Mechanical Properties

Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, BGMEA University of Fashion and Technology

1 a Mechanical Properties
 The mechanical properties of textile fibers- the responses to applied forces and
deformations.
 Technically contributing both to the behavior of fibers in the processing and to
the properties of the final product.

4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 1

2 a Mechanical Properties
 Tensile Properties
 Flexural Properties
 Torsional Properties
 Frictional properties

4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 2

3 a Tensile Properties
 Tensile properties indicate how the material
will react to the forces being applied in
tension.
 A tensile test is a fundamental mechanical
test, where a carefully prepared specimen is
loaded in a very controlled manner, while
measuring the applied load and the elongation
of the specimen over some distance.
4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 3
4 a Tensile Properties
 Tensile Properties include;

 Elasticity
 Elastic limit
 Elongation
 Breaking extension
 Elastic recovery
 Work of rupture
 Work factor etc.

 Tensile tests are used to determine these properties.

4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 4

5 a Tensile Properties

 Elasticity
The property of a material returning back to
its original position after removing the
external force is known as elasticity.

 Elastic Limit
There is a limiting value of force, up to and
within which the deformation entirely
disappears on removal of the force.

4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 5

6 a Tensile Properties

 Plasticity
After the elastic limit, when force is increased the material loses to some extent of
its property of elasticity and cannot return to its original shape and size if the
external force is completely removed. In this condition, the material gets into the
plastic stage and the property of the material is known as plasticity.

4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 6

7 a Tensile Properties

 Stress
The resistance per unit area to deformation is
known as stress.
Mathematically, stress may be defined as the
force per unit area.
S = F/A
Where,
S = Intensity of stress
F = Load of force acting on the body
A = Cross sectional area

4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 7

8 a Tensile Properties

 Specific Stress/Tenacity
It is the ability of a fiber, yarn or fabric to withstand pulling stresses. Specific
stress/Tenacity is more useful measurement of stress in case of textile fibers or
yarns.
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = Unit: gm/Tex, gm/denier etc.
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

=
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀/𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢

4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 8

9 a Tensile Properties

 The unit of specific stress or linear

density is N/tex. For smaller stresses,
millinewton per tex (mN/tex) can be used
 Relation between stress and specific stress

4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 8

10 a Tensile Properties
 Strain
Strain is the term used to relate the stretched or elongation with the initial
length. The deformation per unit length is known as strain.
Mathematically strain may be defined: E = l/L
Where,
E = Strain.
l = change of length
L = original length
4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 8
11 a Tensile Properties

 Hook’s law
When a material is loaded, within its elastic limit, the stress is proportional to the
strain.
Mathematically,
Stress ∞ strain
Stress/Strain = K

4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 8

12 a Tensile Properties

 Stress-Strain curve:
 Elastic properties of fiber
When the external force is applied to a material, it is balanced by the internal forces
developed in the molecular structure of the material. By increasing the stresses, a
material will be deformed and obey the stress-strain curve the following way:

4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 8

13 a Tensile Properties

 Region OA
Linear region, obeys the Hook’s law, no
permanent deformation of materials, The
point A indicates the elastic limit.
 Region AB
Plastic deformation, not follow the Hook’s
law, B indicates the breaking point.

4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 8

14 a Tensile Properties

 Modulus/ Initial Modulus

 The relationship between stress and strain is expressed by the term called initial
modulus/ modulus.
 It is a quantity that measures the resistance of an object to being deformed
elastically (i.e., non-permanently) when a stress is applied to it.

4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 8

15 a Tensile Properties

The linear portion of the stress-strain curve can be used to determine the
modulus which corresponds to the slope of the curve, up to which all
deformations are elastic and therefore recoverable.
In figure: Initial modulus tanα = strain/strain

4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 8

16 a Breaking extension/Breaking elongation

 The extension at break of a material to its initial length is known as breaking

extension. It is expressed in percentage.
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = × 100
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 8

17 a Work of Rupture

 Work of rupture is defined as the energy needed to break a specimen.

If we consider a fiber under a load F, increasing in length by an amount dl,
We have,
Work done = Force × displacement = F × dl
Hence, the total work done in breaking the fibers = work of rupture.

4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 8

18 a Tensile Properties

𝟏𝟏
= × 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 × 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆
𝟐𝟐

4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 8

19 a Work Factor

Work factor is defined as the ratio of work of rupture to the product of breaking
load and breaking extension.

𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 =
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 × 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 8

20 a Work Factor

If a fiber obeyed the Hook’s law, the load

elongation curve would be a straight line and the
work of rupture would be given by:
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 =
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 × 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

1
× 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 × 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
= 2
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 × 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

1
=
2

4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 8

21 a Elastic Recovery

The power of recover of a body to its original size

and shape after the extension is called elastic
recovery.
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = × 100
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = × 100
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵

Complete recovery will have the value 1 (or 100%). No recovery at

all will have the value 0 (Zero).

4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 8

22 a Elastic Recovery

Elastic Recovery depends on

 The type of extension
 The time allowed for recovery
 Fiber structure
 Type of molecular bond.
 The moisture in the specimen
Work Recovery
The ratio of returned work during recovery to the total work in extension is called
work recovery.

4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 8

23 a Recovery, work of rupture and durability

4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 8

24 a Recovery, work of rupture and durability

Durability means how long time a material will give service. When fibers are
frequently subjected to shocks of given energy below their work of rupture, it does
not break initially. But succession of repeated shocks can lead up the stress-strain
curve to the point of break.

4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 8

25 a Recovery, work of rupture and durability

If imposed shock has an energy = w

Work of recovery in a given cycle = r
Amount of energy used in the cycle = w(1-r)
If the no. of shocks up to break the fiber = N

Let, Work of rupture = W

 We know, work of rupture is equal to the total energy required to break the
fiber.
 This means that the life time of the fibers expressed in terms of the number ‘N’
of shocks it will resist.

4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 9

26 a Recovery, work of rupture and durability

4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BUFT 9

 Thanks
4/16/2023 Md. Abu Darda, Department of Textile Engineering, DUET 28