A PROPOSED MODULAR STRUCTURE FOR CEBU ART

MARKET ALONG P. BURGOS STREET AND TEMPORARY

SHELTER TO PROMOTE CEBU CULTURE AND PROVIDE

POST-DISASTER TEMPORARY HOUSING STRATEGIES

________________________________

A Research Paper

Presented to the School of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design

Of the University of San Carlos

________________________________

In Par al Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Course AR 4200 - Design of Complex Structures

________________________________

CATAQUEZ, GWYNETH FIONA

JORE, JESSA MAE Y.

MAY, 2023
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1. Ra onale of the Study 3

1.2. Statement of the Problem 4

1.3. Significance of the Study 6

1.4. Scope and Limita ons of the Study 6

1.5 Defini on of Terms 7

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 8

2.1. Review of Literature 8

2.1.1 Cultural and Ar s c Heritage 8

2.1.2 Historical Iden es 12

2.1.3 Adaptability 17

2.2 Related Structures 21

2.2.1 Sense of Place: Ubud Art Market 21

2.2.2 Beyond Genius Loci: An Analysis of Architectural 25

Design Strategies of Place

2.2.3 Leshan Pocket Park by VIASCAPE Design 28

2.2.4 From the Streets to the Internet: The History of 29

Commerce and Its Rela onship With the Territory

2.2.5 Adaptability Design: Hawker Reload Street Stands 31

2.2.6 Resilient Architecture: Kangkaibe, Bantayan, Cebu 34

2.2.7. Adaptable and Resilient Design: Ablenook 35

 2.3 Theore cal Background 36

2.3.1 Sense of Place 36

2.3.2 Genius Loci 37

2.3.3 Building Layers 39

2.3.4 Adaptability Design 40

2.3.5 Resilient Architecture 42

2.4 Conceptual Framework 43

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 45

3.1. Research Framework 45

3.2. Research Procedures 46

3.2.1 Research Environment 46

3.2.2 Research Instruments 47

3.2.3 Gathering of Data 47

3.2.4 Analysis of Data 48

3.2. Coordina on Schema 49

CHAPTER 4: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 55

4.1. Data Presenta on 55

4.1.1 Promote cultural, ar s c heritage and create 55

linkages of historic iden ty

4.1.2 Adaptability: Strategies for a flexible and resilient 60

Structure

4.2. Architectural Design Data 62

4.2.1 Client and Users 62

4.2.2 Related Building Laws 66

 4.2.3 Planning and Design 70

4.2.4 Site Analysis 78

4.2.5 Space Programming 84

CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND 88

RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. Summary of Findings 88

5.2. Architectural Program 92

5.3. Architectural Design Solu on 99

5.4 Conclusions 143

5.5 Recommenda ons 146

REFERENCES 147
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

Cultural heritage is the legacy of tangible and intangible assets passed down

from earlier genera ons, preserved in the present, and given to the next genera on

for their benefit. It helped construct human society and provided the area, region, or

community with more personality and dis nc on, fostering a feeling of iden ty.

Therefore, it is crucial to safeguard, conserve, and preserve cultural heritages

(Gandhi & Pathak, 2021).

The art market has been a link between architecture and cultural heritage for

a long me. In its context, Ubud Art Market is one of the most famous tradi onal art

markets, located in the vicinity of Puri Saren, Bali, it is known as the center of arts

and pain ngs, and these days, the market dominates in souvenirs merchandise. The

Art Market holds a strong presence of the area's tradi onal culture, which is evident

in the building forms, carvings on the walls, the scent of the place, and the

integra on of the area's history. The market creates a sense of place between the

memory and history of the area with the characteris cs of the ar sts, merchants,

and visitors, as well as connec ng the people to the arts and culture of the place

through the trading of souvenirs and local products. (Astrid et al, 2019).

In the Philippines, pasalubong is more than a souvenir or gi . The word

comes from "salubong" which means 'meet' or 'welcome,' with layers of meaning

and ritual lying behind the word. Pasalubong symbolizes the principle of reciprocity

and strengthens culture's resiliency; it connects the people to their no on of home

and heritage. (Caballar, 2017). Moreover, Garcia (2020) asserted that the Philippines

is an excellent place to get souvenirs that include indigenous art, woodwork, masks,

1
and religious relics, all at bargain prices. One of the places where crea ve enterprises

and talents are abundant, working in various forms of arts, such as furniture, cra s,

fashion, and ar s c mul media, is Cebu City (UN, 2020). In 2008, 2010, and 2019,

Cebu was awarded a Crea ve City in Asia and an ASEAN City of Culture and Design

for the richness and diversity of its culture and crea ve industries (UNESCO, 2019).

Addi onally, Tan stated that Cebu could be a trade center in the Visayas (Espiritu &

Lawas, 2019).

Among Cebu is the well-known heritage district, the Downtown, and Parian

Area. It has a dis nct sense of place and history because of its historical significance

(Nishimura, 2019). It is where the Spanish ini ally arrived and established a colony. In

addi on, old architectural structures from the 1950s and 1960s can also be found in

the area (Espiritu & Lawas, 2019). Culturally, streets in Downtown Cebu can be

considered "lively" because of the adjacent heritage structures, par cularly the P.

Burgos Street (Oranratmanee and Sachakul, 2014). Adjacent to it is namely Sugbo

Chinese Heritage Museum, Sto. Nino Basilica, Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral, and

others. The street is at its peak of liveliness during Sinulog, where over a million

locals, tourists, and devotees would occupy the street to get inside or outside the

Basilica (Mayol & Mondragon, 2019). Addi onally, the Cebu City Tourism Commission

(CCTC) Heritage Walk, a culturally enriched tour, is a heritage walk that passes by P.

Burgos Street. It starts at Fort San Pedro and ends at Carbon Market. The heritage

walk aims to remember, understand, and recognize the culture and tradi on of Cebu.

It encourages reflec on and serves as a reminder of a place's and its people's rich

cultural heritage, urging the next genera on to consider the value of each historical

landmark or structure. (Sabalo, 2022).

2
1.1 Ra onale of the Study

With the city gradually occupied by similar-looking buildings, Espina stated a

need for the Downtown area to preserve or improve the sense of place. He hopes to

make the place more a rac ve and give it a sense of pride to increase tourism

growth (Espiritu & Lawas, 2019). Furthermore, with the increased appeal of recent

developments in the other areas of Cebu City, such as the modern shopping spaces,

places of work, and residences in the Cebu Business District, the number of visitors in

the Downtown Area has decreased. It can be a ributed to the lack of safety,

accessibility, and new shops or ac vi es. Notably, the decline in visita ons affects P.

Burgos Street, even with its "lively" environment. A survey done by Diaz and Koh

shows that visita ons can be further improved in P. Burgos Street by the following

ranked interven ons from most priori zed to least: New shops or ac vi es, physical

improvement, urban environment, and lastly, safety and security (Diaz & Koh, 2022).

However, if the trend con nues downward, it can lessen the number of people

visi ng the heritage sites, lessen local apprecia on and support, lessen tourist

a rac on, and slow the area's development in terms of tourism (Espiritu & Lawas,

2019).

In order to increase visita on to P. Burgos Street and cultural heritage

apprecia on simultaneously, it is necessary to address the lack of spaces for food and

souvenir markets, cultural entertainment for visitors, and art and cultural tourism

(Espiritu & Lawas, 2019). Likewise, Garcia (2020) also stated that there is a lack of a

one-shopping center for foreign and local ar sts. He stated that one would have to

go to different places to get different kinds of souvenirs, some in department stores,

in an que stores, and some tex les in Colon, Cebu.

3
 An interview in 2019 with the Philippine Exporters Confedera on Inc.

(PHILEXPORT) stated that the country is losing out on poten al exports due to the

lack of souvenirs in some des na ons and that the PHILEXPORT Cebu Chapter

intends to establish a one-stop shopping center for foreign and local tourists

(Talavera, 2019). Moreover, Fajrah and Zetli (2020) stated that tourism will be passive

without a souvenir shop and will not en ce visitors to return. This is due to the

souvenir center's purpose of introducing travelers to local culture in a tangible way

from the desired loca on. Tourists' purchases of souvenirs will leave them with a

las ng image of the loca on they visited. Based on the demands of travelers, a

par cular souvenir center for selling souvenirs typical of a tourist des na on is

required. (Fajrah & Zetli, 2020).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The Cebu Art Market is a one-stop souvenir shopping center along P. Burgos

Street. It links the architecture and culture of the Cebu City Heritage District as it

creates a sense of place through art, history, and culture and creates a rela onship

with the environment using outdoor areas. Addi onally, the Cebu Art Market’s

adap ve modular structure will be an essen al factor in tourism economic factors by

tackling the decrease of visitors in the area and the lack of one shopping center for

local and foreign tourists. It is then a challenge to come up with an adap ve modular

structure that would not only promote local arts and products while preserving the

significant natural and built heritage of P. Burgos Street but also factor in showcasing

all those arts, products, and spaces in one modular structure that can be joined and

moved when needed. In accordance with the modular structure concept, the

4
researchers see an opportunity to simultaneously address the shelter problems a er

natural disasters or climate-related incidents that hit the Philippines, especially

considering that the country is prone to tropical cyclones and earthquakes (PAGASA

2023). The modular structure can address the displaced families who cannot

immediately rebuild homes and are temporarily situated in cramped evacua on

centers with a lack of privacy and unable to ensure the survivors can con nue their

daily lifestyle without compromising their rou ne (Aboi z, 2022). Thus, the adap ve

modular structure for the Cebu Art Market will not only promote the local arts and

tourism but also address the current issues of temporary shelters a er a disaster.

Therefore, it is fundamental to devise a strategy to harmonize all needed spaces for

the Cebu Art Market and Temporary Recovery Shelter into one modular structure

that can be easily transported on the site, assembled, combined modules, and

disassembled when needed. This study specifically aims to:

● Promote culture and ar s c heritage and incorporate historical educa onal

ac vi es.

○ Create a sense of place and community in the art market and

integrate exis ng heritage structures into the experience.

● Create linkages of the exis ng significant built heritages along P. Burgos

Street.

● Design a flexible modular structure for environmental sustainability,

adaptability, and climate resiliency.

○ Come up with a design that can incorporate both the func ons of a

Cebu Art Market and Temporary Recovery Shelter.

5
1.3 Significance of the Study

This study will benefit the local ar sts and suppliers as it will provide them

with space and opportunity to exhibit their products. Next, the study will benefit the

local community and tourists as visitors who want to purchase locally produced arts

and cra s. It will also benefit the government as it helps increase the city’s value and

development in terms of tourism. Lastly, the Cebu City Heritage stakeholders, for it

gives heritage structures exposure to the visitors and promotes the culture and

history of Cebu.

This study will also benefit the post-disaster survivors and the Local

Government to provide a temporary housing solu on a er climate incidents.

1.4 Scope and Limita ons of the Study

The focus of the study is to propose an adap ve, resilient art market

development that would not only promote local arts and products while preserving

the significant natural and built heritage of P. Burgos Street, but can func on as a

temporary recovery shelter a er natural disasters and create a unique, memorable,

user-experience focused on the visitors, as well as climate-disaster survivors

The study is limited to the architectural aspects and essen als of the planning

and designing of the proposed Cebu Art Market along P. Burgos Street and a chosen

sample site to showcase how the temporary recovery shelter is theore cally

implemented. The structural, electrical, plumbing, will be considered in the

development, but will not consider the financial and economic elements.

6
1.5 Defini on of Terms

Art Market - A place where the locals and tourists can visit to see and buy locally

made products such as souvenirs, apparel, bags, keychains, statues, magnets,

homewares and such.

Kit-of-Parts - a collec on of discrete building components that are pre-engineered

and designed to be assembled in a variety of ways to define a finished building

Modular Structure - Several parts that are prefabricated offsite and then brought

on-site either in easy-to-assemble parts or in a completed state and can be joined

with each other to form a bigger structure.

Pasalubong - a filipino word that means a gi or souvenir given to a friend or rela ve.

Sense of place - sense of place is the emo ons someone a aches to an area based

on their experiences.

Pedestrianiza on - The process of making a street or part of a town into an area that

is only for people who are walking, not for vehicles.

7
 Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Review of Literature

2.1.1. Cultural and Ar s c Heritage

It has long been acknowledged that the tangible and intangible aspects that

dis nguish and recall a loca on contribute greatly to the des na on image. How this

loca on feels has primarily been le to place branding and des na on marke ng,

which tend to overlook stakeholder voices. Yet, prac oners are just beginning to

closely analyze the "sense of place," which is an emo onal rela onship to loca on. A

sense of place is increasingly being examined in the context of tourism and leisure

studies; more broadly, a sense of place has been linked to the eco-Musee no on. It

aims to preserve and understand "culture touchstones" from a certain geographical

era. Moreover, Anholt (2009) claimed that the more a place can engage tourists on

an emo onal level, as something that may deliver a meaningful experience, the more

likely it is to a ract and keep visitors. To develop this emo onal connec on, loca ons

must convey a story that provides insight into the area and people. Furthermore, in

the study, Jarrat et al (2019) adapt Haven-Tang and Jones' (2006) sense of place

"toolkits" in differen a ng a des na on and crea ng a unique visitor experience

through the food and drinks offered, cultural and built heritage, local arts and cra s,

as well as natural assets and outdoor ac vi es. (Jarra , Phelan, Wain, and Dale,

2019)

Addi onally, the process of building 'intersubjec vity' amongst people forms

the communal level of feeling of place (Lefebvre 1991; Knox and Pinch 2010).

Intersubjec vity, defined as the collec ve confluence of people's subjec vi es over

8
 me and place, may lead to trust and familiarity, allowing one group to be

dis nguished from another. As a result, sense of place, as a mul dimensional and

abstract phrase, covers a loca on's sociocultural and ecological aspects. This

concept, however, is more than just a sta s cal assessment of these components.

Through a non-mathema cal sense of place, people define their cogni ve and

emo ve interac on with a place and others. As a result, this qualita ve concept is

constructed both individually and collec vely (at the community level) through a

combina on of place iden ty, place a achment, and place sa sfac on, all of which

are influenced by various contextual factors such as culture, ins tu onal

arrangements, and organiza ons. Structured place a achment is a concise

explana on of a (posi ve) emo onal rela onship to a specific place built over me

by interac ons between an individual/community and the loca on. (Erfani, 2022)

In a study conducted by Lanzi (2020), she stated that successful placemaking

involving the arts and culture is at the center of thriving, func oning neighborhoods

and provides a way for people to engage in public life. The researcher quoted the six

principles of the Placemaking Manifesto as follows:

1. Placemaking = Quality of Life, Improving quality of life is a strategy that

focuses on public spaces as a common good that is ac vely developed and

used by everybody. It is the first of six principles described in the Placemaking

Manifesto. Our public domain is a common good that comes to life as a result

of knowing how individuals intui vely interact to a place, design leadership

that u lizes it, and ac ve ac vi es for and by communi es as a civic benefit

for all. Placemaking brings our created and lived environments to life.

9
2. Placemaking = A sense of place, Our five senses—sight, smell, hearing, taste,

and touch—connect us to our surroundings. Posi ve sensa ons and

emo ons—the warmth of community and home—are linked to our

environment through a sense of place. Our biographies are linked to our

par cular locales through storytelling.

3. Placemaking = Caring about the community, Placemaking is concerned with

the advantages that accrue to ourselves, our neighbors, our community, and

even our culture when we interact with one another in a high-quality and

healthy public space. Including the public in its concep on and

implementa on promotes community iden ty. Ac ve programming, public

events, and public art are all effec ve instruments for fostering community

pride.

4. Placemaking = Collabora on and Communica on, Placemaking combines the

individualized focus of disciplines such as architecture, urban design,

landscape architecture, public art, and community cultural programming; and

transcends their boundaries by emphasizing collabora on, communica on,

and place rather than isolated projects, bringing together people of all

backgrounds, interests, and talents.

5. Placemaking = Ac ve Par cipa on, Placemaking promotes diversity by

providing a global forum for discussion. Everyone is a placemaker. Everyone

may contribute to the agenda of design excellence, suppor ve environments,

healthy communi es, and vibrant neighborhoods.

6. Placemaking = Tradi on and Innova on, Placemaking integrates an

apprecia on for heritage with an embrace of new and developing technology.

10
 It adheres to me-honored norms of form and space, but also leverages

research, development, and inven on, as well as modern digital and social

media technologies, to foster community forma on.

Public art, by defini on, helps communi es. When done effec vely, it

generates a feeling of place, as well as places of celebra on, cultural value, and

remembrance. In this sense, public art is viewed as a crucial component in the

construc on of welcoming and memorable community gathering areas.

Incorpora ng public art within the larger framework of placemaking creates a more

complete vision that takes public art into account holis cally within its constructed

se ng. Effec ve arts and culture placemaking is at the heart of healthy, func onal

neighborhoods. Placemaking s mulates our daily surroundings while also providing a

cultural founda on and a sense of the place. Makers from many disciplines get

together to think, plan, create, and celebrate. (Lanzi, 2020)

According to UNESCO (1982), culture is the en re set of dis nguishing

spiritual, material, intellectual, and emo onal characteris cs that define a

community or social group. It encompasses the core human rights, value systems and

tradi ons. It appears that culture is the sum total of a group of people's acquired

behavior that is commonly believed to be their tradi on. Material culture is

considered as a visual embodiment of iden ty in each given community, and its use

is consequently recognized as one of the most visible forms of iden ty transmission.

Ivanovic (2008) defines cultural heritage tourism as 'visi ng to experience the places

and ac vi es that genuinely represent the stories and people of the past and the

present'. It is possible to argue that cultural heritage tourism includes historic

buildings and monuments, ba lefields, tradi onal landscapes and indigenous

11
wildlife, language, literature, music, and art, tradi onal events and folklore prac ces,

tradi onal lifestyles including foodways and drink, and sports. Cultural heritage

tourism is a type of special-interest tourism that has grown drama cally in recent

years and is now considered one of the primary growth areas in global tourist

demand. Tradi onal architecture, dis nc ve streetscapes, and historic landmarks are

increasingly being recognized as valuable tourism resources in both developed and

developing countries. Tourism offerings are ge ng increasingly dynamic. According

to Nyaupane et al. (2006) and Sethi (2005), there is a transi on away from tradi onal

tourist trends oriented toward the environment and toward cultural heritage

tourism. When demand grows, countries begin to shi to the supply side. This may

be accomplished by u lizing the country's dis nct culture, history, and tradi on to

raise local, na onal, and worldwide awareness. (Irandu and Shah, 2023).

2.1.2. Historical Iden es

As a result of a dismissive a tude toward 'genius loci,' there has recently

been a loss of crea vity in the crea on of urban landscapes. Finding a means to

retain the memory and character of a place is a cri cal responsibility for the modern

architect. They are cri cal components in preserving the territory's integrity and

forming the urban environment's originality. Professionals must be familiar with the

area's history and tradi ons. This no on is supported by the awarding of the Pritzker

Prize in March 2020 to the Irish architectural team Gra on Architects, led by Yvon

Fawvel and Shelley McNamara.Also, it should be emphasized that the number of

visitors who wish to learn about the culture and history of the city (countries) to

which they go, to experience its "sense of place," grows every year. Furthermore, the

expansion of tourist traffic has a direct impact on the development of the local

12
economy. The preserva on of intangible components of the urban environment is

vital not just for visitors but also for inhabitants. In the context of globaliza on

processes, knowledge of one's history and inclusion in one's people's heritage helps

a person iden fy with the territory, establishing a link between genera ons. The

quality of life is also affected by the environment. To make the urban environment

pleasant and appealing to people, an atmosphere expressing the spirit of a certain

loca on/area is required, which adds to a person's adaptability. The emo ons that

occur in such a se ng contribute to seeing the city for what it is and forming

percep ons of it. The emo onal and ar s c aspects of historical events from diverse

periods are transferred through the nature of urban space-planning decisions, giving

the city its dis nct image. The landscape is a vital component of "genius loci" in all

studies, as an aspect that influences a person's percep on of the area. The third

component is architecture, which reflects regional and cultural traits and influences

human behavior. The purpose of the site and the historical background that pervades

all of the aforemen oned components are also significant components. Man is the

final and most mobile component. Human ac ons shape and evolve architecture and

urban areas as a whole. (Stepanchunk et al, 2020)

T. Iqbal, W.N.M.W.M. Rani, and M.H. Wahab. c consider the link between

"genius loci," a sense of place, and a place of a achment as aspects of the

reproduc on of historically significant regions' iden es. G. Warnaby, P. Christou, A.

Farmaki, A. Saveriades, E. Spanou, and M. Volgger. consider "genius loci" principles in

terms of the marke ng poten al of historic urban loca ons that contribute to the

preserva on of cultural assets and the forma on of urban iden ty. The importance

of spa al and symbolic individuality in crea ng an appealing urban environment

13
cannot be overstated. In addi on, Katarzyna Ujma-Wasowicz and Anna

Sulimowska-Ociepka describe "genius loci" as an integral element of iden ty.

Adopted in 2008, the ICECOS Quebec Declara on on the Protec on of the "genius

loci" defined "genius loci" as the unifica on of the tangible and intangible

components of the urban environment that comprise the uniqueness of the loca on.

This approach also underpins the 2011 UNESCO Guidelines for the Preserva on of

the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL). The role of both tangible and intangible

components (the interac on between civiliza on and environment) is recognized in

the Burra Charter (1979-2013). The UNESCO Recommenda ons proposed a

landscape approach to iden fying, preserving, and managing historical areas in their

larger urban context by taking into account object interconnec ons, spa al

organiza on and connec on with the rest of the city, relief features, and social,

cultural, and economic values. Knowledge and planning tools should aid in

preserving the integrity and authen city of urban historic quali es. (Stepanchunk et

al, 2020)

One of the HUL approach's primary differen a ng aspects is its emphasis on

the diversity and complexity of historical layers (old and new), heritage values

(natural, cultural, physical, and intangible), and civic ac on outside the historical

center. As a result, it is cri cal to examine deeper than those on the surface and in

broader rela onships. Tradi onal knowledge and management systems, which are

on the point of ex nc on but represent the founda on of urban design and

planning, need to be given more a en on to complement current planning prac ces.

Many architectural concepts and design methods are related to the manifesta on of

the "genius loci," including organic architecture, regionalism, tradi onalism, and so

14
on. In actuality, however, they all developed a superficial-stylis c personality. The

authors of the ar cle dis nguish a number of components of the "genius loci"

phenomenon based on their research: the tangible cultural content of the place

(including architecture), natural-landscape features, event-historical envelope, and

components represen ng the principles of local originality (cultural code) and

novel es (design code), which are required when working with historical territories.

(Stepanchunk et al, 2020)

In Stepanchunk’s study, some of her key recommenda ons for the

development of the territory of the Admiralty Se lement of Kazan, Russia includes

the Preserva on of cultural heritage objects and reorganiza on of industrial

territories with the forma on of their territories of modern cultural and crea ve

quarters / clusters. In this case, there are two main approaches to the transforma on

of these areas to turn them into innova ve commercial or cultural investment

pla orms:

- the combina on of science with industry, the forma on of an innova ve

environment;

- an increase in cultural poten al based on the «genius loci».

- change of func on without changing the form;

- preserva on of the nature of the planning system and the morphology of

development

- the use of industrial forms and symbols in design, allowing you to "read the

landscape";

- the use of characteris c materials

15
 Her next key recommenda on is the forma on of a single landscape and

recrea onal frame. The forma on of a single landscape and recrea onal carcass

based on exis ng and new public and recrea onal spaces (avenues, parks, squares,

quays, etc.). Stepanchunk (2020) further recommends the forma on of a cultural

branding of territories. In the percep on of any territory, the key impression is

formed by its tangible and intangible cultural heritage, its “genius loci ''. Culture is

first of all deep meanings, unique stories, a unique combina on of ethnic, historical,

cultural, aesthe c features, private and general. The tangible aspect of the territory

includes: morphology and structure of the buildings, terrain landscape, exis ng

street tracing, etc. The intangible aspects include: Knowledge and skills associated

with tradi onal cra s and ac vi es, tradi ons of shipbuilding, Cultural and crea ve

quarters / clusters, etc. Cultural branding areas can be an effec ve tool for upda ng

the historical and cultural heritage, and branding of areas in their rela onship and in

complex and differen ated approaches could lead to a new momentum of

development. The development of the tourism poten al of the territory will also

contribute to the crea on of new jobs (Stepanchunk, 2020).

16
Figure 1

Scheme of Tourist routes in Kazan, Russia.

2.1.3. Adaptability

Adaptability refers to the ability of a structure to handle significant change.

These changes may be influenced by social and local elements (such as user

preferences, cultural expecta ons, and exis ng materials), environmental factors

(such as natural disasters), technical specifica ons and func onal performance (such

as embracing technological advancements), and other factors (Askar et al., 2021). As

a result, adapta on responds to issues like climate change, biodiversity, and resource

deple on (Ellen et al., 2021). Developing systems' flexibility and adapta on is

necessary to achieve sustainability and climate resiliency. Buildings must have a

flexible structural design and spa al layout to adapt to the changing demands (Estaji,

2017). The study of Schmidt III and Aus n (2016) iden fied four adaptability

characteris cs from their literature review, as shown in table 1.

17
Table 1

Characteris cs of Adaptability.

Note: Sources on the table: [1] Schmidt III (2009). [2] Douglas (2006). [3] Leaman

(2004). [4] CSA (2010). [5] Friedman (2010). [6] Graham (2005). [7] Engel et al.

(2008). [8] Juneja & Roper (2007). [9] Gorgolewski (2005).

With the different characteris cs of adaptability and the complexity of a

building, several researchers developed the idea of layering or building layers based

on separa ng building parts according to their durability. These layers must be

independent of one another in order to be adaptable or modified. Building layers

have gone through stages of development. It was ini ally four layers: the shell,

technological equipment, disposi on, and interior equipment (Duffy & Henney,

1989). In 1993, Brand later added two levels from the six layer: site, construc on,

exterior cladding, technical equipment, disposi on, and interior fi ngs. It was later

enriched by Schmidt and Aus n (2016) with social factors (users and neighbors) and

surrounding factors (public space ameni es, service infrastructure, and

transporta on accessibility) (Luley, Pi o, & Spacek, 2019).

18
 Another approach for adaptability, are the six design strategies for

adaptability in buildings (Adaptable Future, 2023). The structure must be: (1)

Adjustability refers to the building's ability to change the tasks that users can conduct

within the building (Akerele et al., 2022). (2) Versa lity, or par on-ability, is the

ability to divide the spaces through par ons (Schmidt, 2014). (3) Refitability refers

to a structure's ability to be disassembled through the design of its component. (4)

Conver bility is the ability to change the func on in terms of space (Akerele et al.,

2022). (5) Scalability is the ability of a structure to change in size to accommodate

the shi ing needs of its customers (Manewa et al., 2013). (6) Movable is a structure's

ability to move to another loca on (Kielion, 2008).

Resilient architecture helps to lessen the impact of climate change and

climate-disaster effects because of its necessary standards that boost robustness,

durability, longevity, disaster resistance, and safety. In addi on, it helps close the gap

between disaster risk reduc on and climate change adapta on (Basyouni, 2017).

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2012), resilience

is the capacity of a system and its cons tuent parts to foresee, absorb,

accommodate, or recover from the consequences of a hazardous event in a mely

and effec ve manner, including by ensuring the preserva on, restora on, or

improvement of its fundamental basic structures and func ons. In the Philippine

context, it is helpful to consider the geographical loca on that produces heavy rain

and floods causing casual es to human life and destruc on of shelters (PAGASA,

2023). This results in the Philippines having yearly losses of housing due to natural

disasters and climate-related incidents. One recent example is the Typhoon Ode e,

where Cebu was among the hardest hit areas, the property damages were around

19
P1.7 billion. Some families, especially the poor and informally se led families were

displaced in evacua on areas because they were unable to rebuild their homes

(World Bank, 2023). Addi onally, temporary evacua on shelters, namely classrooms

and mul -purpose halls, lack privacy since they are crammed with people without

considera on for privacy (Aboi z, 2022).

To tackle that problem, Huck, Monstadt, and Driessen (2020) evaluated the

resilience of the power infrastructure using the five R concept, which integrates

robustness, redundancy, resourcefulness, recovery, and rapidity to reduce the

likelihood of failure, have redundant connec vity, shorten recovery me, and limit

impact propaga on. Subsequently, it was also advised by the Na onal Infrastructure

Advisory Council (NIAC). The five Rs are robustness, redundancy, resourcefulness,

recovery, and rapidity. One of the most crucial characteris cs of resilience is

robustness, which refers to a system's capacity to endure difficult and unusual

circumstances. (2) Resourcefulness is the capacity to expertly an cipate, plan for, and

respond to a crisis or disrup on as it occurs. (3) Redundancy creates duplicates of

system parts to support the originals in the event of a breakdown. (4) Recovery is the

ability of a system to evolve as a result of the disturbance and adapt to the new

circumstances. (5) Rapidity is the capacity to resume or recons tute normal ac vi es

following an interrup on as rapidly and effec vely as possible. The five Rs enable

communi es and designers to embrace, resist, bounce back, and learn from the

occurrences (Liu et al., 2022).

20
2.2 Related Structure

2.2.1. Sense of place: Ubud Art Market

A loca on has a dis nct physical orienta on as a no on. Certain markers can

describe the key aspects that make up a loca on. According to Schulz (1979), each

place includes various significant features such as a border, a threshold, a place

system, a place character, iden fica on and orienta on, and genius loci. The Ubud

Art Market has been around since the 1930s when tourism began to take on new

meaning. Connec ons between locals and tourists created a new need, one of which

was the desire for cultural products as mementos. When the number of tourists

increased, idle ar sts simply found other employment. They began working to meet

market demand as if they had awoken from a long sleep. (Martana, 2020)

The physical components of sense of place at Ubud Art Market include the

building and the surroundings, whereas the social factors of feeling of place include

the history, symbolism, characteris cs of the sellers and visitors, and trade ac vi es

and transi ons Kusumowidagdo et al, 2019).

Since the architecture of the Ubud Art Market integrates major religious

features present in Balinese Hindu civiliza on; each public venue in the

neighborhood is obligated to have a temple where inhabitants may pray on a regular

basis. Addi onally, being one of the key dis nguishing features of a Balinese market,

banyan trees are frequently present in its yard. The philosophical importance of the

tree is that the space beneath it provides a safe haven for market transac onal

opera ons (Kusumowidagdo et al, 2019).

21
Figure 2

A banyan tree, which is always present in each Balinese Market.

Furthermore, many individuals choose to display and sell their wares outside

the market building, necessita ng the construc on of shelters to protect them from

the sun. The merchants employ umbrellas, a prac ce that has persisted since the

incep on of Ubud Market. This is visible in the artwork by famed Ubud ar st Anak

Agung Gde Sorbat, which represents a scene from the market in its earlier days.

(Kusumowidagdo et al, 2019)

Figure 3

Typical street scene of Ubud Art Market during the day.

22
 Addi onally, the art market architecture features signage that defines the

market area and pura with Balinese language, pavement on the ered market

corridor, tradi onal Balinese decora ons in the market structure, and a vocal point.

(Kusumowidagdo et al, 2019)

Figure 4

Special area for praying in the market area.

In the social aspect of the feeling of place in the Ubud art market, it

comprises the region in which the market is always posi oned near the palace and

occupies one side of a crossroads, like in the layout of a typical Balinese Kingdom.

This is also true of Ubud Market, which is located near Puri Saren Agung, the Ubud

palace, and a crossroads that is now known as the Ubud Centre area. Throughout its

evolu on, Ubud Market is also placed near a community, transforming the living

space into a showcase area for the items, blurring the line between the market and

the living areas. Several vendors sell their wares on the sidewalk or along the corridor

entering the local housing development. The market's dis nguishing feature is its

history. Memory and history of a place play an important role in genera ng a sense

of place, as men oned by Najafi & Shariff (2011). Ini ally, events at Ubud Market

were only held once every three days, on the day known as hari pasah. With the

23
passage of me, the ac vi es became everyday, and Ubud Market evolved into an

art market as people began to flock to Ubud. Because of the great number of ar sts

that lived in Ubud, the region became an art center. Originally, these painters created

artwork for tradi onal rites and celebra ons. With the influx of addi onal tourists,

the ar sts, who had previously exclusively made two-dimensional pieces, began to

construct more three-dimensional things. (Kusumowidagdo et al, 2019)

Figure 5

Trading ac vi es seen in the Ubud Art Market

The Banyan tree's symbolism holds deep philosophical significance for the

inhabitants. Banyan trees are considered sacred and are frequently u lized in

ceremonies. Addi onally, the interac on, ac vi es, and dis nguishing features of

visitors and sellers contribute to the feeling of place in Ubud Market. The majority of

visitors are interna onal tourists, which dis nguishes it from other markets that are

mostly a ended by locals. This is especially no ceable during art market sessions in

the a ernoon when most interna onal tourists visit. These interna onal tourists

have a unique influence on Ubud Market, transforming it from a tradi onal market

into an art market (Kusumowidagdo et al, 2019).

24
Figure 6

Balinese ornaments on buildings by the corridor.

2.2.2. Beyond Genius Loci: An Analysis of Architectural Design Strategies of Place

In a thesis conducted by Popovic (2016) the researcher explores the

contribu ve role of the genius locus, or “spirit of place”, in the iden ty of ci es and

the produc on of meaningful places. The study looks at genius loci as historical

phenomena as well as their present func on in suburban environments. This thesis

contends that understanding and responding to genius loci is cri cal not only for

dis nguishing it from concepts like a sense of place, place-making, and iden ty, but

also for advancing the matura on of suburban design and recrea ng the underlying

urban forces that combat generic design. Using Mississauga as a case study, urban

and architectural failures call into ques on the agency of architecture in order to

combat architecturally indifferent growth. The objec ve is to provide a design

process that ac vates the genera ve energies of the genius loci to generate a

dis nct, complex, and grounded urban character (Popovic, 2016).

25
Figure 7

Popovic’s design brief

This thesis argues that knowing and responding to the genius loci is essen al

inside every act of architecture, not only in line with the quest for the ideal city but

also to guarantee relevant thinking is present in its design. Architecture is o en

employed as a crude instrument that overlooks the character of its loca on in favor

of a single ideology, thereby hur ng the poten al of its cultural iden ty and

destroying any deeper "existen al foo ng". In this sense, recognizing instances

when architecture is employed industrially rather than deliberately gives a forum for

understanding the rela onship between material place, which is significantly

dependent on in-depth physical design, and social place, which happens with or

without a strong material place. If recognized, this connec on can provide

techniques to bridge any current gaps. It is therefore feasible to find ac ve design

techniques capable of crea ng loca ons with unified material and social

circumstances, as well as achieving an intellectual culture capable of striving for and

building meaningful surroundings (Popovic, 2016).

26
Figure 8

Urban growth & Visions

Figure 9

Master Plan Interven on Scheme

27
2.2.3. Leshan Pocket Park by VIASCAPE Design

Leshan pocket park, located in the heart of the Leshan neighborhood,

appears to be the sole integrated open space in the en re community. The pocket

park is only 800m from Zikawei and is within walking distance of several nearby

office complexes, schools, kindergartens, and ins tu ons. Prior to the rehabilita on,

the pocket park was a confined loca on in poor condi on, unable to meet the

contemporary demands of public life. Leshan pocket park's no on of "shared

happiness" is woven into the fabric of mul purpose places for both the elderly and

children, for observing and walking, playing and relaxing, reading and sharing. The

80-meter-long "shared happiness" gallery runs the length of the complex, ac ng as a

backbone connec ng important sec ons. On the green backdrop, it embodies the

"Genius Loci" spirit. The "shared pleasure" gallery is not only a spa al instrument for

crea ng a posi ve experience but also a medium holding many public aspects that

define a place's spirit (Shuangyu, 2021).

Figure 10

Aerial view of the pocket park

28
Figure 11

Man’s eye view of the pocket park

Figure 12

Man’s eye view of the pocket park

2.2.4. From the Streets to the Internet: The History of Commerce and Its

Rela onship With the Territory

Trade is a human ac vity that has been conducted by communi es from the

dawn of me. Ini ally, exchanges were done between items agreed upon by en re

communi es. They began with a common currency and were passed down from

genera on to family over me. This ac vity, in some ways, is a feature of civiliza on

29
and even shapes our geographical arrangement. Commercial ac vity, which was

historically done in outdoor se ngs, defined several spa al layouts. We had traded

at the base of the commercial ac vi es we know today, which sprang from surplus

produc on for sustenance. A nearby village would exchange another item for this

surplus. Bartering used to include food, tex les, and spices, and it was done both

inside the same region and through travelers who brought new things through the

highways that connected ny communi es. Commercial ac vity became a

geographical reference for the land as these clusters got denser (Mar no & Diogo,

2023).

Throughout many centuries, commercial ac vity remained an external

prac ce with a communal aspect as an agent of urban development. Even in the

Middle Ages, town centers drew merchants and customers around a central plaza.

During the Industrial Revolu on and changes in the way food and things were

produced, commerce earned a place in urbanity, with a structure dedicated to this

ac vity. Markets and shops with windows pioneered new kinds of transac ons,

boos ng product availability. Street fairs con nue to flourish, owing to their

proximity to the countryside. Yet, the presence of streets solely dedicated to

business, where you can get anything you need, became common: market,

pharmacy, shoe repair, sewing, and baking - all abili es converged near to each other.

Even though the ac vity was now designed in the streets, it remained exterior and

related to the public (Mar no & Diogo, 2023).

30
Figure 13

Street shopping in Istanbul, Turkey.

As industrialisa on revolu onized street commerce, the internet heightened

consumer culture, and online shopping grew more popular in the second decade of

the twenty-first century, causing changes in current shopping malls and

marketplaces. Business is an agent of urban transforma on since it is vital to the

design and habita on of ci es. All of the changes brought about by its evolu on have

an influence on the urban fabric. Although malls and hypermarkets aided the

collapse of urban shopping centers, the internet and its retail possibili es have

caused us to reconsider how these commercial megastructures may be employed.

Yet, street trade persists. Small companies and the no on of crea ng

brick-and-mortar experiences around their brands have given it a revival, combining

the internet, high street shopping, and modern culture (Mar no & Diogo, 2023).

2.2.5. Adaptability Design: Hawker Reload Street Stands

Hawker Reload is a universally adaptable “prototype” project designed by

Groundwork Architects & Associates around 2019,They researched Pai-dongs, Hong

31
Kong's dis nc ve heritage, and offered design op ons for hawker stalls in Hong

Kong. Hawker Reload's primary goals are to reinvigorate and repair one of Hong

Kong's most important civic symbols—the street markets. As well as to make

proposals for how future designs can respond to the government of Hong Kong's

2012 recommenda ons on hawker stall fire safety (Pintos, 2019).

Figure 14

Before and A er of Fa Yuen Street

Note: Images taken from Pintos (2019) and Google Images

Two sliding tracks are used to a ach the corrugated metal on top of the

exis ng tops. The retractable top can be quickly extended and retracted due to the

direct connec on. Se ng up their stalls used to be 60 minutes, but with the current

design, it only takes 15 minutes (Pintos, 2019).

32
Figure 15

Different configura ons of the Hawker Reload

Note: Images taken from Pintos (2019)

The use of a universally adaptable "prototype" hawker stall is explained by

the architects' survey revealing that hawkers engage in various trades and would

need a unique display system of items tailored to their requirements. Therefore, the

top, the body, and the shelves can be considered the three main components of each

hawker booth. Display racks and tables are viewed as independent layers that might

be wheeled into the main structure, allowing vendors to select the shelves that will

work best for their par cular stand (Pintos, 2019).

Table 2

Adaptability Design in the Project

Strategies How the strategies were applied

Adjustability detachable connec ons, furniture changes, modular system, retractable top
Versa lity interchangeable panels, modular units
Refitability doors are mostly hinge for easiness of unfolding, galvanized steel delays the
spread of fire
Conver bility accommodates the different trade of the hawkers
Scalability modules are easily connectable and detachable that allows easy space
reconfigura on
Movability caster wheels a ached to the hawker stall

Note: Data are from Pintos (2019).

33
2.2.6. Resilient Architecture: Kangkaibe, Bantayan, Cebu

In the Philippines, a project observed chosen shelter programs to do case

studies to assess the strategies of shelter reconstruc on in the a ermath of Haiyan.

It used materials obtained locally and made from fallen coconut trees. Like many

others built a er Haiyan, the shelter uses resilience in its structure, including

concrete founda ons, bracing, and be er connec ons.

The shelter's design features a spacious interior that allows a par on to be

installed later. It is made of coconut lumber and corrugated galvanized iron (CGI)

sheets, with the building elevated to guard against termites. Solignum, a

weatherproofing compound, was later put on exterior walls. In addi on, the

eleva on stops the flood from the heavy rain and winds from entering the shelter.

The rectangular design also provides consistent resistance to the wind loads in a

region vulnerable to cyclones. In addi on, the hip roof can be used to collect and

store rainwater and quickly sheds rain. It also assists in direc ng hot indoor air up to

the roof's apex and away from the living spaces (Opdyke et al., 2017).

Figure 16

Kangkaibe, Bantayan, Cebu

34
Table 3

Strategies of Resilience in the Project

Strategies How the proper es were applied

Robustness elevated structure, materials, structural, passive strategies, hip roof
Redundancy space under the house can be used to store water and food, and the roof can be
used for rainwater harves ng
Resourcefulness open ground plan
Recovery con ngency plans
Rapidity durable materials

Note: Data are from Opdyke et al. (2017).

2.2.7. Adaptable and Resilient Design: Ablenook

AbleNook is an aircra -grade aluminum structural framing kit that is

flat-packed and site-assembled and uses SIPs (structural insulated panels) for the

floors, walls, and roof. By using adjustable leg jacks, AbleNook can be set up on

uneven ground without the expense of pouring founda ons or leveling the land. Any

"Able-Bodied" person can assemble an AbleNook because of its technology and

straigh orward connec ons, which eliminates the need for a lot of power

equipment. It can be used for temporary recovery shelters that help enable survivors

to con nue their daily lives.

Figure 17

35
Table 4

ADAPTABILITY
Strategies How the strategies were applied
Adjustability detachable connec ons, furniture changes, modular system, retractable top
Versa lity interchangeable panels, modular units
Refitability aircra -grade aluminum structural framing with structural insulated panels
Conver bility modulars are easily connectable and detachable to accommodate different
spaces
Scalability modules are expandable to change size and need
Movability Module can be detached into flat packable parts and delivered through a truck.
RESILIENCE
Strategies How the proper es were applied
Robustness elevated structure, adjustable founda on, materials, aircra -grade aluminum
structural framing,, passive strategies
Redundancy Uses solar panel and rainwater harves ng
Resourcefulness Founda on screwed on the ground, module can be disassembled
Recovery Structure can act as a recovery shelter
Rapidity Structure supports the user’s daily necessi es

2.3 Theore cal Background

2.3.1. Sense of Place

In the mid to late 1970s, geography theorists no ced and created one such

theory concerning people's emo onal and a tudinal associa ons with loca ons.

This became known as the sense of place hypothesis, which is defined as "affec ve

links with the material world" (Tuan, 1974). This theory has a lot of poten al for

improving the descrip ve power of choice models, especially des na on choice

models. (Deutsch, Yoon, & Goulias, 2011).

There are several perspec ves on the loca on and associated no ons such as

place since. According to phenomenologists, the place is above space and is

considered an abstract loca on. Sense of place refers to a mental apprecia on of the

surroundings as well as the forma on of sen ments in viewers in connec on to the

environment. As a result, studying the no on of place and its experience is vital, and

it may assist designers in crea ng places with iden ty and significance by focusing on

place and its connected concepts. (Vali, Nasekhiyan, & Branch, 2014)

36
Figure 18

Sense of Place diagram by Oregon Planning Ins tute

2.3.2. Genius Loci

The phrase 'genius loci' comes from Roman mythology and refers to a place's

guardian spirit. The genius loci were frequently represented in religious artwork in

an quity as a person holding bowls or a serpent. This is related to Asian architecture,

where local spirits are frequently revered in outdoor spirit homes as well as inside

and outdoor shrines. In modern usage, it can refer to a loca on's specific

atmosphere. The 18th-century English poet Alexander Pope, who is frequently

men oned in talks about the ‘spirit of places,' recommended landscape designers to

'consult the genius of loca on in all'. This has been understood as underlining the

significance of paying a en on to landscape dis nc veness as well as local natural

37
systems and environmental processes. As part of the intellectual discipline of

'architectural phenomenology,' the idea of the genius loci was broadened and

secularized. This was a 1950s academic movement that concentrated on the study of

architecture as it appears in human experience. (Designing buildings, 2021)

Genius Loci will provide architectural heritage across the world a new

iden ty: a new sustainable approach to the construc on process based on the

culture, community, environment, and economics of the loca ons. (Marzulli, De Leo,

& Colasanto, 2023)

Figure 19

Genius Loci as a tool for tradi onal architecture

38
Figure 20

Genius Loci as a tool for contemporary architecture

Figure 21

Genius Loci as a tool for future architecture

2.3.3. Building Layers

The model of building layers is probably the most common approach in the

literature, being an important design enabler of adaptability. It assumes that a

building system is made up of several layers, each defined by elements and func ons

of similar life me (Askar et al. 2021) . The most recent iden fica on of layers was

39
done by Schmidt and Aus n (2016) who extended the model to eight layers:

surroundings, site, structure, skin, services, space plan, stuff, and social (Figure 21).

Figure 22

The Layering of Building Elements

Note: The surroundings include the street furniture, buildings, natural elements,

landmarks, service infrastructure, open public space, and transporta on links. Image

is from Adaptable Futures (2023).

Table 4

Building Layers

Layers Descrip on Sources

Surroundings public space facili es, service infrastructure, and transporta on accessibility [1]
Site geographic se ng, urban loca on [2]
Structure founda ons and load bearing elements [2]
Skin exterior surfaces (Facades) [2]
Services hea ng, cooling, ven la on devices, pipes and cable [2]
Space Plan interior layout, Floor plan [2]
Stuff arranging or moving the furniture and stuff used daily [2]
Social users, and neighbors [1]

Note: Data are from [1] Luley, Pi o, & Spacek (2019). [2] Estaji (2017).

2.3.4. Adaptability Design

The adaptability in architecture is to adapt to the changing needs of its users

and environment, hence maximizing value throughout its life (Schmidt & Aus n,

2016). There are six design strategies to achieve adaptability in buildings, and they

40
are: adjustable, versa le, refitable, conver ble, scalable, and movable (Adaptable

Future, 2023).

Figure 23

Adaptability Design Cycle

Note: Image is from Adaptable Future (2023).

Table 5

Descrip ons of the Adaptability Design

Strategies Descrip on Sources

Adjustability change of tasks by the users (e.g. detachable connec ons, operable pieces,
[1], [2]
furniture changes, modular system, coordinated connec on)
Versa lity Par on-ability (e.g. interchangeable panels, modular and stackable units, and
[2]
simple connec ons)
Refitability change of performance (e.g. durable materials) [1]
Conver bility change of func on (e.g. space and/or services, a achable modules to
[1]
accommodate new spaces)
Scalability change of size (e.g. modular construc on system and stackable modules that
[1]
are easily connectable and detachable that allows easy space reconfigura on)
Movability Portable-ability, Change of loca on (e.g. modular parts can be packed and
[3]
moved through a truck)

Note: Data are from [1] Ellen, et al. (2021). [2] Akerele, et al. (2022). [3] Geraedt, et

al. (2014).

41
2.3.5. Resilient Architecture

Resilience architecture is a strategy to improve a structure, facility, or

community's capacity to prevent and recover from damage (Na onal Ins tute of

Building Sciences, 2018). The five Rs concept, which stands for robustness,

redundancy, resourcefulness, recovery, and rapidity, reduces the likelihood of failure,

has a redundant connec on, shortens the recovery me, and restricts impact

propaga on (Liu et al., 2022).

Figure 24

Five Proper es of Resilience

Note: Data is adapted from Liu, et al. (2022) and Laboy and Fanoon (2016).

Table 6

Descrip ons of the Proper es of Resilience

Proper es Descrip on
Robustness ability to absorb and resist disturbances (e.g. elevated structure, materials,
structural, passive strategies, waterproof interior finishes)
Redundancy provides alterna ve op ons and subs tu ons in a building system when the ini al
system breakdowns (e.g. alterna ve power source , redundant water supplies,
rainwater harves ng)
Resourcefulness ability to respond flexibility and adapt to changed circumstances during a
disturbance (e.g. access points, emergency plans, structure be disassembled for
safe-keeping)
Recovery ability of a system to evolve as a result of disturbance and adapt to new
circumstances (structure is transformable to recovery shelter)
Rapidity capacity to resume or recons tute normal ac vi es following an interrup on as
rapidly and effec vely as possible (modular structure supports the user’s daily
necessi es)

42
2.4 Conceptual Framework

The iden fied issues/ gaps in the study are as follows:

1. The decline in visitors and need of new ac vi es e.g. tourism ac vi es

2. Resilient and safety issues in the area that will be a threat to the design

The following objec ves to resolve the issues are then to:

1. Promote culture and ar s c heritage and incorporate historical educa onal

ac vi es

2. Create linkages of the exis ng significant built heritages along P. Burgos

Street

3. Design flexible structure for environmental sustainability, adaptability, and

climate resiliency

These objec ves are then validated with the following theories:

1. Sense of Place (Tuan, 1974)

2. Genius Loci or the spirit of place (Vecco, 2020)

3. Adaptability Design (Adaptable Futures, 2023)

3.1 Building Layers (Schmidt & Aus n, 2016)

43
 4. Resilient Architecture (Liu., et al. 2022)

In which all theories can be achieved by the listed criteria of programming in

spa al, func onal, and behavioral aspects, and arriving at our proposal, which is a

proposed modular structure for cebu art market along P. Burgos Street and

temporary shelter to promote cebu culture and provide post-disaster temporary

housing strategies

44
 Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The chapter discusses and examines the data collec on and essen al

informa on needed in the study. The researchers used various research instruments

to gather the applicable data. The informa on gathered is assessed and u lized as a

part of the planning and design of an architectural program that addresses the issues

dis nguished in the study.

3.1 Research Framework

45
3.2 Research Procedures

3.2.1 Research Environment

The site of the study is in the downtown area of Cebu City, specifically along P.

Burgos Street, as shown in Figure 24. The site is approximately 595 meters long,

stretching from Sugbu Chinese Museum to Shamrock Pasalubong Center. The site is

primarily a 4-lane vehicular road with no extruding separa on at the center. The

street is provided with inconsistent arcaded and non-arcaded sidewalks and varying

road widths. The street is complemented with significant heritage sites such as the

Sugbu Chinese Museum, Cebu City Hall, Sto. Nino Basilica, Patria De Cebu, Cebu

Metropolitan Cathedral, Rajah Humabon Monument, and Archdiocesan Museum of

Cebu.

Figure 25

Research Site

46
3.2.2 Research Instruments

The researchers u lize archival research, site documenta ons, and laws and

standards to achieve the spa al, func onal, and behavioral objec ves of the study.

Table 7

Research Instrument

Research Instrument Spa al Objec ves Func onal Objec ves Behavioral Objec ves
Archival research Sense of Place and Spirit
Sense of Place and Spirit of Sense of Place and Spirit of
of Place: Place: Place:
- Strategies on heritage- Sustainability, tourism, - Unique educa onal, social,
linkage/ connec ons cultural, and economic posi ve and ar s c experience in
- Types of tourism and impact flow tourism ac vity with the
cultural ac vi es in cultural environment
heritage sites Adaptability design:
- Adap ve kiosks Adaptability design:
Adaptability design and - Undisturbed traffic flow of the
Building Layers: Building Layers: pedestrians.
- Adap ve and building - Types of building layers as - Ease of ac vity circula on.
layers of a kiosk func ons

Resilient Architecture:
- Resilient design against
hazards
Site Documenta on Sense of Place and Spirit Sense of Place and Spirit of Sense of Place and Spirit of
of Place: Place: Place:
- Street views and access - Walkability - Walkability
points - Street views
- Accessibility and Resilient Architecture: - Circula on flows
walkability - Poten al hazards
- Transporta on modes
and circula on flows
- Mapping of nearby
establishments
Design laws and Sense of Place and Spirit Adaptability design: Adaptability design:
standards of Place: - Kiosk design standards - Mobility design standards
- Heritage conserva on
and preserva on
- Landscape design
standards

3.2.3 Gathering of Data

This will showcase all methods u lized throughout the study that helped the

researchers in planning the design of the proposed Cebu Art Market.

The researchers used Google Maps to document the site condi ons, such as

accessibility, walkability, circula on flow, transporta on modes, and mapping of

47
nearby establishments. The poten al hazards on the site are acquired through the

online map of the Na onwide Opera onal Assessment of Hazards. The cultural,

ar s c, and historical iden es and adaptability aspects are gathered from but not

limited to published literary works and reliable sources in the form of books, internet

sites, academic journals, electronic books, newspaper publishing, and input from

significant individuals or organiza ons. To ensure that the design would not violate

the rules and guidelines of the city's building codes and heritage conserva on law,

the study's design development shall take into account the design laws and

standards on:

● Architectural and landscape design standards for pedestrianiza on

and streetscaping: Space planning and programming, PD 1096, BP 344

● Heritage conserva on and preserva on: ICOMOS, UNESCO Cultural

Heritage Laws, R.A. 10066.

3.2.4 Analysis of Data

The data gathered from the site documenta on, archival research, design

laws, and standards are analyzed through document analysis where the data are

tabulated, and compared as a basis to determine whether the data collected is to be

incorporated or improved in the design solu ons. The researchers will u lize the

informa on acquired during the planning stages of the study to iden fy the required

spaces, ac vi es, furniture, and fixtures, among others. It is further used to

determine the appropriate sizes of the spaces for the ac vi es of the project. In

addi on, site analysis was done to evaluate the site condi ons and determine what

needs improvement. The spaces and ac vi es are then later analyzed on how they

interact and connect with one another through proximity matrix and bubble diagram

48
to decide whether or not they are closely related, only loosely related, or unrelated

at all.

3.3 Coordina on Schema

Table 8

Coordina on Schema

Variable or Research Data Treatment /

Objec ves Data to Gather
Parameters Instrument Analysis
Cultural, Ar s c, Interconnec ons Archival Pedestrianiza on, Spa al requirement
and Historical and organiza on researches on historical landscape interpreted in:
Iden ty of objects and the strategies on and recrea onal Site analysis
city (such as heritage linkage/ system approach - Relevant and
Promote culture mul ple stalls for connec ons protected exis ng
and ar s c trading, landscape landscape features
heritage and linkage with - Local vernacular
incorporate heritage sites) neighboring buildings
historical - Views in and out of
educa onal the site
ac vi es & create - Trees and vegeta on
linkages of the - Orienta on (facade
exis ng significant and building)
built heritages - Accessibility
along P. Burgos - Exis ng legal
Street. agreements
Site development
plan
- Vicinity map
- All exis ng and
proposed building
restric on line
- Square meter of
proposed
development
- Proposed landscape
design
- Plans and
specifica ons for
streets, sidewalks,
parking areas and
driveways
- Surface material of
pathways
- Loca on and
dimensions of
sidewalks
- Coordina on of
walkways with
facili es adjacent
developments
- Orienta on of facade
and structures
- Plan ng or tree well
detail
- Street trees
- Edge buffer
landscaping
- Loca on of traffic
signs and signals
- Pedestrian trails and
linkages

49
 Variable or Research Data Treatment /
Objec ves Data to Gather
Parameters Instrument Analysis
Site - Building frontage Spa al requirement
documenta ons and planning of interpreted in:
on street views entrance and exits Site analysis
and access of site and - Relevant exis ng
points, neighboring buildings
accessibility and structures, - Local vernacular
walkability - Walking distance neighboring buildings
to related - Views in and out of
structures and the site
pedestrian access - Orienta on
- Accessibility &
walkability
- Exis ng legal
agreements
Site development
plan
- Vicinity map
- Coordina on of
walkways with
facili es adjacent
developments
- Pedestrian Flow
Design laws and Design laws and Spa al requirement
standards on standards: interpreted in:
landscape design ICOMOS, UNESCO Site development
standards and Cultural Heritage plan
heritage Laws, RA 10066, - Dimensions of all
conserva on Space planning and principal site elements
programming, PD or typical dimensions
1096, BP 344 - Loca ons of all
principal site elements
- Property lines
- Exis ng and
proposed easement
- Loca ons of exis ng
related structures
Architectural drawing
plans
- Dimensions of facade
elements, including
overall height and
width
- Square meter of
landscaped area in
floor plans
- Eleva on drawings
- Site sec ons
- Blow up details
Space is located in Archival Trading, cultural Spa al requirement
strategic researches on and ar s c learning interpreted in:
administra ve site types of tourism ac vi es through - Building facade and
and considers the and cultural art market interior perspec ves
social, cultural ac vi es in - List of ac vi es
and economic heritage sites - Floor plan
values Site - Categoriza on on Spa al requirement
documenta ons nearby buildings interpreted in:
on nearby - Private and public Site analysis
establishments, transport routes - Relevant exis ng
street views and and pedestrian buildings
access points, ac vity - Local vernacular
accessibility and neighboring buildings
walkability, - Mapping of land use
transporta on zone
modes and
circula on flows

50
 Variable or Research Data Treatment /
Objec ves Data to Gather
Parameters Instrument Analysis
Site development
plan
- Exis ng and
proposed easements
- Loca on of exis ng
structures
- Indicate relevant
structures
- Exis ng zoning/ land
use proper es
- Ingress and egress
loca ons
- Loca on and
dimensions of all
sidewalks and
pedestrian paths
- Loca on and
descrip on of
ameni es
- Loca on of
streetlights
- Loca on of exis ng
driveways fron ng
- Iden fy
transporta on modes
and facili es within
the site or adjacent to
the site
Design laws and Design laws and Spa al requirement
standards on standards: interpreted in:
Landscape design ICOMOS, UNESCO Site development
standards and Cultural Heritage plan
heritage Laws, RA 10066, - Dimensions of all
conserva on Space planning and principal site elements
programming, PD or typical dimensions
1096, BP 344 - Loca ons of all
principal site elements
- Property lines
- Exis ng and
proposed easement
- Programming
- Loca ons of exis ng
related structures
Architectural drawing
plans
- Dimensions of facade
elements, including
overall height and
width
- Square meter of
landscaped area in
floor plans
- Eleva on drawings
- Site sec ons
- Blow up details
Heritage as a Archival research Strategies on the Func onal
driver for on sustainability, development on requirement
sustainable tourism, cultural, the tourism interpreted in:
development and and economic poten al of the - List of ac vi es
posi ve impact posi ve impact territory for
towards tourism flow. posi ve cultural
flow and economy and historical
apprecia on and
economy

51
 Variable or Research Data Treatment /
Objec ves Data to Gather
Parameters Instrument Analysis
Site Factors on Func onal
documenta on walkability: requirement
on walkability - Safety interpreted in:
- Distance Site analysis
- Convenience - Entrance and access
- Comfort points for pedestrians
- Security (gates,
surveillance)
- Traveling to the site
and related structures
- Pedestrian
circula on
- Light levels in the
area during the day
- Inclusive accessibility
- Hazards
Site development
plan
- Exis ng and
proposed pavement
widths
- Iden fy exis ng and
proposed turn lanes
- Loca on of traffic
signs and signals
- Exis ng and
proposed sidewalk
widths and loca ons
- Loca on of street
lights and surveillance
cameras
- Pedestrian trails and
linkages
- Iden fy transit
facility
Unique Archival research - Public spaces to Behavioral
educa onal, on social and improve quality of requirement
social, and ar s c cultural life and retain the interpreted in:
experience in interac on memory and - List of educa onal,
tourism ac vity impact on human character of a place recrea onal, ar s c
with the cultural well-being - Placemaking for and trading ac vi es
environment. ac ve collabora on - Diagrams on
and community proposed ac vi es
that respects - Perspec ves to show
tradi on, culture, depic on of ac vi es
and history. - Floor plan
- Pedestrian ac vity
that benefits the
people and
environment
Site - Iden fy walkable Behavioral
documenta on street for holis c requirement
on walkability, impact interpreted in:
street views, and - Neighboring - Incorpora on of
circula on flows building frontage cebu art into building
facade and interior
perspec ves
- List of ar s c
ac vi es
- Incorpora on of
building frontage with
the pedestrianiza on
on eleva ons
- Exis ng and
proposed sidewalk
widths and loca ons

52
 Variable or Research Data Treatment /
Objec ves Data to Gather
Parameters Instrument Analysis
-Propose loca ons of
street lights and
surveillance cameras
- Pedestrian trails and
linkages

Adaptability Mul func onal Archival - Adap ve Spa al requirement

and adap ve researchers on strategies: interpreted in:
To design a spaces. adap ve kiosk versa lity, - Enclosure
flexible structure conver bility, - Floor plan
for environmental scalability, - Sec ons
sustainability, movability of the - Space ac vi es
adaptability, and building - Structural
climate resiliency. connec ons
- Building materials
-Interior specifica ons
Viewing the - Archival - Building layers: Spa al requirement
building as layers researchers on space plan (floor interpreted in:
building layers of plan), skin (façade) - Illustra on of a
a kiosk Kiosk’s building layers
Adap ve - Archival - Adjustability of Func onal
func ons researchers on the tasks requirement
adap ve kiosk - Refitability of the interpreted in:
building's - Anthropometric data
performance of a Filipino
- Building materials
and connec on for
ease of folding
/collapsing
components or
structures
Building func ons - Archival - Building u li es in Func onal
as layers researchers on a kiosk requirement
the types of interpreted in:
building layers as - Illustra on of a
func ons Kiosk’s building layers
Reduce - Archival Resilient design of a Func onal
probability and researches on kiosk in term of: requirement
consequences of resilient designs - robustness (to interpreted in:
failure in withstand - Building material
hazardous events disasters), - Finishes
- redundancy - Sec ons
(maintain - Illustra on of passive
func onality), strategies
- resourcefulness - Building u li es
(responsive) (plumbing, electrical)
- Emergency exits
- Emergency
circula on flow
- Possible evacua on
areas
- Site Site’s Hazard Maps Func onal
documenta on of requirement
poten al hazards interpreted in:
Site analysis
- Flood and Storm
Surge level
Site development
plan
- Building orienta on
- Plans and
specifica ons for
streets, and sidewalks
- Surface material of
pathways

53
 Variable or Research Data Treatment /
Objec ves Data to Gather
Parameters Instrument Analysis
- Exis ng water, sewer,
storm drainage
facili es
- Fire hydrant
loca ons, exis ng and
proposed
- Loca on of signages
Undisturbed - Design laws and - BP 344 Behavioral
traffic flow of the standards of - PD 1096 requirement
pedestrians. mobility interpreted in:
Site development
plan
- Dimensions of all
principal site elements
or typical dimensions
- Exis ng and
proposed easement
Architectural drawing
plans
- Eleva on drawings
- Dimensions of facade
elements, including
overall height and
width
Ease of ac vity - Archival - Ergonomic data Behavioral
circula on researches on for ac vi es requirement
ideal user interpreted in:
circula on - Floor Plan
- User Flow
- Interior
specifica ons

54
 Chapter 4
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Data Presenta on

4.1.1 Promote cultural, ar s c heritage and create linkages of historic iden ty

Aligning with the UNESCO’s guidelines to preserve the Historic Urban

Landscape that supports the ‘genius loci’ emphasis on landscape use and

incorpora ng the ‘sense of place’ concept for place iden ty. Pedestrianiza on along

P. Burgos Street is ideal to create linkages with the exis ng historical structures in the

area, at the same me, reconnect with the history and culture of the area to form a

tangible and intangible connec on with the place.

Table 9

Elements of Effec ve Pedestrianiza on

WALKABILITY
Component P. Burgos Street Data Analysis
Safety and 1. Medium priority for safety improvement The area needs improvement on pedestrian
Security 2. Some pedestrian crossings are faded crossing, directory, and surveillance
3. Need improvements on safety measures systems.
Convenience and 7. Lack of quality of facili es for blind and The area lacks inclusivity for PWDs,
A rac veness disabled person ameni es such as public toilets and public
furniture. Lack of organiza on and
8. Available sea ngs at public parks and pedestrian focused use, and there is also
spaces lack of discipline for motorized vehicle and
9. Present fixed obstruc ons include u lity bicycle parking on sidewalks.
posts, water meters, trees or plants,
Temporary obstruc ons include vendor
stalls, parked vehicles, merchandise or
furniture by the store, and the like.
10. 6 exis ng crossing roads in a span of 730
meters.
MULTI-SECTORAL ASPECTS
Component P. Burgos Street Data Analysis
Commercial 1. Highest at about 9,300 on weekends - The area gains a large volume of daily
Aspect 11,600 on weekdays pedestrian volume in visitors, and is occupied by mostly
2019. commercial buildings with some historical
3. Mostly occupied by commercial buildings sites. There is also a lack of parking space at
mixed use with industrial, ins tu onal and the periphery for passengers and goods.
residen al
4. Exis ng museums, heritage parks, and
religious ins tu ons in the area
5. Lack of parking space at periphery for
passenger and goods

55
Social Aspect 8. Lots of the PUV routes traverse, and The area lacks flood mi ga on measures
nearby parking lot at the Senior Ci zen Park with only raised sidewalks as the only
9. Nearby museums and recrea onal parks interven on as of today, the area is
10. Adjacent to historical buildings adjacent to nearby museums and historical
buildings and lots of PUV routes traverse.
11. Low safety issues, cleanliness is
maintained well, only raised sidewalk as
flood mi ga on measure
Technical Aspect 13. Lack of a rac ve features and street The area lacks a rac ve features and
furnitures furniture (only available at public parks),
there is also no access for emergency
14. No available emergency vehicle access vehicles, and lack of community facili es
15. Visible measures for preserva on of provision.
historical and architectural features
16. Lack of community facili es provision,
such as noise barriers, facili es for the
disabled
Ins tu onal 17. Cebu City Heritage Walk Event The historical and heritage sites of the area
Aspect can be used as complementary facili es to
18. Heritage Walk includes visits to exis ng tourism ac vity.
historical structures
Note: Data is adapted from PLANADES (2019) and Google Map (2023).

In a study conducted by Haven-Tang and Jones (2006), “sense of place”

toolkits were used to differen ate a des na on and create unique visitor experience,

which were through the food and drinks offered, cultural and built heritage, local arts

and cra s, as well as natural assets and outdoor ac vi es. For a long me, sense of

place has been examined in the context of tourism, culture and leisure studies, the

following data of exis ng Fairs/ Bazaars in Cebu City serves as a basis for comparison

and analysis for the ideal type of ac vi es that can be held in the art market, to

support local small and medium entrepreneurs, ar sts, cra ers and vendors, as well

as reconnect with our cultural roots of being a Filipino and a Cebuano.

Table 10

Exis ng Fairs/ Bazaars in Cebu City

TRADE FAIRS
Organiza on &
Event Name Ac vi es Analysis
Date Event Held
Cebu Night Cebu City Vendors in 400 stalls sell their wares Most of the trade fairs/
Bazaar Government, during the Christmas Holidays and bazaars share common
Market the Sinulog fes vi es in January. The products that poten ally
Opera ons vendors sell various products at can be found in the
Division affordable prices, their merchandise proposed Cebu Art Market
include shoes and sandals, jewelry, and the informa on shall
Dec. 1, 2019 - Feb. shirts, pants, dresses, pillows, among be used in considera on
2, 2020 others. of interior specifica on

56
TRADE FAIRS
Organiza on &
Event Name Ac vi es Analysis
Date Event Held
Cebu One Town - Department of The exhibit features premium according to product
One Product Fair Trade and quality, innova ve and compe ve showcasing standard.
Industry (DTI) - products from the processed food,
Cebu Provincial homestyle and wearables sectors. The products are namely:
- Handmade jewelries
Nov. 24 - Nov. 28, from local materials
2022 - Customized T-shirts
Lakbay Lokal Cebu City The travel and trade expo features - Locally made clothes
Government in products coming from different - Home decors
partnership with - Handicra accessories
locali es in Cebu province clustered
SM Prime - Statues of Sto. Nino or
by district, the trade fair is said to be other dis nc ve figurines
Holdings Inc. a venue for new products unique to - Jeepney figurines
Cebu to be introduced to the - Ra an products
May 2017, May
mainstream market. - Bamboo products
2021 (Semi
- Refrigerator magnets
Annually)
- Keychains
Paskong MEZaya: Philippine It showcases province’s cooked - Homewares
ChristMEZ Bazaar Economic Zone foods, frozen foods, clothes, - Packed local delicacies
Trade Fair Authority (PEZA) pouches, health products, old world like cookies, jams,
in partnership garden planters, ac ve sportswears, chicharon, chicharon
with NGO Junior handicra s, bags, accessories, bulaklak, dried mango
Chamber furniture, lampshades, housing - Other homegrown
Interna onal Cebu loans, auc ons, and trivia nights, products
(JCI Cebu) with live music.

Nov. 17 - Dec. 29,

2021 (Held
Annually)
R’ Cebu Robinsons Galleria This fair showcases local food,
Experience Cebu in delicacies, jewelries and accessories,
partnership with furniture and handicra s, bamboo
Cebu Provincial and ra an products and travel deals
Government of the 7 districts of Cebu to support
the local farmers, fishermen,
ar sans, and Micro, Small and
Mar. 18 - 21, 2022
Medium Enterprises (MSME) sectors.
Sinulog Fiesta SM City Cebu Located at lower ground level of SM
Fair City Cebu, the fair sells a wide range
of homegrown products from the
different provinces of Cebu, the
products include bracelets, pouches
2nd week - 3rd
from tex les, hats, Sto. Nino statues,
week of January
jewelries, jewelry holders, bags from
(Held Annually)
ra an, local delicacies, etc.
Sinulog Trade Sinulog Vendors in 60 booths sell a variety of
Fair Founda on Inc. items like tshirts (some can be
(SFI) customized), key chains, mugs, and
refrigerator magnets with Sinulog
During Sinulog designs. The street fair was started in
Week (Held 1994 to raise funds for Sinulog
Annually) ac vi es.
Womenpreneurs Collabora on with The trade fair showcases a variety of
the Ayala Malls products manufactured and
and Philippine distributed by these women
Commission on entrepreneurs. Among the products
Women currently featured at the fair are
gi s, decors and housewares,
handcra ed fashion accessories, and
Mar. 2022, Mar.
processed food that are all made and
2023
honed locally.

57
 In a study conducted by Anhod (2009), a place can engage more tourist on an

emo onal level when the place can deliver meaningful experience, to develop

emo onal connec on, the loca on must convey a story to create a rela onship

between the place and the people, moreover, the rela onship can be built through

interac ons between the individual or a community with the loca on. Lanzi (2020)

further states that involving arts and culture in the center of a neighborhood

provides a way for people to engage in public life. With the provided informa on, a

list of strategies to achieve successful tourism and placemaking that upli s the

culture is listed, with the corresponding data from the study area to show correla on

and necessary improvements.

Table 11

Strategies on the development on tourism to upli culture

Strategies Present Condi on in P. Burgos Street Analysis

Cultural branding The study area is known for the loca on of Incorporate into
Sto. Nino Basilica, Cebu Metropolitan complementary facili es
Cathedral, Patria De Cebu and other
historical structures.
Forms and symbolism Presence of Cebu Heritage Monument that Incorporate forms and
shows the history of Cebu, Sto. Nino, symbolism into the design
Magellan Cross, Cebu Cathedral, Colon
Obelisk
Presence of No presence of mul func onal space along Lack of mul func onal space
Mul func onal space P. Burgos Street
Public ac vi es Religious ac vi es Lack of variety in public
ac vi es to bring the
community together
Public art No observed public art Lack of public art to
showcase cebu ar s c
iden ty
Recrea onal space Nearby parks such as Plaza Independencia, Add recrea onal space along
Magellan’s Park, Senior Ci zen Park, Plaza p. Burgos space
Sugbu, Plaza Hamabar
Use of characteris cs Wood, capiz shell, stone Incorporate into design
materials phase
Vegeta on Sca ered trees and bushes Lack of vegeta on

58
 Ac ve human par cipa on with the community promotes diversity and
brings together people of all backgrounds, interests and talents. Ac ve community
contributes to design excellence, suppor ve environments, healthy communi es,
and vibrant neighborhoods. In order to come up with an effec ve space for the
community, it is important to analyze the current condi on of the study area to
understand the roles of the exis ng elements to the design, to promote overall
well-being of human and place iden ty.
Table 12
Human interac on with the public for well-being
Public spaces to improve quality of life and retain the memory and character of a place
Strategies Current Condi on in P. Burgos Street
Diversity of uses Mul ple buildings are mixed use
commercial with residen al and
ins tu onal, with local commerce,
although there are no cafes, restaurants
or bars.
Ac ve facades Connec on between ground level of
buildings and sidewalk o en have
obstruc ons
Social dimension and urban Sufficient but inconsistent road width
vitality with two small public plaza. The area
lacks bike lanes and urban furniture.
Human scale The area is ac ve with a large pedestrian
volume on weekdays and weekends.
S mula ng the local economy Few obstruc ons prevent comfortable
walking to local commerce
Local iden ty The study area is known for the loca on
of Sto. Nino Basilica, Cebu Metropolitan
Cathedral, Patria De Cebu and other
historical structures.
Complete streets Lack of shared zone
Green areas Lack of vegeta on
Social Par cipa on Lack of community involvement other
than trading and religious ac vi es in
religious ins tu ons available in the area demands and desires of the
Analysis
Need improvement on
genera ng external ac vi es
that contribute to the safety
of spaces: more people on
the streets helps to inhibit
crime
Streets are visually less
interes ng
Lack of posi ve use of space
The large pedestrian volume
can complement the
proposed design to a ract
more visitors
Need improvement for safe
and comfortable access to
local commerce
Complements the proposed
design to generate strong
rela onship between people
and place
Need improvements for
other street users such as
pedestrians, bicyclist, etc
Area leans more towards
urban density than green
public spaces
Need improvements on
space use to reflect
local popula on
59
 Pedestrian ac vity that benefits the people and environment
Ac vi es (recommended to
have ac vi es in the morning,
night, and seasonal ac vi es)
Outdoor market
Outdoor cafes and restaurants
Play and recrea on ac vity
Current Condi on in P. Burgos Street Analysis
No outdoor market but there are The vendors shall be
adjacent clothes and accessories along complementary elements to
the street, as well as vendors who sell the design and it is
Sto. Nino statues and work on them at important to note that the
the same me outside the store on exis ng vendors have no
improper tables or stools. proper working space to do
their job.
No outdoor cafes and restaurants but Complement the proposed
there are adjacent restaurants along the project
street
Adjacent to the P. Burgos Street: Complementary to the
Magellan’s Park proposed design and add
recrea onal ac vi es

Music venues or performances No observed music venues or Incorporate into

performances considera ons for the
proposed design
Public art No observed public art Incorpora on of public art in
the proposed design
Gathering space Adjacent to the P. Burgos Street: Lack of gathering space
Magellan’s Park, Magellan’s Cross
Outdoor sea ng None Lack of outdoor sea ng
Government events CCTC Heritage Walk, Gabii sa Kabilin Complement to the
proposed design and
increase the visitors

4.1.2 Adaptability: Strategies for a flexible structure

According to Schimdt and Aus n (2016), the objec ve of adaptability in

architecture is to adapt to the changing needs of its users and environment. Hence,

for issues like climate change, biodiversity, and resource deple on, it is impera ve to

design a flexible structural and spa al layout that adapts to the changing demands

(Estaji, 2017). The table below showcases the strategies that will act as a basis for the

design standard of the structure.

60
Table 13
Comparison of a typical, adap ve and resilient kiosk
Adap ve & Resilient Kiosk
Category Typical/ Standard Kiosk
Structure Wooden/ steel structure,
some on wheels to be kept
away a er use
Facade Typically uses plywood or
acrylic board, usually no
enclosure, in any case with
enclosure it’s window type.
Services Non-detachable, Typically
uses tubular light bulbs on
temporary kiosks
Floor Plan Caters 1 -2 people, typically
open plan with triangle
work area
Furniture FIxed shelvings and
cabinetry
Strategies & Characteris cs of Strategies & Characteris cs
an Adap ve Kiosk of a Resilient Kiosk
Adjustability: Robustness:
- Modular system - Elevated structure,
Refitability: resilient materials and
- Can be disassembled structures, passive
Movability: strategies
- Movable (easy connec ons, Recovery:
collapsable, e.g. caster wheels - Can act as a recovery
on the kiosk) shelter a er the disaster
Rapidity:
- Easily be transformable to
kiosk a er is does not need
to be a recovery shelter
Adjustability: Robustness:
- Facade changes depends on - Weatherproof finishes
its current uses - Sturdy structural framing
that can last for 10-20 years
that can ideally be repaired
instead of replaced.
Adjustability: Redundancy:
- Detachable connec ons - alterna ve power source
(pipes, cables, etc) and water supply
Versa lity:
- Flexible connec ons (pipes,
cables, etc)
Versa lity: Resourcefulness:
- Interchangeable and movable - accessible means of egress
panels, variety room sizes
Conver bility:
- Mul -func onal spaces,
simple and easy to understand
Scalability:
- Dividable/joinable rooms or Recovery:
structure - accommodate a temporary
safe space that provides a
basic shelter for people
affected by a disaster.
Adjustability:
- Non-fixed and easily stored
objects, storage space
61
4.2 Architectural Design Data
4.2.1 Client and Users
Table 13 shows the poten al clients and partners that may serve as
facilitators or agencies for the opera ons of the art market, and table 14 shows the
primary and secondary users of the art market including their profile and needs in
the space.
Table 14
Poten al Clients and Partnerships
Poten al Clients
Users
Cebu Local Government Unit
Philippine Exporters
Confedera on Inc.
(PHILEXPORT) Cebu Chapter
Poten al Partnerships
Users
Gasa Niño Religious Store
Sinulog Founda on Inc. (SFI)
Islands Souvenirs
San Pedro Cathedral Shoppe
Ramon Aboi z Founda on, Inc.
(RAFI)
Profile
The Cebu City government plans to create a heritage district in the city
where it will emphasize Cebu's rich culture and history. The plans
include beau fica on of the major historic sites such as historical
landmarks, monuments, shrines, and among others. They also want to
op mize its historical landmarks and make it a status symbol for a
heritage district.
They are the country’s umbrella organiza on of exporters to strengthen
the country’s export industry through its export promo on and
development programs. They intend to establish a one-stop shopping
center for foreign and local tourists to increase the economic and
cultural apprecia on of Cebu.
Profile
Previously located on the south wing of the Basilica, connec ng the
convent and the church is the Basilica Shop. Now, the Religious store is
located at the former La Fortuna Bakery and Shop adjacent to the
Magellan's Cross kiosk. Ar cles are sold in this store as well as souvenir
items and recuerdos of the Sto Niño.
Sinulog Founda on Inc. is the organizer of the yearly Sinulog Fes val.
They also annually hold a Sinulog Trade Fair that sells a variety of items
such as clothes, key chains, mugs, and refrigerators with Sinulog design.
Islands Souvenirs is one of the famous souvenir shops in the Philippines
that provides a variety of items such as bracelets, caps, pin-ups, and
clothes that can be personalized. It is a store that visitors can bring
home to reminisce their experience in the Philippines.
The Blessed Pedro Cathedral Shoppe at the Cebu Metropolitan
Cathedral, run by the Society of the Angel of Peace, Inc. (SAP), is one of
the distribu on centers where one could find such Pedro Calungsod
memorabilia. Among the items sold there are key chains (P47),
keyholders with rosary and necklaces (P125), pins (P50), and t-shirts in
different sizes and colors (P270 to P320).
RAFI Culture & Heritage Unit advocates for the preserva on and
promo on of Cebuano culture and heritage. The program unit aims to
awaken the Cebuanos’ interest for the past, educate about
Cebu history, improve levels of awareness, and strengthen everyone’s
sense of pride as a Cebuano. They have renovated, enhanced, and
opened the Casa Gorordo to the public. They also created the Kabilin
Center and Gabii sa Kabilin event.
62
 Shamrock Pasalubong Center Shamrock Pasalubong Center is famous for its Otap delicacies, other
than that, they also sell dried mangoes, cashew and peanut products,
chicharron and such. They have more than 50 years of excellent baking
experience, and have now become one of Cebu City's homegrown
goodies icons. Shamrock Pasalubong Center has 5 different branches
and one of them is in Mabini street.

Table 15

Primary, Secondary, and Ter ary Users

Primary Users
Users Profile Needs
Local Vendors They are ar sts, sellers, and resellers that A place to display their works and be able
display and sell their works to the general to work at the same me:
public who have interests with history, - Display area
culture and arts, and keep mementos in - Selling area
tangible ways. - Working area
Survivors They are families who are displaced a er a A temporary shelter that can allow them
climate-related disaster has struck their to con nue their rou ne and have privacy
shelters, and have no way of rebuilding - Bedroom
their homes immediately. - Living Room
- Dining Room
- Kitchen
- Bathroom
- Communal Area (To socialize with the
other survivors)
Secondary Users
Users Profile Needs
Local tourist These are people from the neighboring A place with entertaining ac vi es to
provinces and different regions of the engage with the community and learn
country who pay a visit to the proposed about the history and culture of the place,
area. They come from different towns in and strengthen the Cebuano and Filipino
Cebu and neighboring provinces in the iden ty.
Philippines, and expect a new experience - Engaging features (through art, ac vi es
in a new environment. or architecture)
Foreign tourist These are the people coming from - Community facility
different countries who come and stay in - Access to public ameni es
Cebu for vaca on, immersing themselves - Access to PWD facili es for the disabled
in the heritage and culture of the city and
other purposes. They are to buy souvenirs
or gi s to have a remembrance of the
places they have visited.
Local residents These are the locals who reside along P.
along P. Burgos Burgos Street.
Street
Local residents in These are the locals who reside in Cebu
Cebu City City that is not only limited to the
aforemen oned barangay but in general.
Pedestrians These are generally individuals or groups A pedestrian street amenity that creates a
who use the road or sidewalks to access safer and secure environment well suited
the area through cycling or walking. for pedestrians in a four laned road,
providing mul func onal spaces for ac ve
and passive use, and parking areas for
their bikes.
- Community facili es
- Bicycle parking area

63
 Ter ary Users
Users Profile Needs
Administrators They provide office support to either an An office area where the people can apply
individual or team and are vital for the for a kiosk/temporary shelter and ask for
smooth-running opera on of a business. informa on related to the project.
- Administra on area
They are also incharge in registering the
survivors who are in need of temporary
shelters
Event These are the individuals who u lize the Transforma ve and interac ve space ideal
Coordinators and site as a venue for an event for hos ng events that considers the
Par cipants public and environment.

Popula on Projec on

The following table shows the popula on projec on of foreign travelers,

overseas Filipinos, and domes c travelers in Cebu City for the year 2025 and 2030.

The data shows only the general popula on in the city at the given year, with no data

that can be found for each district’s tourist popula on. However, the data shows

decelera on in the growth rate due to the pandemic that started in 2020. The

popula on data in 2025 and 2030 are the poten al Cebu Art Market visitors.

Figure 31

Formula of the Popula on Projec on of Cebu City’s Tourists

Table 16

2025 and 2030 Popula on Projec on of Cebu City’s Tourists

Year 2015 2020 2025 2030

Foreign Travelers 565,311 172,757 172,033 171,312
Overseas Filipinos 6,192 1,551 1,543 1,536
Domes c Travelers 1,172,059 424,880 423,264 421,663
Total 1,743,562 599,186 596,840 594,511

64
Table 17

2025 and 2030 Monthly Average Popula on Projec on of Cebu City’s Tourists

Monthly Average 2015 2020 2025 2030

Foreign Travelers 47,109 14,396 14,336 14,276
Overseas Filipinos 516 129 129 128
Domes c Travelers 97,672 35,407 35,272 35,139
Total 145,295 49,932 49,737 49,543

Table 18

Pedestrian counts combined weekday and weekend daily volume summary by street,

(PLANADES, 2019)

Weekday and Weekend Pedestrian Volume

Street name Weekday volume Weekend volume Weekend/ weekday increase
Mabini/ P. Burgos 8,444 6,796 -19.50%

Frequency of visits
1-3x a Average
Street name 4-7x a week 1-3x a week First me Rarely Grand Total
month Monthly Visits
P. Burgos Street 98 32 49 2 58 239 11.28

In the tabulated pedestrian volume data, P. Burgos Street has lower average

volumes compared to the other streets and shows a decrease in pedestrian count

during weekends compared to the weekdays. This shows that the different tourist

a rac ons in the area are not ge ng enough foot traffic, especially during weekends

when tourists are expected to flock to the a rac ons. It shows that there is a need

for new ac vity to en ce visitors to the area as stated by PLANADES (2019).

Moreover, visita on frequency data are gathered according to the 98 people who

visit the area 4-7x a week, 32 people who visit 1-3x a week, 49 people who visit 1-3x

a week, 2 who are new visitors, and 58 people who rarely visit.

65
4.2.2 Related Building Laws
The following data are tabulated as a basis for the spaces to be planned and
designed with the inten on and guidance of na onal building codes and standards to
achieve effec ve and safe space planning.
Table 20
Related Building Laws
Items Descrip ons
Zoning Group E – Business and Mercan le (Commercial),
Classifica on Division E-2, Principal – 26. | Mercan le
Occupancy |Commercial - 2 District – General
retail establishments such as an que shops,
jewelry shops, ready-made wear stores, local
shopping establishments (IRR PD 1096, RA 9514,
Cebu City Zoning Ordinance)
Ceiling Habitable rooms with ar ficial ven la on – min.
Heights 2.4 m. (IRR PD 1096)
Habitable rooms with natural ven la on – min. 2.7
m. (IRR PD 1096)
Window Rooms w/o ar ficial ven la on system – window/s
Openings with a total free area of openings equal to at least
10% of the floor area of the room. Openings shall
not be less than 1 sqm. (IRR PD 1096)
Toilet and Bathrooms – windows/s with an area
not less than 1/20 of the floor area. Openings shall
not be less than 0.24 sqm. Window/s shall open to
a court, yard, public street or alley, or open
watercourse. (IRR PD 1096)
Use of Public buildings – use of indigenous and/or locally
material manufactured/produced materials such as marble,
stone, adobe, clay les, wood, coco wood, capiz
shells, should be maximized unless banned or
regulated by the government (IRR PD 1096)
Summary
Group E – Business and Mercan le,
Division E-2
Ceiling height will be 3.00 m to
provide sufficient headroom space for
foreign tourists.
10% of the floor area is the total free
openings to provide sufficient ligh ng
and ven la on.
Public toilets will have a window area
of 1/20 of the floor area.
- Laminated Cocoboard u lizes the
coconut husks, It is termite resistant
and good for cabinetry, shelving
- Paper Tube/ Cardboard Tubing is
cheap, sustainable building materials
which are also strong, rigid and
lightweight. Paper is rela vely strong,
with more structural integrity than
might be expected. In smaller
structures and emergency indoor
structures, the tubes work as
extremely quick-to-assemble, cheap
structural components.
- Bamboo for exterior and interior
material because it is sustainable, can
withstand climate condi ons and is
locally-sourced in the country.
- Fiberglass panels are designed to
withstand harsh weather condi ons.
They are corrosion resistant , low
maintenance, and easy to install.
- Ra an is a lightweight, flexible,
durable, and aesthe c material that
makes it easy to manipulate. It can be
bent, curved, and can be used both
indoors and outdoors, and has a
66
 Items Descrip ons
Signages Direc ons and informa on (Audio, Visual, and
Tac le) signages shall be located where it is easily
seen,, and felt by all persons with disabili es. It
can have contras ng colors and tac le maps can
be provided to visually impaired people.
Interna onal symbols of access shall be used for
signages. (IRR BP 344, RA 9514)
Braille signs installed in walls and doors have the
maximum height of 1.50m from the finish floor.
(IRR BP 344)
Tac le Posi onal, direc onal, and warning tac le blocks
Ground are provided for visually impaired people who are
Surface approaching ramps and curb ramps. It should have
Indicators a 50% contras ng gray value from adjacent floor
finishes.
Posi on and direc onal tac le block – .3m x .3m.
(IRR BP 344)
Summary
golden color that highlights its tropical
roots while presen ng immense
durability against tough weather or
pesky insects.
- Capiz Shell Panels as an alterna ve
for glass. It can withstand typhoons,
rains, winds, and allows light to pass
through.
- Grasscrete is the reinforced concrete
grass paving surface on which natural
glass can be grown. It is good for
pedestrianiza on because it increases
rain and stormwater absorp on.
- Onduline roofing sheets are
durable, waterproof, flexible,
insula ng, easy to cut and shape, and
lightweight fire resistant.
- Fiber Reinforced Plas c,
long-las ng, lightweight, robust,
resistant to rain, impact-resistant,
temperature-resistant, paintable
- Vinyl Plank, a weather-resistant and
durable flooring material
- HAL Building Paper, a
weather-resistant membrane, sheds
water and restrict moisture from
penetra ng to the subfloor
- Plywood Sheet, durable, does not
split easily, affordable, lightweight
- Aluminum tubing, highly resistant to
corrosion, weatherproof, durable,
longevity, lightweight material, and
easy installa on and dismantling
- Concrete pier block, less concrete
needed, li le excava on, can be
moved, cost effec ve, easy to
assemble
- Canvas, heavy duty to consistently
perform over long periods of me,
provides light and privacy control, and
protec on against rain
Signages are to be easily seen, and
felt by anyone. It shall have a height
of 160m from the floor which is the
Filipino average eye line sight.
Braille signs has a height of 1.50m
from the finish floor
Posi onal, direc onal, and warning
tac le blocks are provided with a
30cm x 30 cm tac le block and a 50%
contras ng gray value from the floor
finish.
67
 Items Descrip ons
Public CR Dimension: 1/7 x 1.8 mts for PWD, 1 x 1.8 mts for
regular cubicles, with turning space of 2.25 sqm
(min 1.50 m). (IRR BP 344)
Material 1.0 sqm waste storage space per 400 sqm. TGFA +
Recovery 50% circula on space and 4 garbage bins of
Facility compostable, non-recycle, recyclable, and special
waste (GB Code)
Occupant Exhibi on/ Conference Room - 1.40 sqm/occupant
Load (IRR PD 1096)
Sidewalks Shall occupy ⅛ of RROW, with a minimum 1.20
meters width and 0.80 meters width for plant
strips with a gradient no more than 1:20 or 5%.
(IRR BP 344, IRR PD 1096)
Curb - dropped curbs sloped towards road with max
gradient of 1:20
- curb cut out width is minimum 0.90m
(IRR BP 344, IRR PD 1096)
Bicycle Slot per Bicycle - 1.2m x 1.9m
Parking Bicycle Rack - w - 0.9m, h - 1m (DPWH Design of
Building Facili es
Pedestrian Width shall be 1.90 to 2.00 mts (IRR BP 344)
Crossing
Stairs - Riser shall have 200mm maximum height, tread
250 mm minimum width, handrail height of
800-900 mm. (IRR PD 1096)
- Slanted nosing preferred over protruding nosing
provide 300mm-wide tac le strip at top and
bo om of stairs (IRR BP 344)
- Riser: for exis ng stairs is 205mm maximum and
100-180 mm maximum if new stairs, Tread:
230mm minimum for exis ng stairs and 280mm
minimum for new stairs, distance between
landings: 3.66m, handrail height: 760-865 mm (RA
9514)
Ramps - Maximum slope is 1 in 12, minimum width:
1.20m, minimum landing length: 1.50m, distance
between landing: 6.00m, handrail height: 700mm
and 900mm. (IRR BP 344)
- Maximum cross slope: 1 in 48, minimum width:
1120mm, distance between landing: 760mm,
handrail height: 760-865 mm. (RA 9514)
Plumbing It shall be made of smooth non-absorbent
Fixtures materials free from concealed fouling surfaces and
shall be located in ven lated enclosures (IRR
Plumbing Code)
Prohibited Water closets should not have unven lated space
Fixtures and no drinking fountains inside public toilet
rooms. (IRR Plumbing Code)
Storm Required for roof areas to collect stormwater and
Drainage discharge the stormwater to the approved
disposal. (IRR Plumbing Code)
Arrangement Exits shall be located and exit access shall be
of exit arranged so that exits are readily accessible at all
mes (RA 9514)
Summary
Both male and female cubicles will
accommodate PWD with 200 cm
width and 225 cm width with 1.50 m
turning space.
1.0 sqm. waste storage space per 400
sqm. TGFA + 50% circula on space
and 4 garbage bins of compostable,
non-recycle, recyclable, and special
waste
1.40 sqm/occupant load to the
display, selling, and administra on
area.
Sidewalks are provided in front of
building frontage for hierarchy of
func on and shall have 0.1 m height
from the pedestrianized street with
width of 1.20 meters and addi onal
0.80 meters for plan ng strips.
Dropped curb provided at sidewalks
and curb extensions shall be sloped
with 1:20 gradient and 1.50 meters
width to accommodate PWD users.
Slot per Bicycle - 1.2m x 1.9m
Bicycle Rack - w - 0.9m, h - 1m
Pedestrian crossing will have 2.00
meters width.
- Stair riser shall be 100 mm of height
to avoid high stepping effort.
- Tread will have a 300 mm width to
accommodate a bigger footprint.
- Railings shall be 1000 mm of height
to ensure safety.
- Stairs shall have slanted nosing.
Ramps will have slope of 1:12 with
1.50 m landing width, 1000 mm
railing height and 6 m distance
between landings.
Plumbing fixtures will be made of
smooth non-absorbent materials free
from concealed fouling surfaces and
shall be located in ven lated
enclosures.
Comfort rooms will be ven lated and
have drinking fountains outside the
building.
Stormwater will be collected and
discharged to the approved disposal.
Exits and its access are to be readily
accessible at all mes.
68
 Items Descrip ons Summary
Travel Exits shall be so arranged that the total length of Exits’ total travel point shall be within
distance of travel from any point to reach an exit will not the 46m if it is not protected by a
exit exceed 46 m in any place of assembly for spaces sprinkler. If it is, the travel distance
not protected by approved, supervised sprinkler will be within 61m.
systems and 61 m in areas so protected. (RA 9514)
Discharge All exits shall terminate directly at a public way or An area will be indicated to be the
from exits at an exterior exit discharge. Yards, courts, open des na on of exit discharge.
space, or other por ons of the exit discharge shall
be of required width and size to provide all
occupants with a safe access to a public way (RA
9514)
Doors as shall be of the side-hinged or pivoted-swinging Doors will be pivoted-swinging type,
means of type. The door shall be designed and installed so being able to open to the exit area.
egress that it is capable of swinging from any posi on to
the full required width of the opening in which it is
installed (RA 9514)
A door shall swing in the direc on of egress travel
when used in an exit enclosure or where serving a
high hazard contents area, unless it is a door from
an individual living unit that opens directly into an
exit enclosure. (RA 9514)
During its swing, any door in a means of egress
shall leave not less than a half (1/2) of the required
width of an aisle, corridor, passageway, or landing
unobstructed and shall not project more than 178
mm into the required width of an aisle, corridor,
passageway, or landing (RA 9514)
Source of Where electricity is used as a source of Source of illumina on will not be
illumina on illumina on or means of egress, the installa on ba ery operated and will not use
of means of shall be properly made in accordance with the luminescent, fluorescent or any
egress appropriate and interna onally accepted reflec ve material.
standards. (RA 9514)
No ba ery operated electric light nor any type of
portable lamp or lantern shall be used for primary
illumina on of means of egress; but may be used
as an emergency source to the extent permi ed
under Emergency Ligh ng. (RA 9514)
No luminescent, fluorescent, or reflec ve material
shall be permi ed as subs tutes for any of the
required illumina on herein specified. (RA 9514)
Emergency Emergency ligh ng facili es shall be arranged to Emergency lights that are ba ery
ligh ng maintain the specified degree of illumina on in operated will not use dry ba eries.
the event of failure of the normal ligh ng for a
period of at least one and a half (1.5) hours. (RA
9514)
Electric ba ery-operated emergency lights shall
use only reliable types of storage ba eries,
provided with suitable facili es for maintenance in
properly charged condi ons. Dry ba eries shall
not be used to sa sfy these requirements. (RA
9514)
An emergency ligh ng system shall be so arranged
as to provide the required illumina on
automa cally in the event of any interrup on of
normal ligh ng, such as any failure of public u lity
or other outside electrical power supply, opening
of a circuit breaker or fuse, or any manual act,
including accidental opening of a switch controlling
normal ligh ng facili es. (RA 9514)

69
 Items Descrip ons Summary
Emergency (RA 9514) An emergency evacua on plan shall be Emergency evacua on plans shall be
evacua on posted on strategic and conspicuous loca ons in easily visible with basic informa on
plan the building containing the following basic listed at the le shown.
informa on:
1. “You Are Here/ room number/ building”
Marking
2. Fire Exits
3. Primary Route to Exit (Nearest to the viewer)
4. Secondary Route to Exit (Second nearest to the
viewer)
5. Fire alarm pull sta ons and annunciators
6. Fire ex nguishers/ hose cabinets
7. Emergency Light
8. First Aid Kits loca ons (if applicable)
9. Emergency Call sta ons (if applicable)
10. Assembly areas instruc ons
11. “In Case of Emergency” instruc ons
Dimension of evacua on plan: 215.9 mm height by Evacua on plan shall have the
330.2 mm width if mounted on every dimension of 215.9 mm height by
rooms/spaces with 50 m2 floor area and below 330.2 mm width in every kiosk/
(RA 9514) structure.
Distribu on Fire ex nguishers shall be provided for the Class A fire ex nguishers shall be
of fire protec on of both the building structure and the provided in each kiosks
ex nguisher occupancy hazards contained therein. (RA 9514)
Required building protec on shall be provided by
fire ex nguishers suitable for Class A fires. (RA
9514)
4.2.3. Planning and Design Standards

The following table shows anthropometric data based on Filipino male and

female with its average as the basis for convenient and comfortable space planning

for the proposed design.

Table 21

Anthropometric Data of Filipinos

Anthropometric measurement Female Male Average

Stature 153.9 167 160.45
Standing eye height 143.1 155 149.05
Standing shoulder height 127.2 137.5 132.35
Standing elbow height 104.1 96.3 100.2
Waist height 97.3 95.5 96.4
Kneecap height 45.9 49.7 47.8
Span 153.2 167.9 160.55
Arm reach forwards 69.9 76.6 73.25
Arm reach upwards 116.9 127.9 122.4
Si ng height 79.9 84.8 82.35

70
 Anthropometric measurement Female Male Average
Si ng eye height 68.4 73.4 70.9
Si ng elbow height 21.9 22.2 22.05
Knee height 47 50 48.5
Popliteal height 40.3 43.3 41.8

Figure 26

Average Anthropometric Data of a Filipino in cen meters.

The following table shows the list of spaces with its correla ng func on, users,

furnishing, dimensions and the building laws and standards the researchers refer to.

71
Table 22

Space Programming by Users - Vendors (Cebu Art Market)

72
Space Programming by Users - Visitors (Cebu Art Market)

73
Space Programming by Users - Administra ve (Cebu Art Market)

74
Space Programming by Users - Survivors of Natural Disasters (Recovery Shelter)

Space Programming by Users - Visitors and Administra ve (Recovery Shelter)

75
NUMBER OF KIOSK DECISION:

Each module has a 3.4 meter radius to fit the smallest width of 1 one of the 5

segments, namely segment 3, located in front of the COMELEC office. The segment is

7 meters wide, and 68 meters in length. The 3.4 meter radius would equal to 6.8

meters diameter which would fit in the smallest width street, and provided a 1 meter

inner setback to each radius for circula on purposes that equates to 2 meters

circula on area from module to module. Each segment is provided with a 5 meter

setback on both ends to provide space for bicycle parking, trashcans, pedestrian

crossings, and parking area for delivery/ pick up trucks to park on scheduled hours.

With these considera ons in mind, the 7 meter diameter circle is then laid out in a

zigzag pa ern on a wide enough street and linear pa ern on a narrow street, to

finalize the total number of loca ons that can fit in each segment. The total number

of loca on then results to:

● Segment 1: 7 loca on

● Segment 2: 19 loca on

● Segment 3: 4 loca on

● Segment 4: 3 joined structures/ loca on, 10 modules

● Segment 5: none

Total: 33 loca ons, 40 modules

76
SOLAR PANEL CALCULATIONS PER KIOSK:

Table 23

77
4.2.4 Site Analysis

The project is located along P. Burgos Street, where it is approximately 595

meters long, stretching from Cebu City Hall to Colon Obelisk. The following figures

presented below are the site analysis and site inventory.

Figure 25

Site Analysis: Sun path and wind rose of Cebu City

The sun’s orienta on is leaning south which means south facing structures

will receive most heat and direct sunlight, it is recommended for structures to have

more sun shading proper es facing south to avoid heat and direct sunlight, the

structure’s orienta on should also complement the wind direc on to achieve

maximum passive ven la on and allow natural air to cool the space.

78
Figure 27

Site Analysis: Road width, streetlights, and surveillance camera.

P. Burgos street’s road width varies from 7 meters smallest to 25 meters

biggest, where the smallest width can be found beside Sto. Nino Basilica, and the

widest in front of Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral. Street lights also occupy the sides of

the road where there are 20 observable street lights, some a ached to the ground,

some a ached to building walls. Most present surveillance cameras can be seen in

every intersec on, and there are 11 at the site.

79
Figure 28

Site Analysis: Public and Private Vehicle Traffic Flow, PUJ Routes, and PUJ Drop off and

pick up areas.

There are 2- two way intersec ons and 4 one way intersec ons that cut

through the site which is a one way street. An observed PUJ route occupies the upper

half of the site with 4 Jeepney stops, and the rest of the jeepney route only intersects

with the site. There are approximately 11 relevant jeepney stops throughout the area

of the site, including a beep stop at the corner intersec on of Cebu City Hall, and

observable 2-11 jeeps passing by the routes respec vely. The current jeepneys that

go through Colon Obelisk to P. Burgos street will take the other P. Burgos street and

M. Lograta Street.

80
Figure 29

Site Inventory: Hazard levels, exis ng trees and vegeta ons, and flood mi ga on

along P. Burgos Street

Vegeta ons throughout the site are sca ered randomly. The foliage is mainly

trees and bushes. With the lack of vegeta on, pedestrians are prone to direct heat

and sunlight. It is advisable to add sun shading devices for the design solu on. As for

the hazard levels, NOAH showed that near Magellan’s Cross, there is li le to no flood

hazard, and the storm surge hazard level is medium. However, it increased from

Magellan’s Cross to the Shamrock Pasalubong Center. Specifically, it has a flood

hazard level of low and a storm surge hazard level of high. A er the Shamrock

Pasalubong Center, the rest un l the colon obelisk has a flood hazard level of low and

a storm surge hazard level of medium. The hazard levels indicate a need to add flood

and storm surge mi ga on systems because the current site has only raised

sidewalks that act to mi gate floods as seen on the right side picture. Unfortunately,

81
it is only in the small area of P. Burgos Street, while the rest have no flood mi ga on

systems.

Figure 30

PLANADES and Cebu City’s Pedestrianiza on recommenda on, and segmenta on

along P. Burgos Street

The le picture represents the zoning of the nearby establishments. There are

abundant historical structures along P. Burgos Street, specifically the le side.

Opposite to it, are commercial buildings and parks spread around the area. In

considera on of the road intersec ons along P. Burgos street that allows the vehicles

to pass through, the street is subdivided into 5 segments. Each segment will have

different types of stores to complement its nearby establishments.

Segment 1 will have souvenirs, books, and pain ngs. Segment 2 will have

statues of Sto. Nino and other dis nc ve figurines, and souvenirs such as home

decors, handicra accessories, jeepney figurines, ra an products, bamboo products,

refrigerator magnets, keychains and homewares. It is also to complement the Basilica

82
Del Sto. Niño and Islands Souvenirs. Segment 3 customized T-shirts, locally made

clothes, and other apparels. Segment 4 will have recrea onal and crea ve ac vi es

such as wishing area, lounging, and making of own ar s c pieces because it is

adjacent to the Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral and has a good space for

pedestrianiza on according to PLANADES (2019). Segment 5 will have part- me

pedestrianiza on that allows vehicles only from 10-6.

The le picture represents the recommenda on of the PLANADES and Cebu

City full pedestrianiza on which aligns with the study and their possible parking

structures. Parking structures can be used for passive surveillance to the public CRs

because of the vehicle traffic and nearby presence of the security guard.

Figure 31

Physical Condi on of sidewalk along P. Burgos Street according to NEDA-PLANADES

(December, 2019)

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 Shown in figure 30 is the physical condi on of the sidewalk in the study area,

from a glance of the map, most colors seen are green which indicates the sidewalks

are well paved. The well paved sidewalks counted to about 12, and the rest are

sidewalks with uneven surfaces and no sidewalks. The sidewalks along P. Burgos

street show 6 sidewalks with fixed obstruc ons, 5 with fixed and temporary, and 6

with no obstruc ons.

4.2.5 Space Programming

Space Proximity Matrix

The proximity rela onship between the site's areas was determined by

analyzing the func on criteria synthesized in line with the design standards,

direc ves, and principles obtained and analyzed during the research in the study. The

rela onships between the spaces are determined by how people interact with them,

which determines whether the spaces are closely related (primary adjacency), only

loosely related (secondary adjacency), or unrelated at all (undesired adjacency).

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Space Rela onship Diagram

The space rela onship diagram is divided into 5 diagrams, which are; (1) a

diagram that shows what the kiosk can func on as, and (2) the overview, which

shows how the rela onship of the kiosks in the Cebu art market and how the

prototype modular structure can be used as a temporary recovery shelter. The

remaining three diagrams show the blow-up of Segment 1 - 3 (Selling Area), Segment

4 (Recrea onal Area), and the Recovery Shelter.

As shown in the picture above, the modular structure can be transformed

into a selling area, recrea onal area, and temporary recovery shelter. It can be

achieved using either one module or combining two or more modules.

Below are the bubble diagrams, where the bubbles that are touching represent the

closely related spaces and have direct access to each other. The broken lined circle

represents the secondary spaces connected or linked by different spaces. The first

diagram overviews the adap ve modular structure showcasing the rela onship

between the modules and their surroundings. It is accompanied by turning the

prototype into a temporary recovery shelter a er a disaster has struck, as seen on

the right side.

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 The le diagram showcases how spaces interact in Segments 1 - 3 (Selling

Area). It is a one modular structure wherein the selling area surrounds the structure

to take advantage of the open area on all sides. Inside are the work and storage areas

to provide privacy and conceal the trash or extra materials from crea ng a product.

The right diagram is the recrea onal area, which has three main combined

structures, namely, (1) the cra ing and ar s c area, (2) the Administra ve area, and

(3) the Res ng area. The cra ing and ar s c area can be turned into wri ng,

pain ng, and carving space, while the administra ve area has its administra ve

room, and adjacent to it is the informa on center.

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 The diagram below is the recovery shelter where the zones govern it; Entry

Zone (Admin Area and Storage Area), Service Zone (Clinic and Communal Area), and

Residen al Zone (Living Area). The communal area connects all spaces, where the

survivors can interact with one another and wait for their turn when relief goods are

distributed. The administra ve area acts as the entry point because it is where

people register for a temporary shelter or gather informa on about the said

structure. On both sides are the storage and clinic area to transi on from a public

zone (administra ve area) to semi-public spaces. In contrast, the living area is

situated at the edge or farthest from the public zone to give survivors the privacy and

security they need a er being displaced.

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 Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary of Findings

Places hold significance, memories, cultures, and people. Integra ng a sense

of place in a community helps people from all walks of life feel connected and

belong. Sense of place and genius loci go hand in hand as essen al roles in linking

environment and culture that promote both human health and the ecosystem. To

create a sense of place in the study area, the researchers devised three categories of

objec ves: spa al, func onal, and behavioral. Under spa al objec ves, the goal was

to link the exis ng heritage sites through the landscape while considering the social,

cultural, and economic values. Hence, pedestrianiza on was the ideal strategy. Under

the func onal and behavioral objec ves, the researchers assessed the posi ve

impact of pedestrianiza on on tourism flow and economy by crea ng a unique

educa onal, social, and ar s c experience with the cultural environment.

The objec ves were used as a guide to analyze the related studies on

pedestrianiza on, trading, cultural and ar s c ac vi es that can be done in the art

market, ac ve community, and types of public spaces that can improve well-being, as

well as site documenta on on the aspects that are relevant to the study such as

street views and access points: Building frontage and planning of entrance and exits

of the site and neighboring structures, accessibility and walkability, exis ng

transporta on modes, zoning classifica on, and circula on flow. Subsequently, the

researchers considered the exis ng intersec ons in P. Burgos Street that cannot be

closed off, allowing vehicles to pass through. Thus, the street is subdivided into 5

segments. Each segment will have different types of stores to complement its nearby

88
establishments. Segment 1 will have souvenirs, books, and pain ngs to en ce the

visitors of Sugbu Chinese Museum, to give importance and recogni on to physical art

and literature. Segment 2 will have statues of Sto. Nino and other dis nc ve figurines

and souvenirs such as home decors, handicra accessories, jeepney figurines, ra an

products, bamboo products, refrigerator magnets, keychains and homewares and

also selling of local delicacies. It is also to complement the Basilica Del Sto. Niño and

Islands Souvenirs. Segment 3 will have customized T-shirts, locally-made clothes, and

other apparel. Segment 4 will have recrea onal and crea ve ac vi es such as a

wishing area, lounging, and making of own ar s c pieces because it is adjacent to

the Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral and has a good space for pedestrianiza on,

according to PLANADES (2019). Segment 5 will have part- me pedestrianiza on

according to scheduled hours because residen al houses surround it and are not

frequently used by vehicles. Addi onally, it allows the site to connect to the Parian

Area.

The segments are to be applied through phases as gradual implementa on to

introduce full pedestrianiza on from segment 1-4, and part- me pedestrianiza on at

segment 5. Phase 1 shall implement half pedestrianiza on, and the other half allow

vehicles to access when the Art Market is not open. Phase 2 will have full

pedestrianiza on of segment 1 and half pedestrianiza on of segment 2, allowing

vehicles to pass through the other half of the road. Phase 3 will have full

pedestrianiza on of segment 1, 2 and 3. Phase 4 will implement full

pedestrianiza on for the administra on and recrea on area, and phase 5 will

implement the part- me pedestrianiza on. The phases will be helpful for the locals

to adjust to the changes and adapt a new rou ne.

89
 All the gathered informa on was then compared and analyzed to create the

architectural design data using space programming resul ng in a more detailed and

comprehensive list of data to plan the number of kiosks that will be present in every

segment, along with the furniture and fixtures needed, ideal materials to be used,

the orienta on of the space, its spa al rela onship with other space, as well as the

func onal and behavioral factors.

In order to design a flexible structure for environmental sustainability,

adaptability, and climate resiliency, The theory of adaptability and resilience is used

because it responds to making a structure mul func onal and mi ga ng

climate-related events and other disasters such as tropical storms, flooding, etc.

Specifically, from the 3 objec ves men oned above, under spa al objec ves, the

goal was to provide mul func onal and adap ve spaces. Hence, one kiosk module

can accommodate the different ac vi es of the vendors, survivors and

administrators by rearranging or a aching one module to another or adjus ng or

folding the shelves, cabinets, or the structure itself. Under the func onal objec ves,

the goal was to incorporate resilient materials against flood hazard, rainy season and

later be used as temporary shelters a er hazardous events. Thus, the structure uses

weatherproof, lightweight, durable materials. The structure is also movable and able

to a ach one module to another so that 1) it can be placed to assist evacua on

centers in helping the displaced families s ll do essen al commodi es a er a

disaster. 2) can turn the accommodate to more func ons. Under behavioral

objec ves, the goal was to have an ease of ac vity circula on, effortless assembling,

and an increased sense of security and safety. It is achieved through iden fying the

proximity of spaces, u lizing lightweight material such as plywood, aluminum, ra an,

90
and crea ng a visual connec on from the public to the structure to increase a sense

of security and safety because of passive surveillance, in addi on to the CCTVs

around the site.

P. Burgos Street has been known to have many significant historical structures

standing along the street, but despite that fact, P. Burgos Street actually shows a

decrease in visitors during weekends by 19% when tourists are expected to flock the

area. From a survey conducted by NEDA (2019), the respondents show interest in

coming back to the street or visi ng it more o en when the area is safe and secured,

with the introduc on of new shops and ac vi es. Cebu City, in general, gained

millions of tourists pre-pandemic era, and cut down to about a half during pandemic,

and un l now the number has not recovered. In rela on to this informa on, it is

crucial for the researcher to es mate the number of visitors that will poten ally visit

the proposed art market. The researchers find that assump ons cannot be made out

of Cebu’s tourist popula on projec on alone, since there was no further specific data

on the distribu on of the tourists and where they o en go. The researchers would

have to rely on the daily pedestrian volume recorded by PLANADES (2019), to

assume that the same amount of volume will become visitors to the proposed art

market, assuming that this also includes a percentage of the tourist popula on.

The researchers further found it challenging to iden fy the op mal materials

to be used for the kiosk to ensure its durability against all odds, as well as to

incorporate adaptability into the func onal requirement. These materials should not

only be durable and adap ve, but they should also be safe to use, comfortable to

touch and feel, long wearing, versa le, easy to clean, and especially lightweight. The

lightweight material would provide the ease in transforming the space into what it

91
needs to be. The next challenge is to iden fy the system that forms the structure to

be a modular structure, where it can adjust to the user's need accordingly, and is not

a hassle to assemble. The structure also conforms to a achable and detachable

standards, to be used when the worst case scenario occurs. They have to be

transformed into a temporary recovery shelter to provide safety to the people in

need.

5.2 Architectural Program

Architectural Program

The architectural program data is organized in a table and categorized into 2

areas, first is Spa al characteriza on where it states the space, total floor area,

ceiling height, number and type of users, equipment and furniture, and the

materials/finishes. The second sec on is Orienta on/loca on where it describes the

zone assignment/ orienta on, the proximity to other spaces/ zones, the spa al

rela onship, form, and type of circula on, and the enclosure and fenestra on

requirement.

The data is then divided into the respec ve segments namely Segment 1:

Selling of Pain ngs, Books, Souvenir Zone, near Sugbu Chinese Museum, Segment 2:

Selling of Sto Nino, Packed Delicacies, and Souvenirs, beside Sto Nino Church,

Segment 3: Selling of apparel, near Comelec Branch, Segment 4: Crea ve Zone,

beside Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral, Segment 5: Part- me Pedestrianiza on, near

Shamrock Pasalubong, and lastly, the Temporary Recovery Shelter.

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Table 24

Segment 1: Pain ngs, Books, Souvenir Zone, near Sugbu Chinese Museum

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Table 25

Segment 2: Sto Nino., Packed Delicies, And Souvenirs, beside Sto. Nino Church

94
Table 26

Segment 3: Apparel, near Comelec Branch

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Table 27

Segment 4: Crea ve Zone, beside Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral

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Table 28

Segment 5: Part- me Pedestrianiza on, near Shamrock Pasalubong Center

Table 29

Temporary Recovery Shelter: Administra on Area and Storage Area

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Table 30

Temporary Recovery Shelter: Clinic, Communal Area, Living Area

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5.3 Architectural Design Solu on

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5.4 Conclusions

The study area's necessity to increase visitors and cultural heritage

apprecia on simultaneously helps the researchers to address the lack of spaces for

food and souvenirs markets, cultural entertainment for visitors, as well as art and

cultural tourism and come up with the following design objec ves, which aimed to

promote culture and ar s c heritage and incorporate historical, educa onal

ac vi es, create linkages of the exis ng significant built heritages along P. Burgos

Street, and design a flexible modular structure for environmental sustainability,

adaptability, and climate resiliency. The researchers u lized the following theories as

a guide to achieving the goals; Sense of Place (Erfani, 2022), Genius Loci

(Stepanchunk, Gavfurova, & Latypova, 2020), Adaptability Design (Adaptable Futures,

2023), Resilient Architecture (Liu et al., 2022), and Building layers (Schmidt & Aus n,

2016). From the derived theories, the researchers devised criteria to iden fy the

proposed list of spaces according to func ons and users with their sizes and

architectural treatments, respec ve to the design theories.

143
 The proposed Cebu Art Market aims to upli the culture and ar s c heritage

of P. Burgos Street, Downtown Cebu, Cebu City, as well as the country. By improving

the sense of place of P. Burgos Street, Cebu Art Market improves the area and

encourages social ac vity through trading and buying locally made products that

represent the different places and cultures of Cebu City and the Philippines on a

broader scope. Furthermore, passive educa on on Cebu's different art and culture

can be implemented through learning about the art and products made by local

ar sts and vendors. This way, the proposed Cebu Art Market can be a form of

connec on between the people and the place.

The pedestrianiza on of P. Burgos Street allows linkages between the area's

significant heritage structures. Visitors are encouraged to walk, visit the different

heritage structures, and interact with them directly while enjoying the Cebu Art

Market. Genius Loci plays a vital role in providing a sense of spirit in the area by

developing pedestrianiza on, sustainability, pedestrian safety, and comfort, as well

as the historical iden ty of the place can be achieved. With less ambient noise,

be er air quality, and more spaces for green areas and socializing, pedestrianiza on

minimizes pollutants and enhances the quality of life for residents and pedestrians.

Pedestrianizing P. Burgos Street will also increase apprecia on of the area and the

vital role of a good walking area to one's healthy lifestyle and recrea onal me.

The proposed adap ve modular structure designed for Cebu Art Market along P.

Burgos Street provides a space for micro, small, and medium entrepreneurs to

display and sell their locally made products and en ce visitors to keep their

memories in tangible form and invite them back. Hence, this also supports Number 8

of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, decent work and economic growth,

144
because it helps increase tourism value and gives opportuni es to entrepreneurship,

and promotes local culture and products, and Number 11, Sustainable ci es and

communi es, as it strengthens the efforts in safeguarding the manmade heritages

and culture by introducing and engaging the visitors to the culture of Cebu, and

provide safe and inclusive access to public spaces by implemen ng ramps,

wayfinding, tac le paving, pedestrian crossing, curb extensions, appropriate

dimensions of sidewalks, and more. The structure, using resilient, lightweight,

heavy-duty, durable, and easy-to-install materials, aims to achieve compa bility that

is designed to be adaptable to the different categories of products sold as well as

adaptable to mul ple func ons such as selling, cra ing, administra ng, and res ng

and lounge. This supports Number 9 of the UN Sustainable Development Goals to

build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrializa on and

foster innova on. The adaptability of the structure allows it to be joined with

another structure to form a larger structure and cater to more func ons and people.

The structure uses Adaptability and Resilient Architecture theories to provide

flexibility for environmental sustainability and climate resilience, considering the

country's geographical loca on and climate disaster history.

The proposed adap ve modular structure can be assembled on-site and

disassembled when not in need and can be used for a temporary recovery shelter

that will last as needed. The structure comes in kit-of-parts, assembled into

predefined modules, and can be planned in mul ple configura ons. The predefined

modules are configured according to the entry, service, and residen al zones with

their respec ve spaces. Every space can be configured as liking, modules can be

subtracted or added according to need, to cater to the different lifestyles of each

145
user. The proposed recovery shelter allows the users to con nue their day-to-day

lifestyle with fewer limita ons than a typical recovery shelter. They are provided

privacy in their living area, access to the clinic, and socializing area.

5.5 Recommenda ons

The following points shall be important considera ons for future research,

recommended by the researchers.

● Gather up to date anthropometric data for efficient kiosk design.

● Inquire about the plans from the City Officials on their proposal regarding the

Cebu Heritage District on architectural design for the Vendor’s Kiosk to have

informa on and possible incorpora on of our proposals to theirs.

● Inquire about the plans from the City Officials on their proposal regarding the

Cebu Heritage District on the pedestrianiza on in P. Burgos Street and how it

relates to the heritage loop.

● Explore alterna ve lightweight materials without sacrificing durability and

integrity to increase mobility of the structure.

146
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