
arthritis. The hydroalcoholic extract of the seeds of C.
tora plants is safe at a high dose even 5000 mg/kg body
weight in oral dose is safe. The present study
demonstrates the CFA induced arthritis in experimental
rats, the treatment of the adjuvant induced arthritis rats
with seeds extract of C. tora showed a decline in
inflammation which was comparable to standard drug
(Diclofenac sodium). Complete Freund’s adjuvant
induced arthritis is one of the most widely used models
as it has been shown to share a number of clinical and
immunological features with human arthritis (Abudoleh et
al., 2011).
Therefore, this model is used with a relatively high
degree of validity for evaluating agents with potential
antiarthritic activity. There is structural similarity between
proteoglycan content of cartilage in rats and
Mycobacterium responsible for induction of arthritis
through adjuvant which is an autoimmune disorder (Singh
et al., 2011). Various phytoconstituents like glycosides
such as emodin and chrysophanol are reported to
possess anti- inflammatory property (Shukla et al., 2013);
 Balekar et al., 2013..Topcls. J. Herb. Med. 2(11)259

(a) (b)

(c) (d) (e)

Figure 1. Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of C. tora seeds on radiological analysis of the various
group of adjuvant induced arthritic rats.(a) Arthritic control sodium CMC 0.2%., (b) Standard
diclofenac sodium 10 mg/kg. (c) Test 100 mg/kg (d) Test 200 mg/kg (e) Test 500 mg/kg

(a) (b)

(c) (d) (e)

Figure 2. Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of C. tora seeds on histopathological

analysis of the various group of adjuvant induced arthritic rats. (a) Arthritic control
sodium CMC 0.2%., (b) Standard diclofenac sodium 10 mg/kg. (c) Test 100 mg/kg (d)
Test 200 mg/kg (e) Test 500 mg/kg

since these phytoconstituents found in the extract may
have contributed for exhibited antiarthritic activity by
inhibiting the inflammation due to the Freund’s adjuvant.
The result of the present study indicates that C. tora
(500 mg/kg) exhibited antiarthritic effects in rats with
freund’s adjuvant induced arthritis model. In the control
group there was a continuous increase in the joint
diameter having been given adjuvant which can be
attributed to the delayed immunological flare in the
disease. Blocking of the cytokines can thus suppress
inflammation and ameliorate cartilage destructions (Feng
et al., 2011). There was less swelling in joint diameter in
the standard group and in test group especially at the
dose of 500 mg/kg body weight. As revealed from
radiological analysis there is a significant antiarthritic
effect shown by extract indicated by reduction in paw
swelling and articular deformity. Paw swelling is an index
of measuring the antiarthritic activity of test drug and is
compared with the standard drug (Ekambaram et al.,
2010).
Recent studies have revealed the key roles of pro-
inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-a
(TNF-a), interleukin-1b (IL-1b), IL-6 and IL-8 in the
pathogenesis of RA. The increased body weight during
the treatment with diclofenac sodium and the extracts of
C. tora seeds as observed may be due to the restoration
Balekar et al., 2013..Topcls. J. Herb. Med. 2(11)260
of the absorption capacity of the intestine (Abudoleh et
al., 2011).
The potent anti-arthritic effect of extracts is further
confirmed by radiological studies. The diagnosis of RA is
usually obvious clinically and it allows therapeutic
monitoring which remains the standard method in
evaluating disease progression. The X-ray appearance,
commonly referred to as diminished joint space, is the
hallmark of arthritis. In control rats, erosion representing
bony destruction were evident on bones unprotected by
cartilage, since they are exposed directly to cytokines
such as TNF-α and IL-1 which stimulate the chrondocytes
to produce proteolytic enzymes like proteolytic enzymes
such as collagenases, glycohydrolases and neutral
proteases degrading the cartilage. As a result, the
pannus invades the joint and sub-chondral bones and
eventually the joint is destroyed and undergoes fibrous
fusion or ankylosis (Ekambaram et al., 2010).
The observed histopathological changes of proximal
interphalangeal joints of the experimental groups are
shown above and it was found that Group I which
showed the histopathology of control groups. The ankle
joint showed prominent abnormalities from the normal
joint like edema formation, degeneration with partial
erosion of the cartilage, destruction of bone marrow and
extensive infiltration of inflammatory exudates in the
articular surface (Ekambaram et al., 2010) Group II
showed the standard group and it was found that the
standard drug treated rat joint showed normal bone
marrow with less cellular infiltrates. Test group with dose
250 mg/kg showed less inflammatory signs like scanty
cellular infiltrate, absence of edema formation and normal
bone marrow, whereas the Test group 100 mg/kg and
500 mg/kg showed more.
CONCLUSION
The hydroalcoholic extract of C. tora seeds at the
specified dose level of 250 mg/kg, p.o. showed reduction
in rat paw volume and it could normalize the
haematological abnormalities in adjuvant induced arthritic
rats in both developing and developed phases of FCA
induced arthritis. Further, the radiological studies
confirmed the antiarthritic activity of hydroalcoholic
extract of C. tora seeds in FCA induced arthritis. From
the observed histopathological result of proximal
interphalangeal joints of the experimental groups, it was
concluded that the test group with dose 250 mg/kg
showed less inflammatory signs like scanty cellular
infiltrate, absence of edema formation and normal bone
marrow, whereas the test group 100 mg/kg and 500
mg/kg showed more.
The actual mechanism of action of hydroalcoholic
extract of C. tora seeds on adjuvant induced arthritis is
not clear with these studies. The action of hydroalcoholic
extract of C. tora seeds on proinflammatory mediators
like TNF- α, Interleukins and other relevant mediators will
be carried out in future to study its mechanism.
REFERENCES
Abudoleh S, Disi A, Qunaibi E, Aburjai T (2011). Anti-arthritic activity of
the methanolic leaf extract of Urtica pilulifera L. on albino rats. Am. J.
Pharmacol. Toxicol. 6(1):27-32.
Barbier A, Novarro JC, Brelliere Roncucci R (1984). Biochemical and
clinical changes in rats with the developing arthritis. Agents Actions.
15(1-2):103-105.
Chaudhari SS, Chaudhari S, Chavan M (2012). Analgesic, anti-
inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of Cassia uniflora Mill. Asian
Pacific J. Trop. Biomed. 2(1):181-186.
Chaurasia B, Dhakad RS, Dhakad VK, Jain PK (2011). Preliminary
phytochemical and pharmacological (antidiabetic) screening of C.
tora . Int. J. Pharm. Life Sci. 2(5):759- 766.
Deore SL, Khadabadi SS, Kamdi KS, Ingle VP, Kawalkar NG, Sawarka,
PS, Patil UA, Vyas AJ (2009). In-vitro anthelmintic activity of C. tora .
Int. J. Chem. Tech. Res. 1(2):177-179.
Ekambaram S, Perumal SS, Subramanian V (2010). Evaluation of
antiarthritic activity of Strychno spotatorum Linn seeds in Freund’s
adjuvant induced arthritic rat model. BMC Comp. Alt. Med. 10:56.
Feng X, Lu J, Xin H, Zhang L, Wang Y, Tang K (2011). Antiarthritic
active fraction of Capparis spinosa L. fruits and its chemical
constituents. Pharma Society Japan. 131(3):423-429.
Gill NS, Sharma A, Arora R, Bali M (2011) Evaluation of C. tora seeds
for their antioxidant and antiulcer activity. J. Med. Sci. 11(2):96-101.
Haritha P, Maheshwari KU (2007) Effect of Processing on the
antinutritional and antimicrobial activity of Sickle senna seeds (C.tora
). Legume Res. 30(2):108-112.
Ingle A, Ranaware P, Ladke A, Damle M (2012). C. tora phytochemical
and pharmacological activity. Int. Imp. J. Pharmacog. Nat. Prod.
2(1):14-23.
Jain S, Patil UK (2010). Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of
C. tora Linn. An over review. Indian J. Nat. Prod. Res.1(4):430-437.
Kore KJ, Shete RV, Desai NV (2011). Anti-arthritic activity of
hydroalcoholic extract of Lawsonia Innermis. Int. J. Drug Develop.
Res. 3(4):1-6.
Mishra NK, Bastia S, Mishra G, Chodary KW, Patra S (2011). Anti-
arthritic activity of Glycyrrhizza glabra, Boswellia serrata and their
synergistic activity in combined formulation studied in freund’s
adjuvant induced arthritic rats. J. Pharm. Educ. Res. 2(2): 1-7.
Shukla SK, Kumar A, Terrence M, Yusuf J, Singh VK, Mishra M (2013).
The probable medicinal usage of C. tora : An Overview. Online J. Bio.
Sci. 13(1):13-17.
Singh S, Nair V, Gupta YK (2011). Antiarthritic activity of Majoon
suranjan (a polyherbal Unani formulation) in rat. Indian J. Med. Res.
134:384-388.
Ward JR, Cloud RS (1966). Comparative effect of antirheumatic drugs
on adjuvant induced polyarthritis in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
152:116-121.