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ADOPTION NOTICE
ASME Y14.5M, Dimensioning and Tolerancing, was adopted on 13 March 1994 for
use by the Department of Defense (DoD). Proposed changes by DoD activities must
be submitted to the DoD Adopting Activity: Commanding Officer, Naval Aviation Supply
Office, ATTN: Code 051 1.07, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA. 1911 1 -5098. DoD
activities may obtain copiesof this standard from the Standardization DocumentOrder
Desk, 700 Robbins Avenue, Building 4D, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094. The private
sector and other Government agencies may purchase copies from the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, New York 10017.
(Project DRPR-0297)
Review activities:
Army - AT, AV, CE, CR, EA, ER, GL, ME, MI, SC, TE
Navy - AS, CH, EC, MC, OS, SH, T D , YD
Air Force - 11,13, 19, 68,70,71, 80, 84,90,99
DLA - CS, ES, GS, IS
NSA - NS
AMSC
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENTA. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
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A S I E YL4.5M 94 W 0759670 0549429 T B 7 W
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ASME Y14.5M
ADOPTION NOTICE
ASME Y14.5M, Dimensioning and Tolerancing, was adopted on 13 March 1994 for use by the Department
of Defense (DoD). Proposed changes by DoD activities must be submitted to the DoD Adopting Activity:
Commanding Officer, Naval Aviation SupplyOffice, AlTN.: Code 0511.07,700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia,
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PA 19111-5098. DoD activities may obtain copies of this standard from the Standardization Document Order
Desk, 700 Robbins Avenue, Building 4D, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094. The private sector and other govern-
ment agencies may purchase copies from the AmericanSociety of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street,
New York, NY 10017.
(Project DRPR-0297)
Review activities:
Army - AT, AV, CE, CR, EA, ER, GL, ME, MI, SC, TE
Navy - AS, CH, EC, MC, OS, SH, TD, YD
Air Force - 11, 13, 19, 68, 70, 71, 80, 84, 90, 99
DLA - CS, ES, GS, IS
NSA - NS
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ASME Y 1 4 - 5 M 74 m 0757670 0547433 b37 m
Dimensioning and
Tolerancing
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ASME Yl4.5M-I994
[REVISION OF ANSI Y14.5M-1982 (R1988)I
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ASME Y L 4 = 5 M 94 m 0759670 0 5 4 9 4 3 25 7 3 m
This Standard will be revised when the Society approves the issuance of a
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new edition. There will be no addenda orwritten interpretations of the require-
ments of this Standard issuedto this edition.
This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for
American National Standards. The ConsensusCommittee that approved the code or standard was
balanced to assure that individuals from competent and concerned interests have hadan opportu-
nity to participate. The proposed code or standard was made available for public review and
comment which provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia,
regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large.
ASME does not "approve," "rate," or "endorse" any item, construction, proprietary device, or
activity.
ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in
connection with any items mentioned in this document, and doesnot undertake to insure anyone
utilizing a standard against liability for infringement of any applicable Letters Patent, nor assume
any such liability. Users of a code or standard are expressly advised that determination of the
validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own
responsibility.
Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to
be interpreted as government or industry endorsement of this code or standard,
ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations issued in accordance with governing
ASME procedures and policies which preclude the issuanceof interpretations by individual
volunteers.
Copyright O 1995 by
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
All Rights Reserved
Printed in the U.S.A.
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FOREWORD
...
111
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international meetings and have participated in all I S 0 standards projects on the subject
of dimensioning and tolerancing during this period.
In addition to past participation in developing and maintaining all of such I S 0 stan-
dards as I S 0 5458, I S 0 5459, I S 0 2692, I S 0 3040, I S 0 TR 5460, I S 0 1660, I S 0 406,
I S 0 129, I S 0 8015, and I S 0 7083, U.S. delegates have also participated in all new I S 0
standards development projects. U.S. delegates have provided convenership (chairman-
ship) to the development of IS0/2692: 1988 DAM1 on “Least Material Condition,” I S 0
10578 on “Projected Tolerance Zone,” and I S 0 10579 on “Nonrigid Parts.” Current
projects related to the revision of I S 0 1101, “Technical Drawings, Geometrical Toleranc-
hg” and I S 0 5458, “Positional Tolerancing” also have participation and input by U.S.
delegates. Current new work on a revision to I S 0 2692 includes consideration of the
“principle of reciprocity” (symbol 8)that was originally put forth by the U.S. and Japan
in the early 1970’s as a proposed standard. It was considered by some countries to be
premature for inclusion thenand zero positional tolerancing was adopted as a near
substitute.
As a recent significant development, theUnited States, through its member body,
ANSI, has received the ISO/TClO/SC5 Secretariat. Thus, the U.S. inherits theworld
leadership for standards developmenton “Technical drawings, product definition and
related documentation, geometrical dimensioning and tolerancing.” Work will continue
on maintenance of existing standards and the development of new standards related to
geometrical tolerancing.
The conflict in principle regarding limits of size between the “envelope principle”
(Taylor Principle, Rule #1) and the “independency principle” continues, although some-
what abated. Issuance of I S 0 8015: 1985,“Technical Drawings-Fundamental Tolerancing
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Principle,” features the independency principle but allows the option of the envelope
principle by either reference to a national standard (for example, ASME Y14.5M-1994)
on the drawing, or by invoking the symbol 0. The Y 14.5 Standard continues to advocate
and use the envelope principle (boundary of perfect form at MMCof the individual
feature) that has been traditionally used in the U.S. and widely accepted elsewhere.
The least material condition 0concept is expanded. More complete coverage on this
subject is to be considered in future revisions as the state of the art progresses.
Significant steps are taken in this revision to resolve some long-standing differences
between the Y14.5 and IS0 practices. As U.S. delegates also play a significant role in
the development andmaintenance at the level of international standards, these differences
are eventually tempered and resolved by a merging of these dual objectives. In addition,
some long-range planning by the Y 14.5 activity has also now materialized in the transi-
tion to eliminating these differences. Two significant changes found in this revision are
adoption and extension of the universal datum feature symbol and discontinuance of the
use of the W S symbol 0.Other changes, additions, extensions of principles, and resolu-
tion of differences are listed in Appendix A, “Principal-Changes and Improvements.”
The technical expertise and experience of the Y14.5 Subcommittee are provided by
the dedicated interests and resources of its personnel. Its members represent a broad
cross section of U.S. industry, the Department of Defense (DOD), educational institu-
tions, national laboratories, professional societies, and members of the private sector.
The Subcommittee encourages participation by all andworks diligently to achieve a
consensus on all matters. It seeks a balance betweenpast practices, state of the art,
national and international standards, new technology, computer and electronic integration,
and most importantly, the understandability of the technical data contained in the Stan-
dard itself. Since members are also users of the Standard, a “jury of peers” is constantly
present to ensure, as well as possible, that all voices are heard and satisfactory compro-
mises are made in the interests of all users. Through the due process of final approval
iv
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procedures via ASME, ANSI, DOD,and public review, the Standard achieves its final
make-up as the result of the voluntary consensus standard system.
The expansion and extension of principles of the composite positional tolerancing
concept occupied a sizable segment of the Subcommittee’s time and resources during
this revision. This valuable concept, originally bom out of need for a convenient method
to state two requirements together for a pattern of features, one the “pattern-locating
tolerance” (larger tolerance) and the other the “feature-relating tolerance” (smaller toler-
ance), gave rise to the need for further clarification and coverage in this revision. As
these principles are extended from the original examples, frrst introduced in ANSIY 14.5-
1973, varying interpretations are possible where a secondary datum feature is added to
the feature-relating tolerance zone frame. Since the original coverage in ANSI Y 1 4 5
1973 made no attempt to indicate clearly an interpretation representing this extension of
principle, varied applications and interpretations have occurred during the interim, each
supposedly having some support from the original Standard example and text. ANSI
Y14.5M-1982 repeated the same examples, added two figures (Figs. 142 and 143), and
made a slight change of words in the text. The changes and additions in this revision
eventually highlighted the areas of question and the Subcommittee debated this issue
with many prolonged and in-depth discussions. As a result, the composite tolerancing
text and figures have now been expanded to enhance and c l 6 applicability. To effect
this clarification and expansion, and to “set the standard,” an explicit meaning has been
assigned to the feature-relating tolerance frame for composite positional tolerancing con-
trol. The feature-relating tolerance can no longer be interpreted as including location of
the pattern. Section 5 clarifies the application of composite tolerancing and contrasts it
with the use of two single-segment feature control frames.
Since profile composite tolerancing is now also introduced into the Standard, its fea-
ture-relating tolerance frame likewise controls the orientation of the profile to the datums
without regard to the basic dimensions that locate the profile. Section 6 further explains
the details of composite profile tolerancing.
Although the continuity and stability of the technical content of the Standard are
paramount,numerouschanges, additions, and clarifications havetakenplacein this
revision. To meet the objectives and purposes of the Standard as before referenced, it
must remain dynamic and is, thus, subject to modification as deemed necessary. Forhelp
in using this Standard and to isolate those areas and subjects involving any changes or
additions of consequence, refer to Appendix A. A detailed compendium of changes and
additions is provided.
Suggestions for improvement of this Standard will be welcomed. They should be sent
to The American Society of Mechanical Engineers; Attention: Secretary, Y14Main
Committee; 345 East 47th Street; New York, NY 10017.
This revision was approved as an ASME National Standard on March 14, 1994.
V
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ASME STANDARDS COMMllTEE Y14
Engineering Drawing and Related Documentation Practices
(The following is the roster of the Committeeat the time of approval of this Standard.)
OFFICERS
P. E. McKim, Chairman
F. Bakos, Jr., Vice Chairman
C. J. Gomez, Secretaly
COMMllTEE PERSONNEL
A. R. Anderson, Trikon Corp.
F. Bakos, Jr., Eastman Kodak Co.
T. D. Benoit, Alternate, Pratt 8 Whitney CEB
D. E. Bowerman, Copeland Corp.
J. V. Burleigh, The Boeing Co.
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L. Burns
R. A. Chadderdon, Southwest Consultants
F. A. Christiana, ASEA Brown Boveri Combustion Engineering Systems
M. E. Curtis, Jr., Rexnord Corp.
R. W. Debok, Motorola, Government b Systems Technology Group
H. L. Dubocq
L. W. Foster, L. W. Foster Associates, Inc.
C. J. Gomez, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
D. Hagler, E-Systems, Inc., Garland Division
E. L. Kardas, Pratt 8 Whitney CEB
C.G. Lance, Santa Cruz Technology Center
W. J. McGee, National Standards Educators Association
P. E. McKim, Caterpillar Inc.
C. D. Merkley, IBM Corp.
E. Niemiec, Westinghouse Electric Corp.
R. J. Polizzi
D. L. Ragon, Deere b Company, John Deere Dubuque Works
R. L. Tennis, Caterpillar Inc.
R. P. Tremblay, US. Department of the Army, ARDEC
R. K. Walker, Westinghouse Marine
G. H. Whitmire, TECnREND
K. E. Wiegandt, Sandia National Laboratory
P. Wreede, E-Systems, Inc.
vii
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A. R. Anderson, Secretary, General Motors Corp., Powertrain Divisionflrikon Corp.
F. Bakos, Jr., Eastman Kodak Co.
T. D. Benoit, Alternate, Pratt b Whitney CEB
D.E. Bowerman, Copeland Corp.
R. A. Chadderdon, Southwest Consultants
R. E. Coombes, Caterpillar Inc.
N. W. Cutler, Polaroid Corp.
G. P. Gooldy, GPG Consultants, Inc.
W. A. Haefele, Williams Creek Graphics
B. W. Heathcotte, Geometrics Consulting
A. M. Johnson, The Boeing Co.
E. L. Kardas, Pratt b Whitney CEB
D. P. Karl, Ford Motor Co.
K. S. King, Dahlgren Division, Naval Surface WarfareCenter
C.D. Merkley, IBM Corp.
T. C. Miller, Los Alamos National Laboratory
A. G. Neumann, Technical Consultants, Inc.
E. Niemiec, Westinghouse Electric Corp.
J. M. Palmer, Jr., Garrett Turbine Engine Co.
D. L. Ragon, Deere & Company, John Deere Dubuque Works
D. W. Shepherd, Shepherd Industries/Northern Illinois University
G. S. Tokunaga, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
R. P. Tremblay, U.S. Department of the Army, ARDEC
B. A. Wilson, McDonnell Douglas Corp.
J. E. Winconek, Allied-Signal Aerospace
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Y14/SC 5 Editing and Illustrations Group
L. S. Darcy, Herman Miller, Inc.
R. M. Evans, Boeing Commercial Airplane Group
C. W. Ferguson, Steelcase, Inc.
A. L. Herpich, Xerox Corp.
A. Krulikowski, General Motors Corp., Powertrain Division
W. M. Stites, Accratronics Seals Corp.
B. A. Wilson, McDonnell Douglas Corp.
J. E. Winconek, Allied-Signal Aerospace
P. Wreede, E-Systems, Inc.
...
Vlll
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CONTENTS
...
Foreword .................................................................... 111
Standards Committee Roster .................................................. vii
ix
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~~ __ .
4 Datum Referencing..................................................... 51
4.1 General ........................................................... 51
4.2 Immobilization of Part ............................................. 51
4.3 Datum Features .................................................... 52
4.4 Specifying Datum Features inan Order of Precedence ................ 52
4.5 Establishing Datums ............................................... 55
4.6 Datum Targets ..................................................... 70
5 Tolerances of Location ................................................. 81
5.1 General ........................................................... 81
5.2Positional Tolerancing.............................................. 81
5.3 Fundamental Explanation of Positional Tolerancing .................. 81
5.4Feature Pattern Location ............................................ 93
5.5 Projected Tolerance Zone ........................................... 115
5.6 Nonparallel Holes .................................................. 135
5.7 Counterbored Holes ................................................ 135
5.8 Closer Control at One End of aFeature ............................. 135
5.9 BidirectionalPositional Tolerancing of Features ...................... 135
5.10 Noncircular Features ............................................... 139
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Appendices
A PrincipalChangesand Improvements .................................. 197
Al General ........................................................... 197
A2 Figures ............................................................ 197
A3 Section1, Scope.Definitions. and General Dimensioning ............. 197
A4 Section 2. General Tolerancing and Related Principles ............... 198
A5 Section 3. Symbology .............................................. 199
A6 Section 4. Datum Referencing ...................................... 199
A7 Section 5. Tolerances of Location ................................... 200
A8 Section 6. Tolerances of Form. Profile. Orientation. and Runout....... 202
A9 Appendix A. Principal Changes and Improvements ................... 202
A10 Appendix B. Formulas for Positional Tolerancing .................... 203
A l 1 Appendix C. Form. Proportion. and Comparison of Symbols .......... 203
A12 Appendix D. Former Practices ...................................... 203
X
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ASME Y14.51 9 4 m 0 7 5 9 6 7 00 5 4 9 4 4 0 64T H
xi
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ASME Y34-5M 9 4 m 07596700549443 58b m
ASME Y14.5M-1994
1 Scope, Definitions,andGeneralDimensioning
1
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ASME YL4.5M 94 0759b70 0 5 4 9 4 4 2 412
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DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING ASMEY14.5M-1994
planes of perfect f o i at minimum separation that 1.3.20 Maximum Material Condition (MMC).
just contact(s) the highest points of the surface(s). The condition in which a feature of size contains the
For features controlled by orientation or positional maximum amount of material within the stated limits
tolerances, the actual mating envelope is oriented rel- of size - for example, minimum hole diameter,
ative to the appropriate datum(s), for example, per- maximum shaft diameter.
pendicular to a primary datum plane.
1.3.21Plane,Tangent. A theoretically exact
(b) For an Internal Feature.A similar perfect fea-
plane derived from the true geometric counterpart of
ture counterpart of largest size that can be inscribed
the specified feature surface.
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ASMEY14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING
whichvariation is permitted in one direction from where manufacturing, processing, quality assurance,
the specified dimension. or environmental information is essential to the defi-
nition of engineering requirements, it shall be speci-
1.3.35 TrueGeometric Counterpart. The theo-
fied on the drawing or in a document referenced on
retically perfect boundary (virtual condition or actual
the drawing.
mating envelope) or best-fit (tangent) plane of a
specified datum feature. See Figs. 4-11 and 4-10.
cf3 It is permissible to identify as nonmandatory
certain processing dimensions that provide for finish
Also see paras. 1.3.5 and 1.3.6 regarding the simu-
lated datum. allowance, shrink allowance, and other requirements,
provided the final dimensions are given on the draw-
1.3.36 True Position. The theoretically exact lo- ing. Nonmandatory processing dimensions shall be
cation of a feature established by basic dimensions. identified by an appropriate note, such as NON-
MANDATORY (MFG DATA).
1.3.37 Virtual Condition. A constant boundary (g) Dimensions should be arranged to provide re-
generated by the collective effects of a size feature's quired information for optimum readability. Dimen-
specified MMC or LMC material condition and the sions should be shown in true profile views and refer
geometric tolerance for that material condition. See to visible outlines.
Figs. 2-9through 2-12. (h) Wires, cables, sheets, rods, and other materials
manufactured to gage or code numbers shall be spec-
ified by linear dimensions indicating the diameter or
1.4 FUNDAMENTAL RULES thickness. Gage or code numbers may be shown in
Dimensioning and tolerancing shall clearly define parentheses following the dimension.
engineering intent and shall conform to the (i) A 90" angle applies where center lines and
following. lines depicting features are shown on a drawing at
(a) Each dimension shall have a tolerance, except right angles and no angle is specified. See para.
for those dimensions specifically identified as refer- 2.1.1.2.
ence, maximum, minimum, or stock (commercial (j) A 90" basic angle applies where center lines
stock size). The tolerance maybe applied directly of features in a pattern or surfaces shown at right
to the dimension (or indirectly in the case of basic angles on the drawing are located or defined by basic
dimensions), indicated by a general note, or located dimensions and no angle is specified.
in a supplementary block of the drawing format. See (k) Unless otherwise specified, all dimensions are
ANSI Y14.1. applicable at 20°C (68°F).Compensation may be
(b) Dimensioning and tolerancing shall be com- made for measurements made at other temperatures.
plete so there is full understanding of the characteris- ( I ) All dimensions and tolerances apply in a free
tics of each feature. Neither scaling (measuring the state condition. This principle does not apply to non-
size of a feature directly from an engineering draw- rigid parts as defined in paras. 2.7.1.3(b) and 6.8.
ing) nor assumption of a distance or size is permitted, (m)Unless otherwise specified, all geometric tol-
except as follows: Undimensioned drawings, such as erances apply for full depth, length, and width of the
loft, printed wiring, templates, and master layouts feature.
prepared on stable material, are excluded provided (n) Dimensions and tolerances apply only at the
the necessary control dimensions are specified. drawing level where they are specified. A dimension
(c) Each necessary dimension of an end product specified for a given feature on one level of drawing,
shall be shown. No more dimensions than those nec- (for example, a detail drawing) is not mandatory for
essary for complete definition shall be given. The that feature at any other level (for example, an as-
use of reference dimensions on a drawing should be sembly drawing).
minimized.
(d) Dimensions shall be selected and arranged to
suit the function and matingrelationship of a part and 1.5 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
shall not be subject to more than one interpretation.
For uniformity, all dimensions in this Standard are
(e) The drawing should define a part without
given in SI units. However, the unit of measurement
specifying manufacturing methods. Thus, only the selected should be in accordance with the policy of
diameter of a hole is given without indicating
the user.
whether it is to be drilled, reamed, punched, or made
by any other operation. However, in those instances 1.5.1 SI (Metric) Linear Units. The commonly
4
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ASIE YL4-51 94 m 07596700549445 L21 m
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1.5.3 Identification of Linear Units. On draw-
ings where all dimensions are either in millimeters
or inches, individual identification of linear units is
not required. However, the drawing shall contain a
notestating UNLESS OTHERWISESPECIFIED,
ALL DIMENSIONSARE IN MILLIMETERS(or IN A
INC HES, as applicable).
1.5.3.1 Combination SI (Metric) and U.S.
CustomaryLinearUnits. Where some inch di-
mensions areshownon a millimeter-dimensioned
drawing, the abbreviation IN. shall follow the inch
values. Where some millimeter dimensions are
shown on an inch-dimensioned drawing, the symbol
m m shall follow the millimeter values. FIG. 1-1 ANGULAR
UNITS
for minutes ', and for seconds ". Where degrees are
indicated alone, the numericalvalueshall be fol-
lowed by the symbol. Where only minutesor seconds
are specified, the number of minutes or seconds shall
c t
be precededby O" or O"O', as applicable. See Fig.
1-1.
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ASME Y14.5M 7 4 W 07.57670054744b Ob8 m
T-
r ""7 1 r- .50
11711
FIG. 1-5 GROUPINGOFDIMENSIONS
to the right of the decimal point where necessary. 1.7.1.1 Alignment. Dimension lines shall be
See Fig. 1-3 and para. 2.3.2. aligned if practicable and grouped for uniform ap-
pearance. See Fig. 1-5.
1.6.3 Decimal Points. Decimal points must be
uniform, dense, and large enough to be clearly visible 1.7.1.2Spacing. Dimension lines are drawn
and meet the reproduction requirements of ASME parallel to the direction of measurement. The space
Y14.2M. Decimal points are placed in line with the between the first dimension line and the part outline
bottom of the associated digits. should be not less than 10 mm; the space between
6 --``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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ASME Y l 1 4 . 5 M 74 0757670 0 5 4 9 4 4 7 T T 4
6
Min
r 8 r*
'P
Mln
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
P
1.7.1.2
Im-i
1.7.2 Extension (Projection) Lines. Extension
lines are used to indicate the extension of a surface
or point to a location preferably outside the part out-
line. See para. 1.7.8. Extension lines start with a short
visible gap from the outline of the part and extend
beyond the outermost related dimension line. See
Fig. 1-6. Extension lines are drawn perpendicular to
dimension lines. Where space is limited, extension
lines may be drawn at an oblique angle to clearly
illustrate where they apply. Where oblique lines are
I used, the dimension lines are shown in the direction
in which they apply. See Fig. 1-8.
FIG. 1-7 STAGGERED
DIMENSIONS
1.7.2.1 Crossing Extension Lines.Wherever
practicable, extension lines should neither cross one
another nor cross dimension lines. To minimize such
succeeding parallel dimension lines should be not crossings, the shortest dimension line is shown near-
less than 6 mm. See Fig. 1-6. est the outline of the object. See Fig. 1-7. Where
extension lines must cross other extension lines, di-
NOTE: These spacings are intended as guides only. If the draw-
ing meets the reproduction requirements of the accepted industry mension lines, or lines depicting features, they are
or military reproduction specification, nonconformance to these not broken. Where extension lines cross arrowheads
spacing requirements is not a basis for rejection of the drawing. or dimension lines close to arrowheads, a break in
Where there are several parallel dimension lines, the extension line is permissible. See Fig. 1-9.
the numerals should be staggered for easier reading. 1.7.2.2 Locating Points. Where a point is lo-
See Fig. 1-7. cated by extension lines only, the extension lines
1.7.1.3AngleDimensions. The dimension from surfaces should pass through the point. See Fig.
line of an angle is an arc drawn with its center at the 1-10.
apex of the angle. The arrowheads terminate at the 1.7.3 LimitedLength orAreaIndication.
extensions of the two sides. See Figs. 1-1 and 1-4. Where it is desired to indicate that a limited length
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ASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING
I 11.7.2.2
FIG. 1-11 LIMITED LENGTH OR AREA INDICATION
FIG. 1-10 POINT
LOCATIONS
or area of a surface is to receive additional treatment place on the drawing. Normally, a leader terminates
or consideration within limits specified on the draw- in an arrowhead. However, where it is intended for
ing, the extent of these limits may be indicated by a leader to refer to a surface by ending within the
use of a chain line. See Fig. 1-1l . outline of that surface, the leader should terminate
1.7.3.1 Chain Lines.In an appropriate view or in a dot. A leader should be an inclined straight line
section, a chain line is drawn parallel to the surface except for a short horizontal portion extending to the
profile atashort distance from it. Dimensions are mid-height of the first or last letter or digit of the
added for length and location. If applied to a surface note or dimension. Two or more leaders to adjacent
of revolution, the indication may be shown on one areas on the drawing should be drawn parallel to
side only. See Fig. 1-ll(a). each other. See Fig. 1-12.
1.7.3.2 Omitting Chain Line Dimensions. If 1.7.4.1
Leader Directed Dimensions.
the chain line clearly indicates the location and extent Leader directed dimensions are specified individu-
of the surface area, dimensions may be omitted. See ally to avoid complicated leaders. See Fig. 1-13. If
Fig. 1-1l(b). too many leaders would impair the legibility of the
drawing, letters or symbols should be used to identify
1.7.3.3 Area Indication Identification. features. See Fig. 1-14.
Where the desired area is shown on a direct view of
the surface, the area is section lined within the chain 1.7.4.2 Circle and Arc. Where a leader is di-
line boundary and appropriately dimensioned. See rected to a circle or an arc, its direction should be
Fig. 1-1l(c). radial. See Fig. 1-15.
1.7.4 Leaders (Leader Lines). A leader is used 1.7.5 Reading Direction. Reading direction for
to direct a dimension, note, or symbol to the intended the following specifications apply:
8
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 94 0759670 0549449 877 m
PLATE THIS
SURFACE PER
AMs2400
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
11.7.4.2
2 45
T-I 24
f
5
read from the bottom of the drawing. See Fig. 1-16.
1.7.5.3 Baseline Dimensioning. Baseline di-
mensions are shown aligned to their extension lines
and read from the bottom or right side of the draw-
ing. See Fig. 1-49.
1.7.6 Reference Dimensions. The method for
identifying a reference dimension(or reference data)
3X $68.6
ondrawings is to enclose thedimension (or data)
within parentheses. See Figs. 1-17 and 1-18.
p T 1.7.7 Overall Dimensions. Where an overall di-
mension is specified, one intermediate dimension is
FIG. 1-14 MINIMIZING
LEADERS omitted or identified as a reference dimension. See
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 74 W 0759670 0549450 597 9
T-
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Ø26 -
L
FIG. 1-19 DIAMETERS
10
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DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING ASMEY14.5M-1994
r' r
- c 3
+
r
FIG. 1-20
RADII FIG. 1-22RADIIWITHUNLOCATEDCENTERS
lis21
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
FIG. 1-21RADIUSWITHLOCATEDCENTER
fi
FIG. 1-23 FORESHORTENED
RADII
arrowhead between the radius center and the arc, it
may be placed outside the arc with a leader. Where
the center of a radius is not dimensionally located,
the center shall not be indicated. See Fig. 1-20. controlled by other dimensioned features such as tan-
gent surfaces. See Fig. 1-22.
1.8.2.1 Center of Radius. Where a dimension
is given to the center of a radius, a small cross is 1.8.2.2 Foreshortened Radii.Where the cen-
drawn at the center. Extension lines and dimension ter of a radius is outside the drawing or interferes
lines are used to locate the center. See Fig. 1-21. with another view, the radius dimension line may
Where location of the center is unimportant, the be foreshortened. See Fig. 1-23. That portion of the
drawing must clearly showthat the arc location is dimension line extending from the arrowhead is ra-
11
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ASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING
I
1
dRuER2
FIG. 1-24 TRUE
RADIUS
118231
....................
m
T 5 5 7
Chord
11.8.:
FIG. 1-26DIMENSIONINGCHORDS,ARCS,ANDANGLES
FIG.1-27FULLYROUNDEDENDS
I
of the radius, TRUE R is added before the radius rounded ends, the radii are dimensioned. See Fig.
dimension. See Fig. 1-24. 1-28.
1.8.2.4 Multiple Radii. Where apart has a 1.8.5RoundedCorners. Where comers are
number of radii of the same dimension, a note may rounded, dimensions define the edges, and the arcs
be used instead of dimensioning each radius are tangent. See Fig. 1-29.
separately.
1.8.6 Outlines Consisting of Arcs. A curved
1.8.2.5 SphericalRadii. Where a spherical outline composed of two or more arcs is dimensioned
surface is dimensioned by a radius, the radius dimen- by giving the radii of all arcs and locating the neces-
sion is preceded by the symbol SR. See Fig. 1-25. sary centers with coordinate dimensions. Other radii
1.8.3Chords,Arcs,andAngles. The dimen- are located on the basis of their points of tangency.
sioning of chords, arcs, and angles shall be as shown See Fig. 1-30.
in Fig. 1-26. 1.8.7 Irregular Outlines. Irregular outlines may
1.8.4RoundedEnds. Overall dimensions are be dimensioned as shown in Figs. 1-31 and 1-32.
used for features having rounded ends. For fully Circular or noncircular outlines may be dimensioned
rounded ends, the radii are indicated but not dimen- by the rectangular coordinate or offset method. S e e
12
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ASME Y / 4 * 5 M 74 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0549453 2T8 H
DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING ASMEY14.5M-1994
m
I r-01
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
FIG. 1-31 COORDINATEOROFFSETOUTLINE
rt #/q
1í
*
I
R10
STATION 1
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ASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING
14
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DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994
.Ø8
316
ØS
316
m
FIG. 1-34 ROUND
HOLES
f 8x22 /-2x R
P"" R 47L
@ uØ14
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
11.8.11
FIG. 1-36 COUNTERBORED
HOLES
(c) 1.9.6
1.8.10
FIG. 1-35 SLOlTED HOLES
15
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ASME YI14.5174 m 07576700547456T07 m
U Ø 7
U$14 3
l:vj
94313
UØ6310
UØ1033
13
I 1.8.11
FIG. 1-37 COUN 'ERBOREDHOLES
A
Ø6.8
J 20
I
1 vØ10 x SO'
i'
I ~~
Countersunk holes
I
r6 6 3 2 0
A
I .
@
ØI036
I 1.8.12
1
I -_
c
I
cIunterdrilled holes
FIG. 1-38 COUNTERSUNK AND COUNTERDRILLED HOLES
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
16
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 74 m O757670 0549457 743
994 DIMENSIONING
ASME AND TOLERANCING
Curved \
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
surface Minor radius equals
the shortest distance
from center to edge
of countersink on
actual part
11.8.12.1
FIG. 1-39COUNTERSINK ON ACURVEDSURFACE
FIG.1-42 45 DEGREE
CHAMFER
I 1.8.13 I
FIG. 1-40
SPOTFACED
HOLES
I 1.8.15
FIG.
1-41
CHAMFERS
1.8.15.2
1.8.15
FIG.
1-43
INTERNAL
CHAMFERS
17
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ASME YL4.5M 94 m 0759670 0549458 A B T m
T KNURL
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
u 1 2 FULLKNURL
FIG. 1-44 CHAMFERSBETWEENSURFACES
AT OTHER THAN 90 DEGREES
3.98
Tt-
@$- PITCH 0.8 STRAIGHTKNURL
9 2 0 MIN AFTERKNURLING
7-
U 12 FULLKNURL
I 1.8.16 11.8.17.1
FIG, 1-45 KEYSEATS FIG, 1-47 KNURLS
FOR
PRESS
FITS
18
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ASME Y L 4 = 5 M 9 4 0757670 0547457 7bb
AND DIMENSIONING
SIZE SYMBOL I A I B I C I D
HOLE 6 I 7 I 4.8 I 3.6 1 3.1
~~
E
1.9.2
19
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A S I E YZ4.5M 94 0759670
05Y94bO Y38
1994 ASME
r
LÏ I - 24- 4
-X -2
1.9.3
-
7
1.9.2
1.9
"
*
"C
C.-.-. F1.9.5.1
1.9.5
11.9
20
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 74 m 0757670 05474b2 374 m
6X $7
5X 10’ ( = 5 0 ’ )
FIG.1-55REPETITIVEFEATURESANDDIMENSIONS
I
flax
Ø7 I
IC \+ + + + + 2
i l
i 15tL?7X 16 (=272)-4 1.9.5.2
1.9.5.1
1.9.5
FIG.1-54REPETITIVEFEATURESANDDIMENSIONS
FIG.1-56REPETITIVEFEATURESANDDIMENSIONS
21
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--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
2GeneralTolerancingandRelated Principles
2.1 GENERAL
This Section establishes practices for expressing
tolerances on linear and angular dimensions, applica-
bility of material condition modifiers, and interpreta-
tions governing limits and tolerances.
CAUTION: If CAD/CAM database models are used and they do
not include tolerances, then tolerances must be expressed outside
of the database to reflect design requirements.
m
(d) as specified in other documents referenced on
the drawing for specific features or processes;
( e ) in a general tolerance block referring to all Ø7.5 - 7.6
dimensions on a drawing for which tolerances are
not otherwise specified; see ANSI Y 14.1
2.1.1.1 Positional Tolerancing Method.
Preferably, tolerances on dimensions that locate fea-
tures of size are specified by the positional toleranc-
ing method described in Section 5 . In certain cases,
such as locating irregular-shaped features, the profile
tolerancing method described in Section 6 may be
used.
2.1.1.2 Implied 90" Angle. By convention,
where center lines and surfaces of features of a part
are depicted on engineering drawings intersecting at
right angles, a 90" angle is not specified. Implied 90"
angles are understood to apply. The tolerance on
these implied 90" angles is the same as for all other
angular features shown on the field of the drawing
governed by general angular tolerance notes or gen-
eral tolerance block values. Where center lines and
surfaces of a part are depicted on engineering draw-
ings intersecting at right angles and basic dimensions 12:
or geometric controls have been specified, implied
FIG. 2-1 LIMIT
DIMENSIONING
90" basic angles are understood to apply. The toler-
ance on the feature associated with these implied 90"
basic angles is provided by feature control frames
23
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 m 0759670 0549463 L47 m
mo 12+o.1
FIG. 2-3
(c) 30 f7
2.3TOLERANCEEXPRESSION
(b) Bilateraltolerancing
12.2
The conventions shown in the following para-
FIG. 2-2 PLUSANDMINUSTOLERANCING
graphs shall be observed pertaining to the number of
decimal places carried in the tolerance.
2.3.1 Millimeter Tolerances. Where millimeter
that govern the location, orientation, profile, or run- dimensions are used on the drawings, the following
out of features of the part. See paras. 1.4 (i) and G). apply
( a ) Where unilateral tolerancing is used and either
the plus or minus value is nil, a single zero is shown
2.2 DIRECT TOLERANCING METHODS without a plus or minus sign.
Limits and directly applied tolerance values are EXAMPLE:
specified as follows. O
or
32-~.~2 32+:-02
(a) Limit Dimensioning. The high limit (maxi-
mum value) is placed above the low limit (minimum (b) Where bilateral tolerancing is used, both the
value). When expressed in a single line, the low limit plus and minus values have the same number of deci-
precedes the high limit and a dash separates the two mal places, using zeros where necessary.
values. See Fig. 2-1. EXAMPLE:
+0.25
(b) Plus and Minus Tolerancing. The dimension not
32-~.~
is given first and is followed by a plus and minus
(c) Where limit dimensioning is used and either
expression of tolerance. See Fig. 2-2.
the maximum or minimum value has digits following
2.2.1 MetricLimits and Fits For metric applica- a decimal point, the other value has zeros added for
tion of limits and fits, the tolerance may be indicated uniformity.
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
24
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 94 m 0757670 0549464 083 m
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLES:
25.45 12.2 means 12.20...o
25.00
not
25
12.0 means 12.00...o
12.01 means 12.010...o
(d) Where basic dimensions are used, associated
tolerances contain the number of decimal places nec- To determine conformance within limits, the mea-
essary for control. The basicdimensionvalueob- sured value is compared directly with the specified
serves the practices of para. 1.6.1. value and anydeviation outside the specified limiting
EXAMPLE: value signifies nonconformance with the limits.
1251 125.001 2.4.1 Plated or Coated Patts. Where a part is
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
not
with to be plated or coated, the drawing or referenced
document shall specify whether the dimensions are
before or after plating. Typical examples of notes are
2.3.2 Inch Tolerances. Where inch dimensions the following:
are used on the drawing, the following apply: (a) DIMENSIONAL LIMITS APPLY AFTER
(a) Where unilateral tolerancing is used and either PLATING.
the plus or minus value is nil, its dimension shall be (b) DIMENSIONAL LIMITS APPLYBEFORE
expressed with the same number of decimal places, PLATING.
and the appropriate plus or minus sign. (For processes other than plating, substitute the
EXAMPLE: appropriate term.)
+.O05
not .500
+ ,005
o
m500- .o00
(6) Where bilateral tolerancing is used, both the
plus and minus values and the dimension have the 2.5SINGLE LIMITS
same number of decimal places. MIN or MAX is placed after a dimension where
EXAMPLE: other elements of the design definitely determine the
2.005
.500 not .50 2.005
other unspecified 'limit. Features, such as depths of
(c) Where limit dimensioning is used and either holes, lengths of threads, comer radii, chamfers, etc.,
the maximum or minimum valuehas digits following may be limited in this way. Single limits are used
a decimal point, the other value has zeros added for where the intent will be clear, and the unspecified
uniformity. limit can be zero or approach infinity and will not
EXAMPLE: result in a condition detrimental to the design.
.750
not
.748 .748
(d) Where basic dimensions are used, associated
tolerances contain the number of decimal places nec- 2.6 TOLERANCE ACCUMULATION
essary for control. The basic dimension value is ex- Figure 2-4 compares the tolerance values resulting
pressed with the same number of decimal places as from three methods of dimensioning.
the tolerance. (a) Chain Dimensioning. The maximum variation
EXAMPLE: between two features is equal to the sum of the toler-
not
Iloo] anceson the intermediate distances; this results in
with the greatest tolerance accumulation. In Fig. 2-4(a),
I$I@.005@IAIBICI [$1@.005@IAIBICI the tolerance accumulation between surfaces X and
Y is i~0.15.
2.3.3AngleTolerances. Where angle dimen- (b) Base Line Dimensioning. The maximum vari-
sions are used, both the plus and minus values and ation between two features is equal to the sum of the
the angle have the same number of decimal places. tolerances on the two dimensions from their origin
EXAMPLE: to the features; this results in a reduction of the toler-
25.0" k.2" not 25" 2.2" ance accumulation. In Fig. 2-4(b), the tolerance accu-
mulation between surfaces X and Y is kO.1.
( c ) Direct Dimensioning. The maximum variation
2.4 INTERPRETATION OF LIMITS between two features is controlled by the tolerance
All limits are absolute. Dimensional limits, regard- on the dimension between the features; this results
less of the number of decimal places, are used as if in the least tolerance. In Fig. 2-4(c), the tolerance
they were continued with zeros. between surfaces X and Y is k0.05.
25
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 94 m 0 7 5 7 6 7 0 05494b5 T L T m
X
(a) Chain dimensioning -greatest tolerance MEANS THIS
Fi7 t- 3.3.16
2.6.1
NOT THIS
7
L
, ~ 12.4
X I
(b) Base line dimensioning -lesser tolerance
accumulation between X and Y. LLonger sudace 11.6
used as the origin
I
I
I two parallel surfaces of unequal length is to be
I
I I I
IY
mounted on the shorter surface. In this example, the
dimension origin symbol described in para. 3.3.16
'L-2620.05-4 signifies that the dimension originates from the plane
established bythe shorter surface and dimensional
(c) Direct dimensioning -least tolerance
between X and Y. limits apply to the other surface. Without such indi-
cation, the longer surface could have been selected as
the origin, thus permitting a greater angular variation
FIG. 2-4 TOLERANCEACCUMULATION between surfaces.
26
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 m 0759670 0549466 956 m
t - t Ø 2 0 . 1 ("C)
boundary
form Ø20 (LMC)
I I
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
/$$W form Perfect
MMC boundary
Ø
T
2
0+
.* (LMC)
6.2
I I I I
Ø20.2 (LMC) J C c t Ø 2 0 . 1 ("C)
2.7.1.2
2.7.1.1 Variations of Size. The actual local dustry or government standards that prescribe limits
size of an individual feature at each cross section for straightness, flatness, and other geometric charac-
shall be within the specified tolerance of size. teristics. Unless geometric tolerances are specified
on the drawing of a partmade from these items,
2.7.1.2 Variations of Form (Envelope Prin- standards for these items govern the surfaces that
ciple). The form ofan individual feature is con- remain in the as-furnished condition on the finished
trolled by its limits of size to the extent prescribed
in the following paragraphs and illustrated in Fig. Part.
(b) parts subject to free state variation in the unre-
2-6. strained condition. See para. 6.8.
(u) The surface or surfaces of a feature shall not
extend beyond a boundary (envelope) of perfect form 2.7.2PerfectForm at MMC Not Required.
at MMC. This boundary is the true geometric form Where it is desired to permit a surface or surfaces of
represented by the drawing. No variation in form is a feature to exceed the boundary of perfect form at
permitted if the feature is produced at its MMC limit MMC, a note such as PERFECT FORM AT MMC
of size except as specified in para. 6.4.1.1.2. NOT REQD is specified, exempting the pertinent
(b) Where the actual local size of a feature has size dimension from the provision of para. 2.7.1.2(a).
departed from MMCtowardLMC, a variation in
form is allowed equal to the amount of such
2.7.3Relationship Between Individual Fea-
departure. tures. The limits of size do not control the orienta-
( c ) There is no requirement for a boundary of per- tion or location relationship between individual fea-
fect form at LMC. Thus, a feature produced at its tures. Features shown perpendicular, coaxial, or
LMC limit of size is permitted to varyfrom true
symmetrical to each other must be controlled for lo-
form to the maximum variation allowed by the
cation or orientation to avoid incomplete drawing
boundary of perfect form at MMC. requirements. These controls maybe specified by
2.7.1.3 Form Control Does Not Apply (Ex- one of the methods given in Sections 5 and 6. If it
ceptions to Rule #l). The control of geometric is necessary to establish a boundary of perfect form
form prescribed by limits of size does not apply to at MMC tocontrol the relationship between features,
the following: the following methods are used.
(a) stock, such as bars, sheets, tubing, structural (a) Specify a zero tolerance of orientation at
shapes, and other items produced to established in- MMC, including a datum reference (at MMC if ap-
17
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ASME Y14-5M 9 4 0 7 5 9 6 7005 4 9 4 6 7 892
plicable), to control angularity, perpendicularity, or ance is applied on an MMC basis, the allowed toler-
parallelism of the feature. S e e para. 6.6.1.2. ance is dependent on the actual mating size of the
(b) Specify a zero positional tolerance at MMC, considered feature. The tolerance is limited to the
including a datum reference (at MMC if applicable) specified value if the feature is producedat its MMC
to control coaxial or symmetrical features. See paras. limitof size. Where the actual mating size of the
5.11.1.3 and 5.13.2. feature has departed from MMC, an increase in the
(c) Indicate this control for the features involved tolerance is allowed equal to the amount of such
by a note such as PERFECT ORIENTATION (or departure. The total permissible variation in the spe-
COAXIALITY or LOCATION OF SYMMETRICAL cific geometric characteristic is maximum when the
FEATURES) AT MMC REQUIRED FOR RE- feature is at LMC. Likewise, referencing a datum
LATED FEATURES. feature on an MMC basis means the datum is the
(d) Relate dimensions to a datum reference frame axis or center plane of the feature at the MMC limit.
by a local or general note indicating datum prece- Where the actual mating size of the datum feature
dence. See para. 4.4. The noted dimensions define has departed from MMC, a deviation is allowed be-
only the maximum material condition envelope re- tween its axis or center plane and the axis or center
lated tothe datum reference frame definedbythe plane of the datum.
datums. For LMC, see para. 2.7.1.2(c).
2.8.3 Effectof Zero Tolerance at MMC.Where
a tolerance of position or orientation is applied on a
2.8 APPLICABILITY OF RFS, MMC, AND LMC zero tolerance at MMC basis, the tolerance is totally
dependent onthe actual mating size of the considered
Applicability of RFS, MMC, and LMC is limited feature. No tolerance of position or orientation is
to features subject to variations in size. They may be allowed if the feature is produced at its MMC limit
datum features or other features whose axes or center of size; and in this case, it must be located at true
planes are controlled by geometric tolerances. In the position or be perfect in orientation, as applicable.
case of straightness covered in paras. 6.4.1.1.2 and Where the actual mating size of the considered fea-
6.4.1.1.3, it is the derived median line and the de- ture has departed from MMC, a tolerance is allowed
rived median plane, rather than the axis and center equal to the amount of such departure. The total per-
plane that are controlled. In all cases, the following missible variation in position or orientation is maxi-
practices apply for indicating RFS, MMC, and LMC: mum when the feature is at LMC, unless a maximum
(a) All ApplicableGeometric Tolerances (Rule is specified. See Figs. 6-41 and 6-42.
#Z). RFS applies, with respect to the individual toler-
ance, datum reference, or both, where no modifying 2.8.4 Effect of LMC. Where a positional toler-
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
symbol is specified. MMC or LMC mustbe specified ance is applied on an LMC basis, the allowed toler-
on the drawing where it is required. ance is dependent on the actual mating size of the
considered feature. The tolerance is limited to the
NOTE,:Circular runout,total runout, concentricity, and symmetry
are applicable only on an W S basis and cannot be modified to specified value if the feature is produced at its LMC
MMC or LMC. limit of size. Where the actual mating size ofthe
feature has departed from LMC, an increase in the
(b) Alternative Practice. For a tolerance of posi- tolerance is allowed equal to the amountof such
tion (Rule #2a), RFS may be specified on the draw- departure. The total permissible variation in position
ing with respect to the individual tolerance, datum is maximum when the feature is at MMC. Likewise,
reference, or both, as applicable. See Appendix D referencing a datum feature' on an LMC basis means
(Fig. D-1). the datum is the axis or center plane of the feature
2.8.1 Effect of RFS. Where a geometric tolerance at the LMC limit. Where the actual mating size of the
is applied on an RFS basis, the specified tolerance datum feature has departed from LMC, a deviation is
is independent of the actual size of the considered allowed between its axis or center plane and the axis
feature. The tolerance is limited to the specified value or center plane of the datum.
regardless of the actual size of the feature. Likewise,
2.8.5 Effect of Zero Tolerance at LMC.Where
referencing a datum feature on an RFS basis means
a tolerance of position or orientation is applied on a
that a centering about its axis or center plane is nec-
F r o tolerance at LMC basis, the tolerance is totally
essary, regardless of the actual size of the feature.
dependent on the size of the considered feature. No
2.8.2 Effect of MMC. Where a geometric toler- tolerance of position or Orientation is allowed if the
28
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ASME Yl14.5M 9 4 W 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0 5 4 9 4 6 8 7 2 9 W
feature is produced at its LMC limit of size; and in 2.11.2 Resultant Condition. From para. 2.11
this case, it must be located at true position or be considerations, the worst case inner locus and worst
perfect in orientation, as applicable. Where the actual case outer locus values are derived and termed resul-
mating size of the considered feature has departed tant condition. S e e Figs. 2-7 through 2-12.
from LMC,a tolerance is allowed equal to the 2.11.3 Datum Features at Virtual Condition.
amount of such departure. The total permissible vari- A virtual condition exists for a datum feature of size
ation in position or orientation is maximum when the where its axis or center plane is controlled by a geo-
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
feature is at MMC unless a maximum is specified.
metric tolerance. In such cases, the datum feature
See Figs. 5-13, 5-14, and 6-42.
applies at its virtual condition even though it is refer-
enced in a feature control frame at MMC or LMC.
Where a virtual condition equal to the maximum ma-
2.9 SCREW THREADS terial condition or the least material condition is the
Each tolerance of orientation or position and da- design requirement, a zero tolerance at MMC or
tum reference specified for a screw thread applies to LMC is specified. See Sections 4, 5 , and 6.
the axis of the thread derived from the pitch cylinder.
Where an exception to this practice is necessary, the 2.12 ANGULAR SURFACES
specific feature of the screw thread (such as MAJOR
Where an angular surface is defined by a combina-
DIA or MINOR DIA) shall be stated beneath the
tion of a linear dimension and an angle, the surface
feature control frame, or beneath or adjacent to the
must lie within a tolerance zone represented by two
datum feature symbol, as applicable. See Fig. 5-62.
nonparallel planes. See Fig. 2-13. The tolerance zone
will widen asthe distance from the apex of the angle
increases. Where a tolerance zone with parallel
2.10 GEARS AND SPLINES boundaries is desired, a basic angle may be specified
Each tolerance of orientation or position and da- as in Fig. 2-14. The dimensions related to the origin
tum reference specified for features other than screw are then used in the same manner described in para.
threads, such as gears and splines, must designate 2.6.1. Additionally, an angularity tolerance may be
the specific feature of the gear or spline to which specified within these boundaries. See Fig. 6-27.
each applies (such as MAJOR DIA, PITCH DIA, or
MINOR DIA). This information is stated beneath the 2.13 CONICAL TAPERS
feature control frame or beneath the datum feature
symbol, as applicable. Conical tapers include the category of standard
machine tapers used throughout the tooling industry,
classified as American Standard Self-Holding and
Steep Taper series. See ANSI B5.10. American Stan-
2.11 VIRTUAL/RESULTANT CONDITION dard machine tapers are usually dimensioned by
Depending upon its function, a feature is con- specifying the taper name and number. See Fig. 2-
trolled by size and applicable geometric controls. 16(b). The diameter at the gage line and the length
Material condition (MMC or LMC) may also be ap- may also be specified. The taper in inches per foot
plicable. Consideration must be given to the collec- and the diameter of the small end may be shown as
tive effects of MMC and applicable tolerances in reference. A conical taper may also be specified by
determining the clearance between parts (fixed or one of the following methods:
floating fastener formula) and in establishing gage (a) a basic taper and abasic diameter (see Fig.
feature sizes. Consideration must be given to the col- 2- 15);
lective effects of LMC and applicable tolerances in (b) a size tolerance combined witha profile of
determining guaranteed area of contact, thinwall a surface tolerance applied to the taper (see para.
conservation, and alignment hole location in estab- 6.5.8);
lishing gage feature sizes. ( c ) a toleranced diameter at both ends of a taper
and a toleranced length. See Fig. 2-16(a).
2.11.1 Virtual Condition. From para. 2.11 con-
siderations, constant value outer locus and constant NOTE: The method described in (c) above is applicable for non-
critical tapers, such as the transition between diametersof a shaft.
value inner locus values are derived and termed vir-
tual condition. See Figs. 2-7 through 2-12. (d) a composite profile tolerance.
29
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ASME Y14.5M 94 m 0757670 0549469 b b 5
4 ASME
1
CONSTANT VARIABLE
VALUE VALUE
1
OUTER OUTER INNER
BOUNDARY BOUNDARY BOUNDARY BOUNDARY
(LOCUS) (LOCUS) (LOCUS) (LOCUS)
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
I LMC 1
]"MC/
[@HOLE I@TOLI V COND I R COND II
I
30.5
30.2
30.1
I
0.5
I
I
0.2
0.1
I 31.0 I
30.4
30.2
29.0
I I MMC I
I
LMC
ml
IØPIN I Ø T O L ~ V C O N D ~ R C O N D
29.9
29.6
29.5
I 0.1 I
30.0 pl
I 29.8
29.2
The virtual condition of an internal feature The virtual condition of an external feature
is a constant value equal to its maximum is a constant value equal to its maximum
material condition size MINUS its applicable material condition size PLUS its applicable
tolerance of location. tolerance of location.
The resultant condition of an internal feature The resultant condition of an external feature
is a variable value equal to its actual is a variable value equal to its actual
mating envelope size PLUS its applicable mating envelope size MINUS its applicable
tolerance of location. toleraice of location.
12.11.1
30
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ND DIMENSIONING ASME Y14.5M-1994
VIRTUAL RESULTANT
CONDITION CONDITION CONDITION CONDITION
CONSTANT
1 1
VARIABLE
VALUE VALUE VALUE
INNER
1 OUTER
1
BOUNDARY BOUNDARY BOUNDARY BOUNDARY
(LOCUS) (LOCUS) (LOCUS) (LOCUS)
I
o
I ~ H O L EI ~ T OI VLCOND I R COND I IGPINI ~ T OI LV COND I R GOND I
29.7 29.4
I 30.2 I 0.4 29.8 29.6 29.8
IMMCl 30.1 I 0.5 29.6 LMC 29.5 29.6
The virtual condition of an internal feature The virtual condition of an external feature
is a constant value equal to its least is a constant value equal to its least
material condition size PLUS its applicable material condition size MINUS its applicable
tolerance of location. tolerance of location.
The resultant condition of an internal feature The resultant condition of an external feature
is a variable value equal to its actual is a variable value equal to its actual
mating envelope size MINUS its applicable mating envelope size PLUS its applicable
tolerance of location. tolerance of location.
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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ASME Y34.5M 74 H 0 7 5 9 b 7 00 5 4 9 4 7 32 3 3 H
Ø30.1Holeshown at
4 maximumpossible
locations
at Ø30.5
shownHole LMC at zone
4 maximumpossible
locations
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
E2.11.2
2.11.1
+m$30.5LMCSize
Ø31
of feature
Postionalzone at LMC
Resultant
condition(Outer
boundary)
32
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A S I E Y L 4 - 5714 0759670 0547472 L5T m
.
Ø30.5 LMCSize of feature
+@ 0.1 Postional zone at LMC
Ø30.6 Virtualcondition(Outerboundary)
33
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 9 4 m 0759670 0549473 096 m
t-
Pin
929.5 shown at I i-Ø0.5 Positional
zone at LMC
34
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~~ ~
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Pin 1629.9
at zone
shown at MMC
4maximumpossible
locations
+m
Ø29.9MMCSize of feature
PostionalzoneatMMC
J630.4Resultantcondition(Outerboundary)
35
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 1 94 m 0759670 0 5 4 9 4 7 5 969 m
MEANS THIS
fi
MEANS THIS
P
1.3.2
10.5
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
L Indicated origin plane Indicated origin plane
The surface controlled by the angular dimension The surface controlled by the angular dimension
may be anywhere within the tolerance zone may lie anywhere within the tolerance zone
withonerestriction:itsanglemustnot be less having parallel boundaries inclined at the basic
than 29'30' nor more than 30'30'. angle.
FIG. 2-13 TOLERANCING AN ANGULARSURFACE USING FIG. 2-14 TOLERANCING ANANGUIAR SURFACE WITH
A COMBINATION OF LINEAR AND ANGULAR DIMENSIONS A BASICANGLE
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ASME YL4.5M 94 9 0759670 0547476 B T 5 m
AMERICANSTANDARD
MEANS THIS
TAPER X4 (.6232 INIFT)
7
Basic Ø 30 f 0.05 @
27.4)i
Radial
diameter
I tolerance
zone
9.9 M ko.
2
(b) Standardtaper
The taper must fall within the zone created by the
basic taper and the locating dimension of the basic
1213
diameter. FIG. 2-16 SPECIFYING
TAPERS
L L - 4
37
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ASMEY14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING
CR2.42 0.3
Maximum radius 2.7
Part contour
I
13.3.17j
FIG. 2-19 SPECIFYING A CONTROLLEDRADIUS
FIG. 2-17 SPECIFYING A FLATTAPER
THISONTHE DRAWING
II MEANSTHIS
r Minimumradius 2.1
2.16 STATISTICAL TOLERANCING
Statisticaltolerancing is the assigning of toler-
ances to related components of an assembly on the
basis of sound statistics (such as the assembly toler-
ance is equal to the square root of the sum of the
squares of the individual tolerances).
2.16.1 Application to Assemblies. The toler-
12.15.1 1' ances assigned to component items of an assembly
are determined by arithmetically dividing the assem-
FIG. 2-18 SPECIFYING A RADIUS
bly tolerances among the individual components of
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
the assembly. When tolerances assigned by arithme-
tic stacking are restrictive, statistical tolerancing may
be used for increased individual feature tolerance.
2.15RADIUS The increased tolerance may reduce manufacturing
A radius is any straight line extending from the cost, but shall only be employed where the appro-
center to the periphery of a circle or sphere. priate statistical process control will be used. For
application see appropriate statistics or engineering
2.15.1RadiusTolerance. A radius symbol R design manuals.
creates a zone defined by two arcs (the minimum
and maximumradii). The part surface must lie within 2.16.2 Identification. Statistical tolerances on di-
this zone. See Fig. 2-18. mensions are designated as illustrated in Figs. 2-20
through 2-22.
NOTE: This is a change from the previous editions of this Stan- (a) A note such as the following shall be placed
dard. See Appendix D.
on the drawing: FEATURES IDENTIFIEDAS STA-
2.15.2 Controlled RadiusTolerance. A con- TISTICALLY TOLERANCED (ST) SHALL BE
trolled radius symbol CR creates a tolerance zone PRODUCED WITH STATISTICAL PROCESS
definedbytwo arcs (the minimum and maximum CONTROLS. See Fig. 2-20.
radii) that are tangent to the adjacent surfaces. When (b) It may be necessary to designate both the sta-
specifying a controlled radius, the part contour tistical limits and the arithmetic stacking limits when
within the crescent-shaped tolerance zone must be a the dimension has the possibility of being produced
fair curve without reversals. Additionally, radii taken without statistical process control (SPC). A note such
atallpointson the part contour shall neither be as the following shall be placed on the drawing:
smaller than the specified minimum limit nor larger FEATURESIDENTIFIED AS STATISTICALLY
than the maximum limit. See Fig. 2-19. Where it is TOLERANCED (ST) SHALL BE PRODUCED
necessary to apply further restrictions to the part ra- WITH STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROLS,
dius, they shall be specified on the drawing or in a OR TO THE MORE RESTRICTIVE ARITHMETIC
document referenced on the drawing. LIMITS. See Fig. 2-21.
38
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ND DIMENSIONING
FIG.
2-20
STATISTICAL
TOLERANCING
ØlO.14+0.05
Ø10.14f 0.02
-@10.14?0.05 @
f-
12.18.2
FIG.2-22STATISTICALTOLERANCINGWITHGEOMETRICCONTROLS
39
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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06:14:58 MDT Questions or comments about this message: please call the Document
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ASME Y / 4 * 5 M 74 0757670 0547477 504
3 Symbology
41
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 9 4 m 0759670 0549480 226 m
94 ASME
I TYPE OF
TOLERANCE
I CHARACTERISTIC
t
I
STRAIGHTNESS
I
I
I t
FOR FLATNESS 6.4.2
INDIVIDUAL FORM
FEATURES CIRCULARITY(ROUNDNESS)
I I
CYLlNDRlClTY
FOR PROFILE OF A LINE
INDIVIDUAL PROFILE
OR RELATED
FEATURES
PROFILE OF A SURFACE
I
I
I
l
ANGULARITY 6.6.2
ORIENTATION PERPENDICULARITY
PARALLELISM 6.6.3
FOR
RELATED
FEATURES LOCATION
POSITION
CONCENTRICITY
+0 I
I
5-2
5.11.3
-
- I
SYMMETRY - 5.13
+
RUNOUT
TOTAL RUNOUT ”
fl ” 6.7.1.2.2
13.3.1
FIG. 3-1 GEOMETRIC
CHARACTERISTIC
SYMBOLS
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
FIG. 3-3 DATUM FEATURE SYMBOLS ON A FEATURE SURFACE AND AN EXTENSION LINE
Ø @ Ø
1332
FIG. 3-4 PLACEMENTOF DATUM FEATURESYMBOLS ON FEATURESOFSIZE
43
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 9 4 m 0759670 0547482 O T 7 m
94 ASME
I fi
FIG. 3-5 PLACEMENTOF DATUM FEATURESYMBOL IN
CONJUNCTIONWITHAFEATURECONTROLFRAME
/
3.3.10 Statistical Tolerancing Symbol. The
r Target area size, where applicable 7
symbolic means of indicating that a tolerance is
based on statistical tolerancing is shown in Fig. 3-8.
D a t
identifying u m A If the tolerance is a statistical geometric tolerance,
r Target letter the symbol is placedinthe feature control frame
Ø following the stated tolerance and any modifier. See
Fig. 3-9. If the tolerance is a statistical size
tolerance,
or f the symbol is placed adjacent to the size dimension.
Datum See Figs. 2-20 and 3-10.
Target letter 3.3.11 Between Symbol. The symbolic means
number of indicating that a tolerance applies to a limited
segment of a surface between designated extremities
is shown in Figs. 3-8, 3-11, 6-13, and 6-14. In Fig.
FIG. 3-6 DATUMTARGETSYMBOL
3-1 1, forexample, the tolerance applies only between
point G and point H.
3.3.12 Counterbore or Spotface Symbol. The
symbolic means of indicating a counterbore or a
spotface is shown inFig. 3-12. The symbol precedes,
with no space, the dimension of the counterbore or
spotface.
3.3.13 Countersink Symbol. The symbolic
means of indicating a countersink is shown in Fig.
3-13. The symbol precedes, with no space, the di-
mensions of the countersink.
3.3.14 Depth Symbol. The symbolic means of
indicating that a dimension applies to the depth of a
feature is to precede that dimension with the depth
symbol, as shown in Fig. 3-14. The symbol and the
FIG. 3-7 BASICDIMENSIONSYMBOL value are not separated by a space.
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
44
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ASME Yl14.5M 94 m 0759670 0547483 T35 m
ATMAXIMUMMATERIALCONDITION @ 3.3.5
ATLEASTMATERIALCONDITION Q 3.3.5
PROJECTEDTOLERANCEZONE @ 3.3.6
I
I I
STATE FREE I @)
- I 3.3.19
PLANE
TANGENT
I
I @
I
I 3.3.20 I
DIAMETER Ø 3.3.7
SPHERICALDIAMETER SØ 3.3.7
RADIUS R 3.3.7
LENGTH ARC
STATISTICAL TOLERANCE
BETWEEN 3.3.11
. .
L Between
symbol
13.3.10 3.3.11
I 1 I
5.17 Q
5.13
t I
(or spotface)
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
symbol
45
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ASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING
. @ 6 . 5THRU
v 6 1 0 x 90'
20 2 0.3
Countersink
I
symbol
82 0.2
Dimension
origin symbol
13316
FIG.3-16DIMENSIONORIGINSYMBOL
13.3.18
FIG. 3-17SYMBOL FOR ALLAROUND
between two features originates from one of these 3.3.21 Surface Texture Symbols. For informa-
features and not the other is shown in Figs. 2-5 and tionon the symbolic means of specifying surface
3-16. texture, see ANSI Y14.36.
46
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DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994
Geometric
characteristic
symbol -, ,-Tolerance
Free state symbol’
I=
3 3 19
L Datum reference
FIG. 3-18 FEATURECONTROLFRAMEWITHFREE Diameter symbol letter
STATESYMBOL
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Materialcondition
symbol
J
FIG. 3-20 FEATURECONTROLFRAMEINCORPORATING
ADATUM REFERENCE
Geometric
Tolerance
characteristic
symbol
m] (a)One
datum
1 datum
reference
Diameter
symbol f-Material
symbol
condition
1341
(b) Two r Primary
FIG. 3-19 FEATURECONTROLFRAME datum Secondary
references
I
\I
IØ0.25@(BIC@I
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ASME Y14.5M 94 m 0759b70 0549486 7 4 4 m
6.5.9.1
(a)Composite 5.4.1
3.4.4
I - +
60.8 @ D E F
Ø 0.25 @ D
48
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A S I E YL4.51 9 4 E 0 7 5 9 6 7 00 5 4 9 4 8 7 680 E
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
FIG. 3-25 FEATURECONTROLFRAMEPLACEMENT
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~~
I Y ~ T O LC I R - S ]
Datumreferenceletters
Tabulated tolerance letter designation
Tabulated column heading
PART NUMBER A 0 C D E F
I
I
137
FIG. 3-26 TABULATEDTOLERANCES
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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ASME YL4-5M 9 4 M 0759670 0549487 453 M
4 Datum Referencing
4.2.1 Application. As measurements cannot be three-plane dimensioning system used for datum
made from a true geometric counterpart that is theo- referencing.
retical, a datum is assumed to exist in and be simu-
lated by the associated processing equipment. For 4.2.2.2
Number of Datum Reference
example, machine tables and surface plates, though Frames. In some cases, a single datum reference
not true planes, are of such quality that the planes frame will suffice. In others, additional datum refer-
derived from them are used to simulate the datums ence frames may be necessary where physical sepa-
from which measurements are taken and dimensions ration or the functional relationship of features re-
verified. See Fig. 4-10. Also, for example, ring and quires that datum reference frames be applied at
plug gages, and mandrels, though not true cylinders, specific locations onthepart.In such cases, each
are of such quality that their axes are used as simu- feature control frame must contain the datum feature
lated datums from which measurements are taken references that are applicable. Any difference in the
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ASME YL4.5M 94 m 0759b70 0549490 175 m
94 ASME
Datum point
v ,-Datum axis
Direction of measurements
7
axis
Datumplanes
I -i origin of
measurement axis L Datum
order of precedence or in the material condition of identifies physical features and shall not be applied
any datum features referenced in multiple feature to center lines, center planes, Ór axes except as de-
control frames requires different datum simulation fined in paras. 4.6.6 and 4.6.7.
methods and, consequently, establishes a different
datum reference frame. See para. 4.5.1 1. 4.3.3 Datum Feature Controls. Measurements
made from a datum reference frame do not take into
account any variations of the datum features. Consid-
eration shall be given to controlling the desired accu-
racy of the datum features by applying appropriate
4.3 DATUM FEATURES geometric tolerances. Where a control of an entire
feature becomes impracticable, use of datum targets
A datum feature is selected on the basis of its may be considered or a partial surface may be desig-
geometric relationship to the toleranced feature and nated as the datum feature. See paras. 4.5.10 and 4.6.
the requirements of the design. To ensure proper as-
sembly, corresponding interfacing features of mating
parts should be selected as datum features. However,
a datum feature should be accessible on the part and
be of sufficient size to permit its use. Datum features
4.4 SPECIFYING DATUM FEATURES IN AN
must be readily discernible on the part. Therefore, in
ORDER OF PRECEDENCE
the case of symmetrical parts or parts with identical
features, physical identification of the datum feature Datum features must be specified in an order of
on the part may be necessary. precedence to position a part properly on the datum
reference frame. Figure 4-2 illustrates a part where
4.3.1 Temporary and Permanent Datum Fea-
the datum features are plane surfaces. The desired
tures. Selected datum features of in-process parts,
order of precedence is indicated by entering the ap-
such as castings, forgings, machinings, or fabrica-
propriate datum feature reference letters, from left to
tions, may be used temporarily for the establishment
right, in the feature control frame. In Fig. 4-2(a), the
of machined surfaces to serve as permanent datum
datum features are identified as surfaces D, E, and
features. Such temporary datum features may or may
F. These surfaces are most important to the design
not be subsequently removed by machining. Perma-
and function of the part, as illustrated by Fig. 4-2(b).
nent datum features should be surfaces or diameters
Surfaces D, E, and F are the primary, secondary,
not appreciably changed by subsequent processing
and tertiary datum features, respectively, since they
operations.
appear in that order in the feature control frame.
4.3.2 Datum FeatureIdentification. Datum
NOTE: When necessary to relate linear and angular dimensions
features are identified on the drawing by means of to a datum reference frame, the desired order of precedence may
a datum feature symbol. The datum feature symbol be indicated by a note such as: UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECI-
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
52
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ASME Y14.5M 74 0 7 5 7 6 7005 4 7 4 7 3 O02
Seconddatum p l a n e 7
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
144
1441
FIG. 4-3 SEQUENCE OF DATUM FEATURESRELATES
PARTTO DATUM REFERENCEFRAME
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ASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING
MEANS THIS
t-
I
F Thirddatumplane
-*--7
Firstdatumplane
7
I
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
54
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DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994
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ASME Y l 4 . 5 1 9 4 I0759670 0549494 810 m
94 ASME
31.81
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
L 3X 06.6-6.7
fíed as adatum feature, the corresponding datum is 4.5.3 Specifying Datum Features RFS. Where
simulated byaplanecontactingpointsof that sur- adatum feature of size is applied on an W S basis,
face. See Fig. 4-10. The exteni Öf contact depends the datum is established by physical contact between
on whether the surface is a primary, a secondary, or the feature surface(s) and surface(s) of the processing
a tertiary datum feature. See para. 4.4.If irregulari- equipment. A machine element that is variablein
ties on the surface of a primary or secondary datum size (such as a chuck, mandrel, vise, or centering
feature are such that the part is unstable (that is, it device) is used to simulate a true geometric counter-
wobbles) when brought into contact with the corres- part of the feature and to establish the datum axis or
ponding surface of a fixture, the part may be adjusted center plane.
to an optimum position, if necessary, to simulate the (a) Primary Datum Feature - Diameter RFS.
datum. S e e para. 4.3.3. The simulated datum isthe axis of the true geometric
counterpart of the datum feature. The true geometric
4.5.2 Datum Features Subject to Size Varia- counterpart (or actual mating envelope) is the small-
tions. Datum features, such as diameters and widths, est circumscribed (for an external feature) or largest
differ from singular flat surfaces in that they are sub- inscribed (for an internal feature) perfect cylinder
ject to variationsin size as well as form. Because that contacts the datum feature surface. See Figs. 4-
variations are allowedby the size tolerance, itbe- 1 1 and 4-12.
comes necessary to determine whether W S , MMC, (b) Primary Datum Feature - Width RFS. The
or LMC applies in each case. See para. 2.8. simulated datum is the center plane of the true geo-
56
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DIMENSIONING ANDTOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994
datum feature A
datumfeature B
metric counterpart of the datum feature. The true the same manner as indicated in (c) above with an
geometric counterpart (or actual mating envelope) is additional requirement: The contacting cylinder or
two parallel planes atminimum separation (for an parallel planes must be oriented in relation to both
external feature) or maximum separation (for an in- the primary and the secondary datum - that is, the
ternal feature) that contact the corresponding sur- actual mating envelope relative to the primary and
faces of the datum feature. See Figs. 4-13 and 4- 14. secondary datum. The tertiary datum feature may be
( c ) SecondaryDatumFeatureRFS - Diameter aligned with a datum axis as in Fig. 4-15 or offset
or Width. For both external and internal features, the from a plane of the datum reference frame.
secondary datum (axis or center plane) is established
4.5.4Specifying Datum Features at MMC.
in the same manner as indicated in (a) and (b) above
Where a datum feature of size is applied on an MMC
with anadditional requirement: The contacting cylin-
basis, machine and gaging elements in the processing
der or parallel planes of the true geometric counter-
equipment that remain constant in size may be used
part must be oriented to the primary datum (usually
to simulate a true geometric counterpart of the fea-
a plane) - that is, the actual mating envelope rela-
ture and to establish the datum. In each case, the size
tive to the primary datum. Datum B in Fig. 4-15
of the true geometric counterpart is determined by
illustrates this principle for diameters; the same prin-
the specified MMC limit of size of the datum feature,
ciple applies for widths.
or its MMC virtual condition, where applicable.
(d) Tertiary Datum Feature -Diameter or Width
RFS. For both external and internal features, the ter- 4.5.4.1 Size of a Primary or Single Datum
tiary datum (axis or center plane) is established in Feature. Where a primary or single datum feature
57
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ASME Y 1 4 = 5 M 9 4 0759b70 0549496 693 m
14.4.3
of size is controlled by a roundness or cylindricity sary in determining the size for simulating its true
tolerance, the size of the true geometric counterpart geometric counterpart. Consideration must be given
used to establish the simulated datum is the MMC to the effects of the difference in size between the
limit of size. Where a straightness tolerance is ap- applicable virtual condition of a datum feature and
plied on an MMC basis, the size of the true geometric its MMC limit of size. Where a virtual condition
counterpart is the MMC virtual condition. See Fig. equal to MMC is the design requirement, a zero geo-
6-3. Where a straightness tolerance is applied on an metric tolerance at MMC is specified. See para. 5.3.3
W S basis, the size of the true geometric counterpart and Fig. 6-41.
is the applicable inner or outer boundary. See Fig.
4.5.5 Specifying Datum Features atLMC.
6-2.
Where a datum feature of size is specified on an
4.5.4.2 Size of a Secondary or Tertiary Da- LMC basis, a primary datum may be established as
tum Feature. Where secondary or tertiary datum the axis or center plane of the LMC boundary. A
features of size in the same datum reference frame secondary or tertiary datum may be established as
are controlled by a specified tolerance of location or the axis or center plane of the true geometric counter-
orientation with respect to each other, the size of part of the feature's virtual condition size. See para.
the true geometric counterpart used to establish the 2.1 1 and Fig. 4- 17. This example illustrates both sec-
simulated datum is the virtual condition of the datum ondary and tertiary datum features specified at LMC
feature. See para. 2.11.1 and Fig. 4-16. This example but simulated at virtual conditions.
illustrates both secondary and tertiary datum features
specified at MMC but simulated at virtual condition. 4.5.6 Effectsof Datum Precedence andMate-
rial Condition. Where datums specified in an order
4.5.4.3 Determining Size. An analysis of tol- of precedence include a feature Ôf size, the material
erance controls applied to a datum feature is neces- condition at which the datum feature applies must be
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994
..
of datum feature A)
True geometric counterpart -/
ofdatum feature C
(MMC virtual condition width
perpendicular to datum plane A
Center plane aligned with
datumaxis B)
(a)Datumfeatures (b) True geometric counterparts
frame
Datumplane C
‘L
(c) Datumplanes and axis established
from the true geometric counterparts Datum
(d)
reference
frame 114.1
determined. See para. 4.5.2. The effect of its material cylinder that contacts diameter A and is perpendicu-
condition and order of precedence should be consid- lar to the datum plane - that is, the actual mating
ered relative to fit and function of the part. Figure 4- envelope of a diameter that is perpendicular to datum
18(a) illustrates a part with a pattern of holes located plane B. In addition to size variations, this cylinder
in relation to diameter A and surface B. As indicated encompasses anyvariation in perpendicularity be-
by asterisks, datum requirements may be specified tween diameter A and surface B, the primary datum
in three different ways. feature.
59
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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ASME YL4.5M 94 H 0759670 0549498 466 H
4.5.1
4.2.1
1.3.3!
MEANS THIS
Datum feature A
Workpiece
Datum feature A
Workpiece
"_c
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 74 E 0757670 0547477 3 T 2 m
-
4.5.3
4.4.2
4.2.1
1.3.35
MEANS THIS feature datum
Simulated
NOTE:
not shown for clarity
Datum axis A
feature
Datum A
(Axis of true
geometric counterpart)
61
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 m O759670 0549500 944
t- -
-+I
MEANS THIS
Datum feature A
J 2
True geometric counterpart
- - of feature
(Largest
Adatum
inscribed cylinder)
Datum feature simulator
t
L Datum axis A
(Axis of true
geometric counterpart)
NOTE:Simulateddatumfeature
not shown for clarity
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
62
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ASME Y34.5M94 m 0 7 5 9 6 7 00 5 4 9 5 0 38 8 0 m
MEANS THIS
NOTE:Simulateddatumfeature
not shown for clarity
-Datum feature A
Datum plane A
(Center plane of
geometric
true
counterpart)
5"
tt
2-
I WorkDiece
i
Datum feature simulator
True geometric counterpart
of datum feature A.
(Parallelplanes at
minimumseparation)
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
63
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~~~ ~~ ~
94 ASME
1
THIS ONTHEDRAWING
1453
MEANS THIS
NOTE: Simulateddatumfeature
not shown for clarity
r Datum feature A
-
THIS ON THE DRAWING MEANS THIS
I:K
True geometric counterpart
of datum feature C
(Parallel planes at maximum
separation perpendicular to
- datumplane A. Center
plane
aligned with datum axis B)
Datum axis B
r t
True geometric counterpart
of datum feature B
(Largest inscribed cylinder
I I perpendicular to datum
I I plane A)
Datum plane A
(True geometric counterpart
14.5.3 of datum feature A)
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
64
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DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING ASMEY14.5M-1994
I 4 X (57.7 - 7.8
m
I
I
I
I
True geometric counterpart
of datum feature B
(MMC virtual condition
cylinder
perpendicular
datum
plane A)
to
L Datum plane A
(True geometric counterpart
IAI 14.5.4.2 of datum feature A)
Datum axis B
t-
I
I
Ø12’6 True geometric
counterpart
of datum feature B
(LMC virtual condition
I cylinder perpendicular t o
I datum plane A)
Part
f
Datum plane A
(True geometric counterpart
IAl of datum feature A)
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
65
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 1 94 H 07596700549503653 m
/ *See below
4.5.6.1
4.5.6
Datum feature A
(Secondary) (Secondary)
counterpart of Datum plane B
datum feature B (True geometric Datum plane B
(Perpendicular to counterpart of (True geometric
datum axis A) datum feature B) counterpart of
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
FIG. 4-18EFFECTOFMATERIALCONDITIONAND DATUM PRECEDENCE
66
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 9 9 D 0 7 5 9 6 7 00 5 4 9 5 0 45 9 T m
ND DIMENSIONING
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
o 1 1
@
-
L
Ø8.0 - 8.2
[ IØ0.3@lA@-B@ICI
~~~ ~~ ~
67
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 94 m O759670 0549505 426
I
4.5.11 MultipleDatum ReferenceFrames.
FIG. 4-21 TWO DATUM FEATURESAT RFS, SINGLE
More than one datum reference frame may be neces-
DATUM AXIS sary for certain parts, depending upon functional re-
quirements. In Fig. 4-24, datum features A, B, and
C establish one datum reference frame, while datum
ders, as explained in para. 4.5.3(a). A datum axis features D, B, and C and datum features D, E, and
established by coaxial datum features is normally B establish different datum reference frames.
used as a primary datum. For one possible method
of controlling the coaxiality of these diameters, see 4.5.11.1 Functional Datum Features. Only
para. 6.7.1.3.4 the required datum features should be referenced in
feature control frames when specifying geometric
4.5.8 Pattern of Features. Multiple features of tolerances. An understanding of the geometric con-
size, such as a pattern of holes at "C, maybe trol provided by these tolerances (as explained in
used as a group to establish a datum when part func- Sections 5 and 6) is necessary to determine effec-
tion dictates. See Fig. 4-22. In this case, individual tively the number of datum references required for a
datum axes are established at the true position of given application. Additionally, functional require-
each hole. These are the axes of true cylinders that
ments of the design should be the basis for selecting
simulate the virtual condition of the holes. When the
the related datum features to be referenced in the
part is mounted on the primary datum surface, the
feature control frame. Figure 4-25 illustrates a part
pattern of holes establishes the second and third da-
where three geometric tolerances are specified, each
tum planes of the datum reference frame. Where the
having the required number of datum references. Al-
secondary datum feature is referenced at MMC in the
though common datum identifying letters appear in
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Datum Secondandthird
danes of the
7".
/-""i
LMCholesat
Virtual
hole
condition
perpendicular
rotatlon
to
of -/ 4 Posslbledisplacement
( ', IS
, shown) of
primary
datum
plane A hole
the pattern axis
respect
withplane)
(First the to datum
reference frame
+- &m- ,'
Ø
T
~~ ~
MEANS THIS
# L True geometric
counterpart of A
\ d
FIG. 4-23 PARTIAL DATUM
L
6.6.1
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 69
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ASME YL4.5M 74 H O757670 0547507 2T7 m
ASMEY14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING
70
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~~ ~
ASME YL4.5M 94 O759670 0549508 L35 m
MEANS THIS
2X 957.7Virtual conditionholes
(Ø8-0.3 =Ø7.7)
Part outline
71
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ASME Y34.5M 94 m O 7 5 9 6 7 00 5 4 9 5 0 90 7 3 m
Ø
I THIS ON THEDRAWING
14.6.1.2
MEANS THIS
14.61.
MEANS THIS
Point
basic location
FIG. 4-28DATUM TARGETLINE
Locatingpin
72
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 9 4 0759670 054,9510 8 9 3 m
DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING ASMEY14.5M-1994
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
4.6.1.3
3.3.3 4.6.5 Secondary Datum Axis. For a secondary
datum feature (WS), a set of three equally spaced
FIG.4-29DATUMTARGET AREA targets may be used to establish a datum axis. See
Fig. 4-37. The centering device used to establish the
datum axis has a set of three equally spaced con-
tacting features capable of movingradiallyatan
gaging tolerances apply. Figure 4-30 illustrates a part equal rate from a common axis that is perpendicular
where datum target points are located by means of to the primary datum plane. In this example, the da-
basic dimensions. In this example, the three mutually tum targets and the contacting features are oriented
perpendicular planes of the datum reference frame relative to a tertiary datum feature.
are established by three target points on the primary
datum feature, two on the secondary, and one on the 4.6.6 Equalizing Datums.Where a part configu-
tertiary. ration is such that rounded features on opposite ends
are used to establish datums, pairs of datum target
4.6.3 Datum PlanesEstablishedby Datum points or lines are indicated on these surfaces, as in
Targets. A primary datum plane is established by Fig. 4-38. Equalizing pin locations are intended
at least three target points or areas not on a straight where target pointsare coordinately dimensioned. V-
line. See Fig. 4-31. A secondary datum plane is usu- type equalizers are intended where target points are
ally established bytwo targets. A tertiary datum defined by angles showntangenttothe surface.
plane is usually established by one target. A combi- Where target lines are defined by a dimension from
nation of target points, lines, and areas may be used. another datum plane, as in Fig. 4-38 for lines B1
See Fig. 4-32. For irregular or step surfaces, the da- and B2, knife edge V-type equalizers are intended,
tum plane should contain at least one of the datum whereas V-type planesmaybe indicated by only
targets. showing the lines in the top view. Equalizing datums
4.6.3.1 SteppedSurfaces. A datum plane may be applied to other suitable part configurations.
may also be established by targets located on step It is permissible, in such a case, touse the datum
surfaces, as in Fig. 4-33. The basic dimension defines feature symbol to identify the equalized theoretical
the offset between the target points (the toleranced planes of the datum reference frame. It should be
linear dimension in this example controls the dis- noted however, that this is an exception, and is to be
73
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ASME Y14.5M-1994 TOLERANCING
DIMENSIONING AND
Area contact A l , A 2 , A3
A
74
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 94 0 7 5 9 b 70 05 4 9 5 3b2b b
A3
75
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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994 ASME AND TOLERANCING
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76
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 9 4 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0547514 439 m
ND DIMENSIONING
Circular
datum
target Cylindrical datum target area
line-,
I 14.6.4.1
77
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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ASME Y l 1 4 . 5 M 9 4 m 0759670 0549535 375 m
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AND DIMENSIONING
/
/ 63
/
/
\
\
\
\
\
\ I
FIG. 4-39DATUMTARGETSUSEDTOESTABLISHDATUMREFERENCEFRAMEFOR
COMPLEXPART
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
done only when necessary and in conjunction with
datum targets.
4.6.7 Datums Established From Complex or
IrregularSurfaces. The datum feature symbol
should be attached onlyto identifiable datum fea-
tures. Where datums are established by targets on
complex or irregular surfaces, the datum feature
symbol is not required. See Fig. 4-39. In this exam-
ple, although the datum targets establish a proper
datum reference frame (A,B,C), no surface of the
part can be identified as a datum feature. Where a
datum reference frame has been properly established
but its planes are unclear, the datum feature symbol
may be applied to appropriate extension or center
lines as needed.
79
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A S I E Y14.51 94 m 0759670 0549517 148
5Tolerances of Location
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ASME Y 1 4 - 5 M 9 4 0759670 0549518 O B 4
I I l
(a)Basicdimensions
in polar coordinates.
(b) Basicdimensionsinrectangularcoordinates.
NOTE:UNTOLERANCEDDIMENSIONSLOCATINGTRUEPOSITIONAREBASIC
I 5.2.1.1
FIG. 5-1 IDENTIFYINGBASICDIMENSIONS
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DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994
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5.2.1.3
NOTE:UNTOLERANCEDDIMENSIONSLOCATINGTRUEPOSITIONAREBASIC 5.2.1.2
3.3.2
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 9 4 m 0759670 0549520 732 H
DIMENSIONING
ASME Y14.5M-1994 AND TOLERANCING
I i
44
FIG.5-3POSITIONALTOLERANCINGRELATIVE
L
14 I @ 0 . 2 5 @ I A I B @ l C @ I
r5.2.1.2
84
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DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
minus the positional tolerance.
of a finished product contains the maximum amount
of material permitted by the toleranced size dimen-
sion for that feature. For holes, slots, and other inter- FIG. 5-5 BOUNDARY FOR SURFACEOF HOLE AT MMC
nal features, maximum material is the condition
where these features are at their minimum allowable
sizes. For shafts, bosses, lugs, tabs, and other exter-
nal features, maximum material is the condition be positioned relative to a datum feature at MMC.
where these features are at their maximum allow- See Fig. 5-8. Where datum feature B is at MMC, its
able sizes. axis determines the location of the pattern offeatures
5.3.2.1 Explanation of Positional Tolerance as a group. Where datum feature B departs from
at MMC. A positional tolerance applied atMMC MMC, its axis may be displaced relative to the loca-
may be explained in either of the following ways. tion of the datum axis (datum B atMMC)in an
(a) Ia Terms of theSu@ace of a Hole. While amount equal to one-half the difference between its
maintaining the specified size limits of the hole, no actual mating size and MMC size.
element of the hole surface shall be inside a theoreti- NOTE: If a functional gage is used to check the part, this shift
cal boundary located at true position. See Fig. 5-5. of the axis of the datum feature is automatically accommodated.
(b) In Terms of the Axis of a Hole. Where a hole However, if open set-up inspection methods are used to check
the location of the feature pattern relative
to the axis of the datum
is at MMC (minimum diameter), its axis must fall feature's actual mating envelope, this must be taken into account.
within a cylindrical tolerance zone whose axis is lo-
cated at true position. The diameter of this zone is Since the axis of the datum feature's actual mating
equal to the positional tolerance. See Figs. 5-6(a) and envelope must serve as the origin of measurements
(b). This tolerance zone also defines the limits of for the pattern of features, the features are therefore
variationinthe attitude of theaxis of theholein viewed as if they, as a group, hadbeen displaced
relation to the datum surface. See Fig. 5-6(c). It is relative to the axis of the datum feature's actual mat-
onlywherethe hole is atMMCthat the specified ing envelope. This relative shift of the pattern of
tolerance zone applies. Where the actual mating size features, as a group, with respect to the axis of the
of the hole is larger than MMC, additional positional datum feature does not affect the positional tolerance
tolerance results. See Fig. 5-7. This increase of posi- of the features relative to one another withinthe
tional tolerance is equal to the difference between pattern.
the specifiedmaximum material condition limit of 5.3.2.3CalculatingPositionalTolerance.
size ("C) and the actual mating size of the hole. Figure 5-9 shows a drawing for one of two identical
Where the actual mating size is larger than MMC, plates to be assembled with four 14 mm maximum
the specified positional tolerance for a hole may be diameter fasteners. The 14.25 minimum diameter
exceeded and still satisfy function and interchange- clearance holes are selected with a size tolerance as
ability requirements. shown. Using conventional positional tolerancing,
NOTE: In certain cases of extreme form deviation (within limits therequired tolerance is found by theequationas
of size) or orientation deviation of the hole, the tolerance in terms given in para. B3 of Appendix B.
of theaxis maynot be exactlyequivalenttothetolerancein
terms of the surface.In such cases, the surface interpretation shall
take precedence. T = H - F
85
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 94 0759670 0549522 505
lk
Cylindrical tolerance zone (equal to positional tolerance)
-)1 Extreme
positional
treme variation
positional variation
variation
Extreme attitude variation
Primary datum
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
coincident with atextremeposition toto extremeattitude
true position axis. theleft of truepositionwithintolerance zone.
axis (but within toler-
ance zone).
Note that the length of the tolerance zone is equal to the length of the feature,
unless otherwise specified on the drawing.
86
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DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994
\ Hole at MMC ? \
\J 2
(minimum diameter]
\ :t%
v
minimum
diameter)
[ 5.3.2.1
FIG. 5-7 INCREASE IN POSITIONALTOLERANCE WHERE HOLE IS NOTAT MMC
87
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 0759670 0547524 388 m
5.3.3.1
. 5.3.2.3
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Clearance
tures. The application of MMC permits the tolerance Hole Diameter
(Feature Actual Positional Tolerance
to exceed the value specified, provided features are Mating Size) Diameter Allowed
within size limits, and the feature locations are such 14 O
as to make the part acceptable. However, rejection 14.1 o. 1
of usable parts can occur where these features are 14.2 0.2
actually located on or close to their true positions, 14.25 0.25
butproducedtoa size smaller than the specified 14.3 0.3
14.4 0.4
minimum (outside of limits). The principle of posi- 14.5 0.5
tional tolerancing at MMC can be extended in appli-
cations where it is necessary to provide greater toler- 5.3.4 RFS as Related to Positional Toleranc-
ance within functional limits thanwould otherwise ing. In certain cases, the design or function of a part
be allowed. This is accomplished byadjusting the may require the positional tolerance, datum refer-
minimum size limit of a hole to the absolute mini- ence, or both, to be maintained regardless of feature
mum required for insertion of an applicable fastener actual mating sizes. W S , where applied to the posi-
locatedpreciselyattrue position, and specifying a tional tolerance of circular features, requires the axis
zero positional tolerance at MMC. In this case, the ofeach feature to be located within the specified
positional tolerance allowed is totally dependent on positional tolerance regardless of the size of the fea-
the actual mating size of the considered feature, as ture. This requirement imposes a closer control of
explained in para. 2.8.3. the features involved and introduces complexities in
verification.
5.3.3.1 Example of Zero Positional Toler-
ance at MMC. Figure 5-10 shows a drawing of the 5.3.4.1 RFS Applied to a Pattern of Holes.
same part with a zero positional tolerance at MMC In Fig. 5-11, the six holes may vary in size from 25
specified. Note that the maximum size limit of the to 25.6 diameter. Each hole must be located within
clearance holes remains the same but the minimum the specified positional tolerance regardless ofthe
was adjusted to correspond with a 14 mm diameter size of that hole. A hole at LMC (25.6 diameter) is
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ASME Y14.5N 74 M 07596700549525214 m
I
o
d
l
I 15.3.3.1
FIG. 5-10 ZERO POSITIONALTOLERANCING AT MMC
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
as accurately located as a hole at MMC (25 diame-
ter). This positional control is more restrictive than
the MMC principle.
5.3.4.2 Datum Features at RFS. The func-
tional requirements of some designs may require that
RFS be applied to a datum feature. That is, it may
be necessary to require the axis of an actual datum SECTION A-A
feature (such as datum diameter B in Fig. 5-11) to
_____
be the datum axis for the holes in the pattern regard-
~~~
89
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ASME YL4.5M 94 m 0759670 054952b-L50 m
' I
/
e'f\
-
\
y\ \
I
Actualhole
(smaller
than
maximum diameter)
\
\
True position
\ at
(maximum diameter)
Hole
V
FIG. 5-12 INCREASE IN POSITIONALTOLERANCE WHERE HOLEIS NOT ATLMC --``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
90
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DIMENSIONING ANDTOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
e tolerance zonE
Hole tolerance zone
f
0 4.125
4.125
LI "31.5
Ø'9.5 Y
FIG. 5-13 LMC APPLIEDTO BOSS AND HOLE
91
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 m O759670 0547528 T 2 3 m
4 k- 12X 3.5f0.05
Ø12.5i
E5.3.5.2
5.3.5
12.8.5
~~
11.9.5
MEANS THIS AT LMC MEANS THIS AT MMC
-4 3.55 k- 4 t"3.45
k' "I/
' I
I I
- L-
I
Exact center
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 N 9 4 m 0759670 0549529 7bT W
AND DIMENSIONING
from a common datum reference frame, verification ence frame for each pattern of features, as a group.
of positional tolerance requirements for the part can These datum reference frames mayshift indepen-
be collectively accomplished in a single setup or dently of each other, resulting in an independent rela-
gage as illustrated by Fig. 5-17. The actual centers tionship between the patterns. This principle does not
of all holes must lie on or within their respective applytothe lower segments of composite feature
tolerance zones when measured from datums A, B, control frames except as noted in para. 4.5.12. l .
and C.
NOTE: The explanationgiveninFig. 5-17 still applies where
independent verification of pattem locations becomes necessary
due to size or complexity of the part.
5.4 FEATUREPATTERN LOCATION
5.3.6.2 Simultaneous Requirement - Where design requirements permit a Feature-Re-
MMC. Where any of the common datums in multiple
lating Tolerance Zone Framework (FRTZF) tobe
patterns of features is specified on an MMC basis,
located and oriented within limits imposed upon it
there is an option whether the patterns are to be con-
by a Pattern-LocatingTolerance Zone Framework
sidered as a single pattern or as having separate re-
(PLTZF), composite positional tolerancing is used.
quirements. If nonote is addedunder the feature
(The acronyms are pronounced “Fritz” and “Plahtz.”)
control frames, the patterns are to betreated as a
single pattern. Where it is desired to permit the pat- 5.4.1 Composite Positional Tolerancing.This
ternstobetreated as separate patterns, a notation provides a composite application of positional toler-
such as SEP REQT is placed beneath each feature ancing for the location of feature patterns as well as
control frame. See Fig. 5-18. This allows the datum the interrelation (position and orientation) of features
features of size to establish a separate datum refer- within these patterns. Requirements are annotated by
93 --``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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ASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONINGAND TOLERANCING
4 32
I
I
I
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ND DIMENSIONING ASME Y14.5M-1994
FIG. 5-18
SEPREQT
the useof a composite feature control frame. See the lower segment of the composite feature control
para. 3.4.4 and Fig. 3-22(a). The position symbol frame, the FRTZF is free to be located and oriented
is entered once and is applicable to both horizontal (shiftand/or tilt) withinthe boundaries established
segments. Each complete horizontal segment in the and governed by the PLTZF. If datums are specified
feature control frames of Figs. 5-19 and 5-20 may be in the lower segment, they govern the orientation of
verified separately, but the lower segment isalways a the FRTZF relative to the PLTZF. See Figs. 5-19(c)
subset of the upper segment. and 5-20(c). Where datum references are specified,
(a) Pattern-Locating Tolerance Zone Framework one or more of thedatums specified in the upper
(PLTZF). Where composite controls are used, the segment of the frame are repeated, as applicable, and
upper segment is referred to as the pattern-locating in the same order of precedence, to govern the orien-
control. The PLTZF is located from specified datums tation of the FRTZF.
by basic dimensions. It specifies the larger positional
NOTE: If differentdatums,differentdatummodifiers, or the
tolerance for the location of the pattern of features as same datums inadifferentorder of precedencearespecified,
a group. Applicable datums are specified in a desired thisconstitutesadifferentdatumreferenceframeanddesign
order of precedence, and serve to relate the PLTZF requirements. This isnottobespecifiedusingthecomposite
positional tolerancing method, since such a requirement no longer
to the datum reference frame. See Figs. 5-19(a) and represents a liberation-within-given-limitsof the FRTZF. A sepa-
5-20(a). rately-specified feature-relating tolerance, using a second single-
(b) Feature-Relating Tolerance Zone Framework segment feature control frame is used, including applicable da-
tums, as an independent requirement. See Fig. 5-28.
( F R Z F ) . The lower segment is referred to as the
feature-relating control. It governs the smaller posi- 5.4.1.1 Primary Datum Repeated in Lower
tional tolerance for each feature within the pattern Segment. As can be seen from the sectional view
(feature-to-feature relationship). Basic dimensions of the tolerance zones in Fig. 5-19(d), since datum
used to relate the PLTZF to specified datums are not plane A has been repeated in the lower segment of
applicable to the FRTZF. See Figs. 5-19(b) and 5- the composite feature control frame, the axes of both
20(b). Where datum references are not specified in the PLTZF and FRTZF cylinders are perpendicular
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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ASME Yl14.5M 74 O757670 0549532 4 5 4
-I 6X
/- 3x Ø5+i.14
E
5.4.1.4
5.4.1.2
5.4.1.1
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
5.4.1
96
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A S I E Y L 4 - 5 M 74 m 0759670 0 5 4 9 5 3 3 390 m
AND DIMENSIONING
I ,
FIRST PART OF
CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
True position
r Ø0.8 pattern-locating
tolerance zone cylinder
at MMC (three zones
basically related to
each other and basically
reference frame
located to the datums)
I I 6.4 from
datum B
1/L 76 from
datum C
I FIG. 5-19(b) I
SECOND PARTOF
CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
Ø0.25 feature-relating
tolerance zone cylinder
at MMC (three zones
basically related to
each other)
FIG.5-19HOLEPATTERNSLOCATEDBYCOMPOSITE
POSITIONALTOLERANCING(CONT'D)
ToleranceZones for Three-Hole Pattern
97
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 1 94 m O759670 0549534 227 m
4 ASME
ADDITIONALLY, SECOND
PART OF CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
Pattern-locating LFeature-relating
tolerance zone tolerance zone
cylinder cylinder
[FIG. 5-19(d) I
ADDITIONALLY, SECOND
PART OF CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
hole Actual
ce zone both within
cylinder
Feature-relating
zone
90' 4
tolerance Parallel
4 00.25 cylinder
Datum plane A J
L ØO.8
Actual hole axis within both
zones shown at its maximum
inclination to datum plane A
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
98
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 0759670 0549535 Lb3 m
DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING ASMEY14.5M-1994
FIG. 5-19(e) I
I
Øo.8 pattern-locating tolerance
zone cylinder (4 zones, basically
related to each other and
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
basically located to the datums)
Ø0.25 feature-relating
tolerance zone cylinder
(4 zones, basically related
to each other and oriented
datums)the to
f
l 38
LFeature axes must
simultaneously lie
within both tolerance
zone cylinders
38
-./L 12.5
from datum C
4- 25 4
One possible displacement of actual feature pattern.
FIG. 5-19HOLEPATTERNSLOCATEDBYCOMPOSITE
POSITIONALTOLERANCING(CONT'D)
ToleranceZones for Four-Hole Pattern
99
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ASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING
Jd0.25 feature-relating
tolerance zone cylinders
(6 zones, basically related
to each other and oriented
to the datum)
+- 50
from d a t u m 4 \ ,A
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
L J d 0 . B pattern-locating
tolerance zone cylinders
(6 zones, basically related
to each other, basically
located to the datums)
POSITIONALTOLERANCING(CONT'DI
Tolerance Zones for Six-Hole Pattern
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AND DIMENSIONING Y14.5M-1994
1- True position
PART FIRST OF datum to related
CALLOUT MEANS THIS: Pattern-locating 7 reference
frame
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
from datum C
No portion of the surface of any hole is permitted to be inside its
respective Ø4.2 pattern-locating boundary, each boundary being
basically located in relation to the specific datum reference frame.
1-
SECOND PART OF
CALLOUT MEANS TH1
1-1
Ø5 MMC of hole
- Øo.8 pattern-locating
tolerance - Ø0.25 feature-locating
tolerance
acceptance
boundary 1 154.75 acceptance
boundary 1
I I 4 I
Datum Datum 7
i plane
Pattern-locating boundary
shown with hole nearing its
Feature-relating boundary shown
with hole at its maximum inclination
i
lane A
101
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ASME Y L 4 = 5 M 94 m 0759b70 0549538 972 m
Y
6X 60'
-a /-4x Ø6+;*'4
/ W' ØO.8 @A IB C
r 3x
'I.
*-=---
15.4.1
102
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AND DIMENSIONING
FIRST PART OF
CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
Ø0.8 pattern-locating
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
tolerance zone cylinder
True position at MMC (three zones
related to datum
reference frame
7 / basically related to
each other and basically
located to the datums)
I I 6.4 from
c
datum B
76 from
datum C
SECOND PART OF
CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
Ø0.25 feature-relating
i
tolerance zone cylinder
at MMC (three zones
basically related to
each other)
103
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ASME Y14.5M-1994 TOLERANCING AND DIMENSIONING
1-
ADDITIONALLY, SECOND
PART OF CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
Pattern-locating
tolerance zone
7 cylinder
LFeature-relating
tolerance zone
cylinder
ADDITIONALLY, SECOND
PART OF CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
Actual hole axis
Pattern-locating within both zones
tolerance zone
cylinder
LFeature-relating
tolerance zone
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
104
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DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING ASMEY14.5M-1994
F I G . 1
60.8 pattern-locating tolerance
zone cylinder (4 zones,
related to each other and
basically located to the datums)
90.25 feature-relating
tolerance zone cylinder
(4 zones, basically related
to each other and oriented
to the datums)
10
from datum B
from datum C
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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1994 ASME
I FIG. 5-20(f) J
1 +" 1
Ø0.25 feature-relating
tolerance zone cylinders
(6 zones, basically related
to each other and oriented
to the datum)
L Ø 0 . 8 pattern-locating
tolerance zone cylinders
(6 zones, basically related
to each other, basically
located to the datums)
106
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ND DIMENSIONING
I
L
I A
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
15.4.1.3
FIG. 5-21 HOLE PAlTERNS OF FIG. 5-19. TWO SINGLE-SEGMENTFEATURECONTROL
FRAMESWITHSECONDARYDATUM IN LOWERFEATURECONTROLFRAME
pattern, and Fig. 5-20(f) for the six-hole pattern of tolerance cylinders of the FRTZF and the PLTZF.
features shown in Fig. 5-20. Figure 5-2 1(e) repeats the heretofore-described rela-
tionships for thefour-hole pattern, and Fig. 5-21(f)
5.4.1.3 Two Single-Segment Feature Con-
for the six-hole patternof features shownin Fig.
trol Frames. Whereit is desired to invoke basic
5-21.
dimensions along with the datum references, single-
segment feature control frames are used. See Fig. 3- 5.4.1.4 In Terms of Hole Surfaces. Figures
22(b). Figure 5-21 shows two single-segment feature 5-19(g) through (i) illustrate the same three-hole pat-
control frames. The lower feature control frame re- tern of Figs. 5-19(a) through (d), explained in terms
peats datums A and B. Figure 5-21(c) shows that the of hole surfaces relative to acceptance boundaries.
tolerance cylinders of the FRTZF (as a group) are See para. 5.3.2.1(a). By comparing Fig. 5-19(d) with
free to be displaced to the left or right as governed Fig. 5-19(i), it can be seen that the result is the same
by the basically-located tolerance cylinders of the for both axis and surface explanations except as
PLTZF,while remaining perpendicular to datum noted in para. 5.3.2.1(b).
plane A and parallel to datum plane B. Figure 5-
21(d) shows that the actual axes of the holes in the 5.4.1.5 Appliedto Circular Patterns of Fea-
actual feature pattern must reside withinboth the tures. Composite positional tolerancing may be ap-
107
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ASME YL4-5M 94 m 0759670 0549544 L76
1994 ASME
FIRSTPARTOF
CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
Ø0.8 pattern-locating
f tolerance zone cylinder
True position at MMC (three zönes
basically related to
reference frame each other and basically
located to the datums)
I 1 6.4 from
c
datum B
+ 76 from
datum C
1-
SECOND PART OF
CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
Ø0.25 feature-relating
tolerance zone cylinder
at MMC (three zones
basically related to
each other)
1/L 76from
datum C
does not
apply
108
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ASME YL4.5M 94 m 0759670 0549545 O02 m
ND DIMENSIONING
ADDITIONALLY, SECOND
PART OF CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
'
Pattern-locating
tolerance zone
Feature-relating
tolerance zone
1-
ADDITIONALLY, SECOND
PART OF CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
Actual hole axis
within both z o n e s 1 r Pattern-locating
tolerance zone cylinder
L Feature-relating
tolerance zone
cylinder
/
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Datum
plane A L Actual hole
axis
within
both
zones shown at its maximum
inclination t o datum plane A
I One possible displacement of actual feature pattern.
109
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 m 0759670 0549546 T49 m
DIMENSIONING
ASME Y14.5M-1994 AND TOLERANCING
FIG. 5-21(e)]
Ø0.8 pattern-locating tolerance
zone cylinder (4 zones,
related to each other and
basically located to the datums)
Ø0.25 feature-relating
tolerance zone cylinder
(4 zones, basically related
to each other and oriented
to the datums)
38 I I LFeature axes
must
Il
I I
simultaneously lie
within both tolerance
zone cylinders
-4L" @
"L/L 12.5 &- 25
from datum C
does not apply
12.5
from datum C
4-
I
I
25 4
I
.
'.
10
1
from datum
1
v
+
B
110
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A S I E Y14.51 74 m 0757670 0547547 785 m
ND DIMENSIONING
Ø0.25 feature-relating
tolerance zone cylinders
(6 zones, basically related
t o each other and oriented
to the datum)
from datum C
from datum C
L Ø O . 8 pattern-locating
tolerance zone cylinders
(6 zones, basically related
to each other, basically
located to the datums)
111
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 1 94 M O759670 0549548 811 m
94 ASME
Datum axis B
7
FIRSTPARTOF
CALLOUT MEANS THIS: Datum
plane A 7 \
Ø I pattern-locating
tolerance zone
cylinders
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
[FIG. 5-22(b)l
SECOND PART OF
CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
Ø 0.5 feature-relating
tolerances zone
cylinders
FIG. 5-22COMPOSITEPOSITIONALTOLERANCING OF A
CIRCULARPATTERNOFFEATURES(CONT'D)
112
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 94 m 0759670 05Lt9549 7 5 8 m
1-
ADDITIONALLY, SECOND PART OF
CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
ØI pattern-locating
7
tolerance zone cylinders
Datum plane A
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
I Øo.5 feature-relating
tolerance zone cylinders
113
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A S I E YL4.5M 9 4 W 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 0 5 4 9 5 5 0 47T
994 ASME
\
l i e within both the pattern and
feature locating tolerance zones
tolerance
cylinder
zone I
L Datum plane A 7
I’ ‘I
Actual
hole
axis
within
both
zones -/ Øi
shown at its maximum inclination
relative to datum plane A
FIG. 5-22COMPOSITEPOSITIONALTOLERANCING OF A
CIRCULAR PAlTERN OFFEATURES(CONT’D)
114
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 74 m 0757670 054755L 30b m
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
control frames are used and it is desired to avoid a hole, and the hole is inclined within the positional
reorientation of the workpiece in mid-operation, the limits. Unlike the floating fastener application in-
same datumsin the same order of precedence are volving clearance holes only, the attitude of a fixed
specified toapply in the upper and lower feature fastener is governed by the inclination of the pro-
control frames. duced hole into which it assembles. Figure 5-32 illus-
trates how the projected tolerance zone concept real-
5.4.1.7WhereRadialLocationisImpor- istically treats the condition shown in Fig. 5-31. Note
tant. The control shown in Figs. 5-25 and 5-27 may that it is the variation in perpendicularity of the por-
be specified where radial orientation is important, yet tion of the fastener passing through the mating part
the design permits a feature-relating tolerance zone that is significant. The location and perpendicularity
tobe displaced withinthebounds governed by a of the threaded hole are only of importance insofar
pattern-locating tolerance zone,whileheld parallel as they affect the extended portion of the engaging
and perpendicular to the three mutually perpendicu- fastener. Where design considerations require a
lar planes of the datum reference frame. closer control in the perpendicularity of a threaded
hole than that allowed by the positional tolerance,
5.4.1.8 Difference Between Composite Po- a perpendicularity tolerance applied as a projected
sitional Toleranceand Two Single-Segment tolerance zone may be specified. See Fig. 6-38.
Feature Control Frames.Figure 5-29 explains the
relationships of the FRTZF to the PLTZF established 5.5.1 Clearance Holes in Mating Parts. Speci-
by a two-segment feature control frame having a sin- fying a projected tolerance zone will ensure that
gle positional tolerance symbol (composite positional fixed fasteners do not interfere withmating parts
tolerance). Two different part configurations are having clearance hole sizes determined by the formu-
shown for comparison. In contrast, Fig. 5-30 shows las recommendedin Appendix B. Further enlarge-
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 f l 9 4 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 0549552
242
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ASMEY14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING
Datum axis B
7
FIRSTPART OF
CALLOUT MEANS THIS: Datum
plane A 7 \
$0.8 pattern-locating
tolerance zone
cylinders
Datum plane C
1-
SECOND PART OF
CALLOUT MEANS THIS:
Jd0.25feature-relating
tolerances zone "
cylinders
W
Feature-relating tolerance zone framework (FRTZF).
60.25 tolerance cylinders basically located
and oriented relative to each other. Verification is
independent of the upper segment.
116
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DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994
I I I 1 1
Feature-relating tolerance
zonecylinders.Portions
of the feature-relating
tolerance zone cylinders
that fall outside of the
pattern locating cylinders
are not usable
Datum plane A
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Pattern-locating
tolerance zone
cylinders
117
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ASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING
Feature-relating 7
tolerance zone
Pattern-locating
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Actualfeaturepattern.All
feature axes must simultaneously
lie within both the pattern and
feature locating tolerance zones
Parallel
118
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ASME YL4.5M 94 0759b70 0549555 T51 W
L
15.4.1.E
119
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 9 4 0759670 0549556 998
94 ASME
1rt
i+'1
4X Ø0.8 pattern-
locating tolerance
zone cylinders at MMC
Datum
plane A
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
and oriented
to datum plane A
and datum axis B)
œ- 4X Ø0.25 feature-
relating tolerance
zone cylinders at MMC
"" I
120
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AND DlMENSlONlNG
Datum
121
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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ASME YL4-5M 9 4 m 0759670 0549558 760 H
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
I I 5.4.1.7
FIG. 5-25 RADIALHOLEPATFERNLOCATEDBY
COMPOSITEPOSITIONALTOLERANCING
122
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ASME YL4=5fl 9 9 m 0759670 0 5 4 9 5 5 9 bT7 m
locating tolerance
zone cylinders at MMC
Datum center
4X Ø0.25 feature-
relating tolerance
zone cylinders at MMC
rp
I l
L+J
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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ASME YL4.5M 94 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0549560 319
94 ASME
' LRotation
controlled
by datum axis B and
datum center plane C
1- One possible
displacement of actual
feature
axisat MMC. The actualfeatureaxis
must be within both tolerance cylinders.
The feature pattern, as a group, may be
displaced within the usable confines
the feature-relating tolerance cylinders
of
7
Actual feature tolerance zone
axis shown at
maximum inclination
Feature-relating J
tolerance zone
cylinder
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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ASME Y 3 4 = 5 1 94 m 0759670 0547563 255
DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING ASMEY14.5M-1994
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
FIG. 5-26 RADIALHOLEPATFERNLOCATED BY TWO SINGLE-SEGMENTFEATURE
CONTROLFRAMES
125
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ASME YL4-5M 74 W 0757b70 0547562 171 m
994 ASME
4X Ø0.8 pattern-
locating tolerance
zone cylinders at MMC
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Datum center
plane C axis B
True position
axes (located
and oriented
to datum plane A,
datum axis B and
datum center plane C)
4X ØO.25 feature-
relating tolerance
zone cylinders at MMC
126
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A S I E Y L 4 - 5 1 94 m 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0549.563 O28 m
AND DIMENSIONING
Datum
center Datum
plane C
Datum
axis B
l""l
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
controlled
Rotation
Unusable by
plane center datum area C
i Unusable
area One possible
displacement of feature-relating
tolerance
zone framework (FRTZF) relative to pattern-locating
1 framework
zonetolerance (PLTZF).
Feature
Pattern-locating
Actual feature tolerance zone
axis shown at cylinder
maximuminclination
Feature-relating
tolerance zone
cylinder
127
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ASME Y 1 4 m 5 M 74 E 0757b70 05495b4 T b 4
I
MEANS THIS
Datum plane C
7\
Feat u
tolerance 2
Feature 1 'u-
I One possible
displacement feature.
actual
of the
128
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ASME Yl14.5M 94 m 0757b70 0 5 4 7 5 6 5 9 T O m
r 4X d12.5-12.8
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
129
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94 ASME
1 FIG. 5-29(a)l
plane A
Pattern-locating
f L One possible displacement
of Feature-relating
tolerance zone cylinders tolerance zone cylinders
I 3-Datum-plane
system
reference
P tern-locating tolerance zone framework (PLTZF)-
1
Tolerance zones of PLTZF (as a group) are
perpendicular to A and basically related to B and C
œ-Tolerance zones of PLTZF (as a group) are
perpendicular to A and basically related to B
-Tolerance zones of PLTZF
(as a group) are perpendicular to A
a- Size of pattern-locating
tolerance zones at MMC
1
Size of feature-relating
tolerance zones at MMC
Tolerance zones of FRTZF
(as a group) may skew
Tolerance zones of FRTZF 4
A
i
(as a group) are perpendicular to
+Tolerance zones of FRTZF (as a group)
are perpendicular to A and parallel to B
Feature-relating tolerance zone framework (FRTZF)+
15.4.1.8
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
130
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ASME Y14.5M 74 0757670 05475b7 773
ND DIMENSIONING
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
One possible displacement A
of Feature-relating
tolerance cylinders
L center plane C
Pattern-locating
tolerance cylinders
Feature pattern not shown
4 system reference
3-Datum-plane c
* Pattern-locating
tolerance
framework
zone (PLTZF) c
Tolerance zones of PLTZF (as a group) are
perpendicular to A, positioned to B, and fixed on C
Tolerance zones of PLTZF(as a group) are
perpendicular to A and positioned t o B
Tolerance zones of PLTZF
Size of pattern-locating
tolerance zones at MMC
I I I I
3
L
Size of feature-relating
tolerance zones at MMC
Tolerance zones of FRTZF
(as a group) may skew
Tolerance zones of FRTZF
(as a group) are perpendicular to A
b- Tolerance zones of FRTZF (as a group)
are perpendicular t o A andoriented to B and C
131
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994 ASME
Pattern-locating
f LOne possible displacement
of Feature-relating
tolerance zone cylinders tolerance zone cylinders
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Size of pattern-locating
tolerance zones at MMC
1
Tolerance zones of F R T Z F 4
as a group) are perpendicular to A
kTolerance zones of FRTZF (as a group) --c
are perpendicular to A and basically related to B
Feature-relating tolerance zone framework (FRTZF)
5.4.1.8
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 9 4 E 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0549569 5 4 6 E
ND DIMENSIONING
Datum axis B
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Pattern-locating
possible
displacement
ne
tolerance
cylinders of Feature-relating
tolerance cylinders
center plane c
Feature pattern not shown
-
I system reference
3-Datum-plane
Pattern-locating tolerance zone framework (PLTZF)
Tolerance zones ofPLTZF (as a group) are
C
-D
Size of pattern-locating
tolerance zones at MMC
B
B
Size of feature-relating
tolerance zones at MMC
Tolerance zones of FRTZF
(as a group) may skew
Tolerance zones of FRTZF d
(as a group) are perpendicular to A
Tolerance zones of FRTZF (as a group) +
are perpendicular to A and positioned to B
Feature-relating tolerance zone framework (FRTZF)+
133
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ASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING
THIS ON THEDRAWING
r 4XM6X1-6H
Positional
tolerance zone
True position axis
Axis of
clearance hole
155;
MEANS THIS
Interference area Ø0.25 positional
tolerance zone
L length
Tolerance
zone is equal to
of threaded hole
I Axis of
threaded
hole 14 minimum
155 projected
tolerance zone
height
FIG. 5-31 INTERFERENCEDIAGRAM,FASTENERAND
HOLE
FIG. 5-33 PROJECTEDTOLERANCEZONESPECIFIED
Positional
tolerance zone THIS ON THE DRAWING
Axis of
clearance hole
35 MIN
MEANS THIS
Ø0.4 positional
tolerance zone
rrue position axis
Minimum tolerance zone Axis of
height is equal to maximum threaded hole
thickness of mating par! 15.5
35 minimum pro-
FIG. 5-32 BASISFORPROJECTEDTOLERANCEZONE jected tolerance
zone height
t
FIG. 5-34 PROJECTEDTOLERANCEZONEINDICATED
WITHCHAINLINE
134
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 9 4 I0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0549571 1 T 4 I
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
frame for the counterbore, indicating the number of
5.6 NONPARALLELHOLES places each applies on an individual basis. See Fig.
5-39.
Positional tolerancing lends itselfto patterns of
holes where axes are not parallel to each other and
where axes are not normal to the surface. See Fig.
5.8 CLOSER CONTROL AT ONE END OF A
5-36. FEATURE
Where design permits, different positional toler-
5.7 COUNTERBOREDHOLES ances may be specified for the extremities of long
holes; this establishes a conical rather than a cylindri-
Where positional tolerances are used to locate co- cal tolerance zone. See Fig. 5-40.
axial features, such as counterbored holes, the fol-
lowing practices apply.
( a ) Where the same positional tolerance isused
5.9 BIDIRECTIONAL POSITIONAL
to locate both holes and counterbores, a single feature TOLERANCING OF FEATURES
control frame is placed under the callouts specifying
hole and counterbore requirements. See Fig. 5-37. Where it is desired to specify a greater tolerance
Identical diameter tolerance zones for hole and coun- in one direction than another, bidirectional positional
terbore are coaxially located at true position relative tolerancing may be applied. Bidirectional positional
to the specified datums. tolerancing results in a noncylindrical tolerance zone
( b ) Where different positional tolerances are used for locating round holes; therefore, the diameter sym-
to locate holes and counterbores (relative to common bol is omitted from the feature control frame in these
datum features), two feature control frames are used. applications.
135
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ASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
i6X 60'
m
FIG. 5-36 NONPARALLELHOLESINCLUDINGTHOSE NOT NORMAL TO SURFACE
136
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A S I E Y l 1 4 . 5 M 94 m 0757670 0549573 T77 m
ma
rHlS ON THE DRAWING
ma 8X 45'
8X 45'
8X 66.3-6.4
8X U Ø Q . 4 - 9 . 6 V 5 . 6 - 6 . 0 Ld70.0-
P
157
MEANS THIS
Trueposition axis
MEANS THIS
True position axis
9 0 . 2 5 positional
tolerance zone for
hole at MMC
LDatum plane A
FIG. 5-37 SAMEPOSITIONALTOLERANCEFORHOLES
AND COUNTERBORES,SAME DATUM REFERENCES
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
137
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 m O759670 0549574 903 m
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
SURFC
8X INDIVIDUALLY
3
T"-
@ . h. 8
U
X INDIVIDUALLY
157
MEANS THIS Possible location of \SURF D
counterbore axis 158
+I +60.15 oositional
tolerance zone for
MEANS THIS
Datum plane A
4I Hole
at MMC Length is equal
t o feature size
at MMC
LDatum axis C
FIG. 5-39POSITIONALTOLERANCESFORHOLESAND
COUNTERBORES,DIFFERENT DATUM REFERENCES
138
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ASME Yl14.5M 9 4 9 0759670 0549575 8 4 T 9
\
I I I \
I
"
"
60
15.9.1
MEANS THIS
True position
4 k- 0.4 wide
tolerance /- related to datum reference frame
&
+A
4
60 60
-I
"
"/-60+* "
from
datum C
30 from 0.2 wide tolerance
datum B at zone MMC
Axes of holes must lie within the 0.4 X 0.2 rectangular tolerance
zone basically located in relation to the specified datum reference frame
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
FIG. 5-41BIDIRECTIONALPOSITIONALTOLERANCING,RECTANGULARCOORDINATEMETHOD
NOTE: A further refinementof perpendicularity within the posi- tolerance zone has been specified. The positional tol-
tional tolerance may be required. erance values represent distances between two con-
5.9.1 Rectangular Coordinate Method. For centric arc boundaries andtwo parallel planes, re-
holes located by rectangular coordinate dimensions, spectively, equally disposed about the true position.
separate feature control frames are used to indicate Coordinate hole-locating dimensions, indicated as
the direction and magnitude of each positional toler- reference, may be included on the drawing for manu-
ance relative to specified datums. See Fig. 5-41. The facturing convenience.
feature control frames are attached to dimension lines
applied in perpendicular directions. Each tolerance
value represents a distance betweentwo parallel
planes equally disposed about the true position. 5.10 NONCIRCULAR FEATURES
5.9.2 Polar Coordinate Method. Bidirectional The fundamental principles of true position dimen-
positional tolerancing is also applied to holes, such sioning and positional tolerancing for circular fea-
as gear-mounting centers located by polar coordinate tures, such as holes and bosses, apply also to noncir-
dimensions relative to specified datums, wherea cular features, such as open-end slots, tabs, and
smaller tolerance is desired in the direction of the elongated holes. For such features of size, aposi-
line-of-centers rather than at right angles to the line- tional tolerance is usedto locate the center plane
of-centers. See Fig. 5-42. In this application, one di- established by parallel surfaces of the feature. The
mension line is applied in a radial direction and the tolerance value represents a distance betweentwo
other at right angles to the line-of-centers. A further parallel planes. The diameter symbol is omitted from
requirement of perpendicularity within the positional the feature control frame. See Figs. 5-43and 5-44.
139
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 94 m 0757670 0549576 786 m
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
MEANS THIS
L
0.2 wide tolerance zone
Datumplane B
of Center 70'
datum D
140
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ASME Y14.5M 9 4 m 0759670 0547577 b L 2 m
,6
DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994
Slotpositionmayvaryasshown,butnopoint
on either side surface shall be inside of W
Theoreticalboundary(equalto
minimum width of slot minus
~ positional tolerance)
d 1510
FIG. 5-44 POSITIONALTOLERANCING OF SLOTS
5.10.1 Noncircular Features at MMC. Where FIG. 5-45BOUNDARY FORSURFACES OF SLOT AT MMC
a positional tolerance of a noncircular feature applies
at MMC, the following apply.
(a) In Terms of the Surfaces of a Feature. While tude of the center plane of the feature mustbe
maintaining the specified width limits of the feature, confined.
no element of its side surfaces shall be inside a theo- (c) Zn Terms of the Boundary for an Elongated
retical boundarydefinedbytwo parallel planes Feature. While maintaining the specified size limits
equally disposed about true position and separated of the elongated feature, no element of its surface
by a distance equal to that shown for W in Fig. 5-45. shall be inside a theoretical boundaryof identical
(b) Zn Terms of the Center Plane of a Feature. shape located at true position. The size of the bound-
While maintaining the specified width limits of the ary is equal to the MMC size of the elongated feature
feature, its center plane must be within a tolerance minus its positional tolerance. To invoke this con-
zone defined by two parallel planes equally disposed cept, the t e m BOUNDARY is placed beneath the
about true position, having a width equal to the posi- feature control frames. See Fig. 5-47.In this exam-
tional tolerance. S e e Fig. 5-46. This tolerance zone ple, a greater positional tolerance is allowed for its
also defines the limits within which variations in atti- length than for its width. Where the same positional
141
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A S I E Y l 1 4 - 5 M 9 4 W 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 0549578 5 5 9 m
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ASMEY14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING
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ASME Y l 1 4 - 5 M 9Y m 0759670 0549577 495 m
ND DIMENSIONING
I' +1
BOUNDARY
0.25@1A1B'c'
W I5.10.1
MEANS THIS
7.00MMC width of slot
-0.25 Positionaltolerance
r 6.75 Wide boundary
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
I
Datum plane
143
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ASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING
I
5.11.1.6 Holes of Different Sizes. Where
Considered holes are of different specified sizes and the same
feature
sizes requirements apply to all holes, a single feature con-
0.2
0.21
0.220.23
0.24
0.25 trol symbol, supplemented by a notation such as
0.250.260.270.2130.290.3 TWO COAXIAL HOLES is used. See Fig. 5-53. The
0.3 0.31 0.32 0.33 same tolerance zone relationships apply as for Fig.
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
0.34 0.35
0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.4 5-5 l.
0.4 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45
5.11.2RunoutTolerance Control. Where a
0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.5
combination of surfaces of revolution is cylindrical
or conical relative to a common datum axis, or spher-
ical relative to a common datum point, a runout toler-
ance is recommended. See para. 6.7. MMC is not
applicable where a runout tolerance is specified, be-
FIG. 5-48 POSITIONALTOLERANCING FOR COAXlALlTY cause runout controls the surface elements of a fea-
ture. See para. 2.8.
5.12 CONCENTRICITY
Concentricity is that condition where the median
points of all diametrically opposed elements of a fig-
ure of revolution (or correspondingly-located ele-
ments of two or more radially-disposed features) are
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DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994
axis
DatumA
0.45
$j 1 0.9
Datum
axis A
0.9
datum
at LMC
F5.11.1.;
5.11.1.'
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
145
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ASME Y 2 4 . 5 M 94 O759670
0549582 T8T
13.98
13.96
sizes
13.94
13.92
13.9
1I 56, the axis of the controlled feature’s actual mating
envelope has been displaced 0.2 to the left, relative
25 O 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 to the axis of datum feature A, and 0.5 material has
24.9 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 been removed from the right side of the feature’s
24.8 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 surface. In Fig. 5-57, the axis of the controlled fea-
24.7 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2 ture’s actual mating envelopehas also been displaced
24.6 0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.2 to the left, relative to the axis of datum feature
24.5 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.3 A, while 0.25 material has been removed from the
upper side of the feature’s surface and 0.25 material
has been removed from the lower side of the fea-
ture’s surface. Since the actual mating size of the
controlled features in Figs. 5-56 and 5-57 is 25.0
diameter, the controlled features remain within ac-
FIG. 5-50 ZERO POSITIONALTOLERANCING AT MMC ceptable limits of size. For coaxial positional toler-
FOR COAXlALlTY
ance, the location of the axis of the feature’s actual
mating envelope is controlled relative to the axis of
the datum feature. Where checkedfor a coaxial posi-
tional tolerance relationship, the items depicted in
Figs. 5-56 and 5-57 are acceptable. For concentricity,
the locations of the midpoints ofdiametricallyopposed
(or correspondingly-located)feature elements are con-
trolled relative to the axisof the datum feature.
146
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ASME YL4.5M 94 m 075967005495839Lb m
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+0.15
Ø10.15
MEANS THIS
FIG.5-51POSITIONALTOLERANCING FOR
COAXIALHOLES OF SAMESIZE
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ASME Y14.5Pl 9 4 0759b70 0549584 852
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
THIS ON THE DRAWING
15.11.1.5
MEANS THIS
148
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DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994
to a center plane location. tures of a part. See Fig. 5-62. The symbol for spheri-
cal diameter precedes the size dimension of the fea-
5.13.3PositionalTolerancing RFS forAs- ture and the positional tolerance value, to indicate a
semblability. Some designs may require a control spherical tolerance zone. Where it is intended for
of the symmetrical relationship between features re- the tolerance zone shape to be otherwise, a special
gardless of their actual sizes. In such cases, both the indication is shown, similar to the example shown
specified positional tolerance and the datum refer- for a bidirectional tolerance zone of a cylindrical
ence apply on an RFS basis. See Fig. 5-60. hole. See Fig. 5-41.
149
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 m 0759b70 0549586 62.5 m
I
I fi
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
MEANS THIS
Extreme locational
Extreme attitude
variation
150
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ASME Y l 1 4 - 5 M 9 4 m 0757b70 0 5 4 9 5 8 7 5 6 1 M
r-
Ø 25-o.5 -
-i
L O
Øi4-0.1
Datum axis A 7
Axis of actual
mating 7
enveloDe I
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
151
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ASME Y 1 4 A f l 9 4 W O759670 0 5 4 9 5 8 8 4 T 8 W
r5.12.2J
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 9 4 m 0759670 0 5 4 9 5 8 9 334 W
r-
-i
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Ø 25-o.5
L
i" L Ø 1 4 O- ~ . ~
Median points of
diametrically-
opposed elements
"-
153
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ASME YL405M 94 m 0759670 0549590 056 m
7.8 - 8.2
L 15.8
15.6 d
L 15.8
15.6 d MEANS THIS
15.13.:
Datum
Size
FIG. 5-59 POSITIONALTOLERANCINGAT MMC FOR FIG. 5-60 POSITIONALTOLERANCING RFS-RFS FOR
SYMMETRICALFEATURES SYMMETRICALFEATURES
154
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ASME Y 1 4 = 5 M 9L, 0759670 05L,9591 T92 m
DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING ASMEY14.5M-1994
HIS ONTHEDRAWING
HIS ON THEDRAWING
7.8 - 8.2
M16X2 - 6g
AEANS THIS
AEANSTHIS
0.8 diameter
The center plane of
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
0.8 wide -
position
tolerancezone
Derivedmedian
points
155
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~~ ~
ASME Y 1 4 - 5 1 9 4 0759670 0 5 4 9 5 9 2 9 2 9
6.1 GENERAL of the surface, rather than control of the total surface.
In these instances, the area or length, and its location
This Section establishes the principles and meth-
are indicated by a heavy chain line drawn adjacent
ods of dimensioning and tolerancing to controlform,
to the surface with appropriate dimensioning. Where
profile, orientation, and runout of various geometri-
so indicated,thespecifiedtoleranceapplieswithin
cal shapes and free state variations.
these limits instead of to the total surface. See para.
4.5.10 and Fig. 4-23.
6.2 FORM AND ORIENTATION CONTROL 6.3.1.3Identifying Datum References. It is
necessary to identify featuyes on a part to establish
Form tolerances control straightness, flatness, cir-
datums from which dimensions control orientation,
cularity, and cylindricity. Orientation tolerances con-
runout, and when necessary, profile. For example, in
trol angularity, parallelism, and perpendicularity. A
Fig. 6-22, if datum references had been omitted,.it
profile tolerance may control form, orientation, size,
wouldnot be clearwhetherthelargerdiameteror
and location depending on how it is applied. Since,
the smaller diameter was the intended datum feature
to a certain degree, the limits of size control form
for the dimensions controlling profile. The intended
andparallelism,andtolerances oflocationcontrol
datumfeaturesareidentifiedwithdatumfeature
orientation,theextent of thesecontrolsshouldbe
symbols and the applicable datum references are in-
consideredbeforespecifying form andorientation
cluded in the feature control frame. For information
tolerances. See para. 2.7 and Figs. 2-6 and 5-6.
on specifying datums in an order of precedence, see
para. 4.4.
6.3 SPECIFYING FORM AND ORIENTATION
TOLERANCES
6.4 FORMTOLERANCES
Form and orientation tolerancescritical to function
and interchangeability are specified where the toler- Form tolerances are applicable to single (individ-
ances of size and location do not provide sufficient ual) features or elements of single features; therefore,
control. A tolerance of form or orientation may be form tolerances are not related to datums. The fol-
specifiedwherenotolerance of sizeisgiven,for lowingsubparagraphscovertheparticulars of the
example, in the control of flatness after assembly of form tolerances - straightness, flatness, circularity,
the parts. and cylindricity.
6.3.1Form and Orientation Tolerance Zones. 6.4.1 Straightness. Straightness is a condition
A formororientationtolerancespecifies a zone whereanelementof a surface,or an axis,is a
withinwhichtheconsideredfeature,its line ele- straight line.
ments, its axis, or its center plane must be contained.
6.4.1.1 Straightness Tolerance. A
6.3.1.1CylindricalToleranceZone. Where straightnesstolerancespecifies a tolerancezone
the tolerance value represents the diameter of a cylin- within which the considered element or derived me-
drical zone, it is preceded by the diameter symbol. dian line must lie. A straightness tolerance is applied
In all othercases,thetolerancevaluerepresents a in the view where the elements to be controlled are
total linear distance between two geometric bound- represented by a straight line.
aries and no symbol is required.
6.4.l.l. 1 Cylindrical Features. Figure 6-1
6.3.1.2LimitedAreaandLength. Certain shows an example of a cylindrical feature where all
designs require control over a limited area or length circular elements of the surface are to be within the
157
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ASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING
~~
I 6.4.1.1.1 I 6.4.1.1.2
MEANS THIS I 4.5.4.1
x+
MEANS THIS
..
-+ "
4
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
158
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 m 07.59670 0 5 4 9 5 9 4 7 T L m
4CCEPTANCEBOUNDARY
6.4.1.1.2
4.5.4.1
MEANS THIS
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
4
Feature
Diameter
tolerance
allowed
zone
size
0.04 16.00
15.99 0.05 (c)
0.06 15.90
Meanings:
159
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ASME Y L 4 = 5 M 9 4 0759670 0549595 b 3 B
t++" I
- I
r 6.4.1.I .4
MEANS THIS
loo -7 rØl5.69-16.00
1
I- 0.4
diameter
tolerance
zone
diameter
0.1
mm 25 eachtolerance
in
zone
of length
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
LJd16.4 outer boundary
~~~~
sis, as in Fig. 6-2, the maximum straightness toler- ter symbol is not used since the tolerance zone is
ance is the specified tolerance. When applied on an noncylindrical.
MMC basis, as in Fig. 6-3, the maximum straightness
6.4.1.1.4
Applied
on Unit Basis.
tolerance is the specified tolerance plus the amount
the actual local size of the feature departs from its Straightness maybe applied onaunit basis as a
means of preventing an abrupt surface variation
MMC size. The derived median line of an actual
withina relatively short length of the feature. See
feature at MMC must lie within a cylindrical toler-
Fig. 6-4. Caution should be exercised when using
ance zone as specified. As each actual local size de-
unit control without specifying a maximum limit be-
parts from MMC, an increase in the local diameter
cause of the relatively large theoretical variations that
of the tolerance zone is allowed that is equal to the
amount of such departure. Each circular element of may result if left unrestricted. If the unit variation
appears as a "bow" in the toleranced feature, and the
the surface (that is, actual local size) must be within
"bow" is allowed to continue at the same rate for
the specified limits of size.
several units, the overall tolerance variation may re-
6.4.1.1.3 Application of RFS or MMC to sult in an unsatisfactory part. Figure 6-5 illustrates
Noncylindrical Features. As an extension of the the possible condition where straightness per unit
principles of para. 6.4.l . 1.2, straightness may be ap- length given in Fig. 6-4 is used alone, that is, if
plied on an W S or MMC basis to noncylindrical straightness for the total length is not specified.
features of size. In this instance, the derived median
plane must lie in a tolerance zone between two paral- 6.4.1.1.5 Straightness of Line Elements.
lel planes separated by the amount of the tolerance. Figure 6-6 illustrates the use of straightness tolerance
Feature control frame placement and arrangement as on a flat surface. Straightness may be applied to con-
described in para. 6.4.1.1.2apply, except the diame- trol line elements in a single direction on a flat sur-
160
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A S I E Y14.5M 94 E 0759b70 0549596 574
DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING ASMEY14.5M-1994
I 6.4.1.1.5
MEANS THIS
0.1 tolerance
0.05 tolerance
I 6.4.1.1.4
FIG. 6-5 POSSIBLERESULTSOFSPECIFYING
STRAIGHTNESSPER UNIT LENGTH RFS,
WITH NO SPECIFIEDTOTAL
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
161
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ASME Y l 1 4 . 5 M 74 0759670 0549577 400 m
DIMENSIONING
ASME Y14.5M-1994
THIS ON THEDRAWING
MEANS THIS
tolerance
zone
0.25 wide tolerance
zone
0.25 wide
fied to the right of the flatness tolerance, separated 6-8 and 6-9. The circularity tolerance must be less
by a slash. For example: than the size tolerance, except for those parts subject
to free state variation. See para. 6.8.
NOTE: See ANSI B89.3.1 for further information on this subject.
[ =\
X 25 L, 0 . 0 5 / 25
6.4.4 Cylindricity. Cylindricity is a condition of
a surface of revolution inwhich all points of the
surface are equidistant from a common axis.
6.4.3 Circularity (Roundness). Circularity is a
6.4.4.1 Cylindricity Tolerance. A cylindricity
condition of a surface where: tolerance specifies a tolerance zone bounded by two
(a) for a feature other than a sphere, all points of
concentric cylinders within which the surface must
the surface intersected by any plane perpendicular to lie. In the case of cylindricity, unlike that of circular-
an axis are equidistant from that axis; ity, the tolerance applies simultaneously to both cir-
(b) for a sphere, all points of the surface inter-
cular and longitudinal elements of the surface (the
sected by any plane passing through a common cen- entire surface). See Fig. 6-10. The leader from the
ter are equidistant from that center.
feature control frame may be directed to either view.
6.4.3.1 Circularity Tolerance. A circularity The cylindricity tolerance mustbe less than the size
tolerance specifies a tolerance zone bounded by two tolerance.
concentric circles within which eachcircular element NOTE: The cylindricity toleranceis a composite control of form
of the surface must lie? and applies at that includes
circularity,
straightness,
and taper ofcylindrical
a
any plane described in (a) and (b) above. See Figs. feature.
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
162
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ASME Y14.5fl 94 m 0757670 0547598 347 m
DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING ASMEY14.5M-1994
- -
MEANS THIS
A-
..
Q
J MEANS THIS 70.25 widetolerance z o n e 1
A 4
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
l 0 . 2 5 wide tolerance zone
SECTION A-A
Each circular element of the surface in a plane The cylindrical surface must lie between two
passing through a common center must lie concentric cylinders, one having a radius 0.25
between two concentric circles, one having a largerthantheother. Thesurfacemust be
radius 0.25 larger than the other. Eachcircular within the specified limits of size.
element of the surface must be within the
specified limits of size. FIG. 6-10 SPECIFYING
CYLlNDRlClTY
994 ASME
THIS ON THEDRAWING
profileActualprofileActual
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
L-
"
Datum plane A
0.8 wide tolerance
zone entirely True relative
profile 0.8 wide tolerance zone
disposed
datum
one
toon
A unequally disposed on
side one side
true of the true of the
profile,
profile,
as indicated as indicated
profile Actual profile Actual
0.6
Datum plane A
0.2
(c) (dl
True profile
relative to datum A True profile
relative to datum
A
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ND DIMENSIONING
-
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
- 54
The surfaces, all around the part outline, must lie between two parallel boundaries
0.6 apart perpendicular t o datum plane A and equally disposed about the true profile.
Radii of part corners must not exceed 0.2.
165
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ASME Y 3 4 - 5 M 94 m 0759670 0549603 763 m
ASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING
lt
.8f0.1
o
FIG. 6-13 SPECIFYINGDIFFERENTPROFILETOLERANCES ON SEGMENTSOF A PROFILE
b- 65k0.25 -4 6.5.1
3.3.11
MEANS THIS
Datum plane C Datum plane A
0.25 wide tolerance zone
166
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ASME YL4-5M 9 4 O759670 0 5 4 9 6 0 2 bTB m
AND DIMENSIONING Y14.5M-1994
MEANS THIS
Datum plane A
0.4 wide tolerance zone The surfaces all around must lie be-
tween two profile boundaries 0.4
apart,
True profile the and with
one coincident
other outside the true profile, and
both perpendicular to datum plane
A. The tolerancezoneextendsto
the intersection of the boundary
"" lines.
files taken at various cross sections through the part. 6.5.3 Explanation of ProfileTolerance. The
These two cases are provided for as follows. tolerance value represents the distance between two
(u) Profile of a Surjuce. The tolerance zone estab- boundaries equally or unequally disposed about the
lished by the profile of a surface tolerance is three- true profile or entirely disposed on one side of the
dimensional, extending along the length andwidth true profile. Profile tolerances apply normal (perpen-
(or circumference) of the considered feature or fea- dicular) to the true profile atallpoints along the
tures. This may be applied to parts having a constant profile. The boundaries of the tolerance zone follow
cross section as in Fig. 6-12, to parts having a surface the geometric shape of the true profile. The actual
of revolution, or to parts (such as castings) defined surface or line element must be within the specified
by profile tolerances applying "ALL OVER" as indi- tolerance zone, and all variations from the true pro-
cated below the feature control frame. file must blend. Where a profile tolerance encom-
( b ) Profle of a Line. The tolerance zone estab- passes a sharp corner, the tolerance zone extends to
lished by the profile of a line tolerance is two-dimen- the intersection of the boundary lines. See Fig. 6-
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
sional, extending along the length of the considered 15. Since the intersecting surfaces may lie anywhere
feature. This applies to the profiles of parts having within the converging zone, the actual part contour
a varying cross section, such as the tapered wing of could conceivably be rounded. If this is undesirable,
an aircraft, or to random cross sections of parts as in the drawing must indicate the design requirements,
Fig. 6-18, where it is not desired to control the entire such as by specifying the maximum radius. See Fig.
surface of the feature as a single entity. 6-12.
167
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ASME YLY=5M94 m 07596700549603 53Y m
94 ASME
MEANS THIS
~ 0 . wide
4 tolerance zone r 0.12 wide tolerance zone at each cross section
fDatum plane A
Datum plane B
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Section A-A
The surface between C and D must lie between two profile boundaries 0.4 apart, one coincident with and the other
nside of the true profile, and positioned with respect to datum planes A and B. Each line element of the consid-
3red surface, parallel to datum plane B, must lie between two lines 0.12 apart which are parallel to datum plane A.
6.5.4 Application of Datums. Inmost cases, ance and the circular elements must be within the
profile of a surface tolerance requires reference to specified runout tolerance. Figure 6-18 illustrates a
datums in order to provide proper orientation, loca- part with a profile of a line tolerance where size is
tion, or both, of the profile. With profile of a line controlled by a separate tolerance. Line elements of
tolerance, datums may be used under some circum- the surface along the profile must lie within the pro-
stances but would not be used whenthe only require- file tolerance zone and within a size limiting zone.
ment is the profile shape taken cross section by cross In certain instances, a portion of the profile tolerance
section. An example is the shape of a continuous zone may fall beyond the boundary of the size lim-
extrusion. iting zone. However, this portion of the profile toler-
ance zone is not usable because the line elements of
6.5.5 Combined Controls. Profile tolerancing
the surface must not violate the size limiting zone.
may be combined with other types of geometric tol-
erancing. Figure 6-16 illustrates a surface that has a 6.5.5.1 Boundary Control for a Noncylin-
profile tolerance refined by a parallelism tolerance. dricalFeature. Profile tolerancing maybe com-
The surface must not only be withinthe profile toler- bined with positional tolerancing where it is neces-
ance, but each straight line element of the surface sary to control the boundary of a noncylindrical
must also be parallel to the datum within the toler- feature. See Fig 6-19. In this example, the basic di-
ance specified. Figure 6-17 illustrates a surface that mensions and the profile tolerance establish a toler-
has a profile tolerance refined by a runout tolerance. ance zone to control the shape and size of the feature.
The entire surface must be within the profile toler- Additionally, the positional tolerance establishes a
168
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ASME Y / 4 * 5 M 9 4 0759670 0549604 470
TOLERANCING
DIMENSIONING AND ASME Y14.5M-1994
16.5.5
MEANS THIS
0.25 Profile zone
Secondary
datum axis N
I I I l
Primary
datum plane M
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
The surface between points A and B must lie between two profile
boundaries 0.25 apart, equally disposed about the true profile and
positioned with respect to primary datum plane M and secondary
datum axis N. Additionally, each circular element of the surface
must fall within the 0.15 runout tolerance.
169
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ASME YL4.5M 94 m O7596700549605303 m
THISONTHEDRAWING
IA10.16 l A l B
C-D
I R12.7
I C
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
R12.7
L 0 . l i wide
tolerance Datum plane
zone
Each line element of the surface between points C and D, atany cross
section, must lie between two profile boundaries 0.16 apart in relation to
datumplanesAand B. Thesurfacemustbe within the specified limits of
size.
170
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A S I E Y14.51 9 4 I0759670 0549606 243 I
TOLERANCING
DIMENSIONING AND Y14.5M-1994
I
/ \
+
1251
t
”
-1361- I 6.5.5.1
MEANS THIS
LMC of feature
0.6
0.6
Trueprofile
datum plane B
MMC of feature
(at basiclocation)
$
Datum
plane A
Control Profile
Thesurface,allaround, must lie between two No portion of the surface may be permitted
profile boundaries 1.2 apart equally disposed to lie within the boundary of MMC contour
about the true profile. minusthepositionaltolerance when positioned
with respect to datum planes A, B and C.
FIG. 6-19 BOUNDARYPRINCIPLE USED WITH PROFILECONTROLS
theoretical boundary shaped identically to the basic a single interrupted or noncontinuous surface. In this
profile. For an internal feature, the boundary equals case, a control is provided similar to that achieved
the MMC size of the profile minus the positional by a flatness tolerance applied to a single plane sur-
tolerance, and the entire feature surface must lie out- face. As shown in Fig. 6-20, the profile of a surface
side the boundary. For anexternal feature, the bound- tolerance establishes a tolerance zone defined by two
ary equals the MMC size of the profile plus the posi- parallel planes within which the considered surfaces
tional tolerance, and the entire feature surface must must lie. No datum reference is stated in Fig. 6-20,
lie within the boundary. To invoke this concept, the as in the case of flatness, since the orientation of the
term BOUNDARY is placed beneath the positional tolerance zone is established from contact of the part
tolerance feature control frame. against a reference standard; the plane is established
by the considered surfaces themselves. Where two
6.5.6 Coplanarity. Coplanarity is the condition
or more surfaces are involved, it may be desirable to
of two or more surfaces having all elements in one
identify which specific surface(s) are to be used as
plane. the datum feature(s). Datum feature symbols are ap-
6.5.6.1 Profile Tolerance For Coplanar Sur- plied to these surfaces with the appropriate tolerance
faces. A profile of a surface tolerance may be used for their relationship to each other. The datum refer-
where it is desired to treat two or more surfaces as ence letters are added to the feature control frame
171
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 0759670 0549607 1 8 T M
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
4
-1 2 SURFACES
frame similar tothat shown in Fig. 3-22(a). Each
complete horizontal segment of a composite profile
feature control frame constitutes a separately verifi-
16.5.6.1 able component of a pair of interrelated require-
MEANS THIS ments. The profile symbol is entered once and is
applicable toboth horizontal segments. The upper
segment is referred to as the profile locating control.
It specifies the larger profile tolerance for the loca-
tionof the profiled feature. Applicable datums are
specified in a desired order of precedence. The lower
segment is referred to as a profile size/form/orienta-
0.08 wide tolerance zone
tion refinement control. It specifies the smaller pro-
Eachsurfacemust lie between two common
file tolerance for the feature within the profile locat-
parallelplanes 0.08 apart.Bothsurfacesmust ing zone (form and orientation refinement).
be within the sDecified limits ofsize.
172
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 94 IBI 0759670 0549608 016 m
YWJ
2 SURFACES
1656
WEANS THIS
r SimulateddatumA-B
173
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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ASME YL4.5M 94 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 0 5 4 9 b 0 9 T52
MEANS THIS
r 0.02 wide tolerance zone
6.5.7
6.3.1.3
"
" diameter
I
qn 9
MEANS THIS
Datum plane B
perpendicularity, and parallelism, when applied to
I+"35 4 plane surfaces, control flatness if a flatness tolerance
The surface must lie between two parallel planes 0.05 is not specified.
apart, equally disposed about a true plane which is
basically oriented in relation to the specified datums. 6.6.1.1 Tolerance Zones.Tolerance zones are
1 total in value requiring an axis, or all elements of the
considered surface, to fall within this zone. Where it
FIG. 6-22 SPECIFYING PROFILE OF A SURFACE FOR A
PLANESURFACE is a requirement to control only individual line ele-
ments of a surface, a qualifying notation, such as
EACH ELEMENT or EACH RADIAL ELEMENT,
6.6 ORIENTATION TOLERANCES is added to the drawing. See Figs. 6-44 and 6-45.
Angularity, parallelism, perpendicularity, andin This permits control of individual elements of the
some instances, profile are orientation tolerances ap- surface independently in relation to the datum and
plicable to related features. These tolerances control does not limit the total surface to an encompassing
the orientation of features to one another. zone.
6.6.1Specifying Orientation Tolerances in 6.6.1.2 Application of Zero Tolerance at
Relation to Datum Features. In specifying orien- MMC. Where no variations of orientation, such as
tationtolerances to control angularity,parallelism, perpendicularity, are permitted at the MMC size limit
perpendicularity, and in some cases, profile, the con- of a feature, the feature control frame contains a zero
sidered feame is related to one or more datum fea- for the tolerance, modified by the symbol for MMC.
tures. See Fig. 4-24. Relation to more thanone datum If the feature is finished at its MMC limit of size, it
feature is specified to stabilize the tolerance zone in must be perfect in orientation with respect to the
more than one direction. For a method ofreferencing datum. A tolerance can exist only as the feature de-
datum features, see para. 3.4.2. Note that angularity, parts from MMC. The allowable orientation toler-
174
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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ASME Y34.5M 9 4 I0759670 0 5 4 9 6 3 0 774
16.5.8
6.6.3 Parallelism.Parallelism is the condition of
MEANS THIS
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
I 6.5.9.1.1
MEANS THIS
0.8 wide tolerance
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
176
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ASME Y l 1 4 * 5 M 74 D 0759670 0547bl12 5 4 7 D
ND DIMENSIONING Y14.5M-1994
P I 6.5.9.1.1
MEANS THIS r 0.8
tolerance
wide zone
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Datum
plane C
h Datum plane B
Datum
plane A
III I Al I
The feature shall be located within a larger boundary (0.8) relative
to the primary datum A, secondary datum B, and tertiary datum C.
Once the feature is located within the larger boundary (0.8) its size
shall be controlled relative to the basic feature defining dimensions
and to the primary datum A for perpendicularity and secondary
datum B for parallelism within the smaller boundary (0.2).
I
FIG. 6-26 COMPOSITE PROFILETOLERANCING OF A
FEATURE
177
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 9 4 0759b70 0549bL3 Y83
I 6.6.2.1
MEANS THIS
d O . 2 wide tolerance zone
Possible orientation
MEANS THIS of the feature axis
2-4-
0.4 wide tolerance zone
/
Datum plane A
FIG. 6-27 SPECIFYINGANGULARITY FOR A PLANE FIG. 6-28 SPECIFYINGANGULARITY FOR AN AXIS
SURFACE (FEATURE RFS)
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
178
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DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994
//
F
0.12 A
I 6.6.3.'
MEANS THIS MEANS THIS
0.2 diameter Possible orientation
tolerance zone of the surface
0.12 wide tolerance zone
Possible orientation
of the feature axis F
/
Ø
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
I
Z t u m plane A
Datum plane A
The surface must lie between two parallel planes
0.12 apartwhichareparalleltodatumplane A. The
Regardless of feature size, the feature axis must !¡e surface must be within the specified limits of size.
within a 0.2 diameter cylindrical zone inclined 60
to datum plane A. The feature axis must be within
FIG. 6-30 SPECIFYINGPARALLELISMFORAPLANE
the specified tolerance of location.
SURFACE
FIG.6-29SPECIFYINGANGULARITYFOR AN AXIS
(FEATURERFS)
179
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~ ~
THIS ON THEDRAWING
I
rcis
MEANS THIS
I MEANSTHIS
0.12 wide Possible orientation
of feature axis
0.2 diameter
tolerance zone
J
m
h\_
orientation
Possible
Datum axis A
Regardless of feature size, the feature axis must lie
between two parallel planes 0.12apart which are
parallel to datum plane A.Thefeatureaxismust be
within the specified tolerance of location.
Regardless of feature size, the feature axis must lie
within a 0.2diameter cylindrical zone parallel to
FIG.6-31SPECIFYINGPARALLELISM FOR AN AXIS datumaxis A.The featureaxismustbewithinthe
(FEATURERFS) specified tolerance of location.
FIG.6-32SPECIFYINGPARALLELISMFOR AN AXIS
(BOTHFEATUREANDDATUMFEATURERFS)
180
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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ASME Y L 4 = 5 M 9 4 m 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0549636 L92 m
THISONTHEDRAWING
MEANS THIS
Possible orientation
r 7
MEANS THIS of the surface
Possible orientation
of feature axis 0.12 wide
tolerance
zone-
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
L
Diameter
Feature tolerance
size zone
allowed LDatum plane A
10.000 0.05
10.001 0.051
+
The surface must lie between two parallel
LDatum axis A
10.002
10.021
10.022
+
0.052
0.071
0.072
planes 0.12 apart which are perpendicular
to datumplane A. Thesurfacemust be
within the specified limits of size.
181
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ASME Y 1 4 = 5 ! 94 m 0759670 0549bL7 O29 H
I 6.6.4.1
MEANS THIS
Thesurfacemustliebetweentwoparallel
planes 0.12 apart which are perpendicular to
datumplanes A and B. Thesurface must be
within the specified limits of size.
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
182
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 94 I0759670 0549618 Th5 m
DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING ASMEY14.5M-1994
THISONTHEDRAWING
I MEANS THIS
1664
Possible orientation
MEANSTHIS
7 r
o2
.tolerance
of the feature
center plane
tolerance
L.Datum A
Possible orientation
of the feature axis
to datumplaneA.Thefeaturecenterplane
must be within the specified tolerance
of location. FIG.6-37SPECIFYINGPERPENDICULARITYFOR AN AXIS
(BOTHFEATUREANDDATUMFEATURERFS)
183
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ASME Y L 4 = 5 M 71r 0757670 0547bL9 7TL m
THIS ONTHEDRAWING
0.5
MEANS THIS
0.3 diameter tolerance
16.6.4.1
14 specified MEANS THIS
projected height
i'i
Tf Datum
plane A
0.4 diameter
tolerance zone
Datum height
plane A
Possible orientation
of feature axis
7
Where the thread profile is at MMC, the feature axis
ne i r : : ! & tat ion
must lie within a cylindrical zone 0.3 diameter
which is perpendicular to and projects from datum of feature axis
plane A for the 14 specified height. The feature
axis must be within the specified tolerance of
location over the projected height. Regardless of feature size, the feature axis must lie
within a cylindrical zone 0.4 diameter which is
Note: Athreadedhole is locatedandgaged from perpendicular to and projects from datum plane A
its thread profile at MMC. Considerationmust be for the feature height. The feature axis must be
given to the additive tolerance which results from within the specified tolerance of location.
thedeparture from MMC.The centeringeffect of
the fastener at assembly, however, may reduce or
negate such added tolerance. FIG. 6-39 SPECIFYINGPERPENDICULARITYFOR AN AXIS
(PINOR BOSS RFS)
184
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ASME Y 1 4 - 5 M 44 I0759670 0 5 4 9 6 2 0 613 m
DIMENSIONINGANDTOLERANCING ASMEY14.5M-1994
r MEANS THIS
r
I I
Diameter
tolerance zone
size
15.984 0.05
15.983 0.051
+
15.982
15.967
15.966
+
0.052
0.067
0.068
L Possible orientation
of the feature axis
Where the feature is at maximum material condition (15.984), the maximum perpendicularity tolerance
is 0.05 diameter. Where the feature departs from its MMC size, an increase in the perpendicularity
tolerance is allowed which is equal to the amount of such departure. The feature axis must be withi
the specified tolerance of location.
ACCEPTANCE BOUNDARY
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ASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING
W
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
12.8.3
MEANS THIS MEANS THIS
Datum Datum
plane A plane A
Possible orientation
Possible orientation
of the feature axis
hY r
50.00
50.01
+
50.02
50.15
50.16
T
Diameter
%ature tolerance
size allowed
O
0.01
+
0.02
zone
0.15
0.16
I
L Y
\ Y
0.1
I : %; 1
r
I'
50.01
50.10
50.16
tolerance zone
allowed
186
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ASME Y14.5M 94 m 0757670 0547622 4 9 b
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
6.6.1.3
3.3.20
MEANS THIS
,-Tangent plane
L 0.1 wide
tolerance
187
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M '34 0759670 054'3623 322
THISONTHEDRAWING THISONTHEDRAWING
EACHRADIALELEMENT
f?I A
Datum
axis
Each radial element of the surface must lie between Each radial element of the surface must lie
two parallel lines 0.02 apart which are perpendicular between two parallel lines 0.02 apart which
to datum axis A.Thesurfacemust be within the areparallel to datum A.The surfacemustbe
specified limits of size. within the specified limits of size.
188
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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ASME Y / 4 * 5 M 94 W 0759670 0549624 269 m
Datum axis
(Established from
feature)
around
datum
i- Surfaces constructed
lheaxis
datum
L Datum feature I
189
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ASME Y l 1 4 - 5 M 9 4 0759670 0549625 L T 5
h’ i
F
IL 6.7.1.3.1
-
MEANS THIS
6.7.1.2.3
6.7.1.2.1
MEANS THIS Single circular 0.02 FIM
K elements
O.O2FlM-@ f 11
TI=+--tC-
r Datum axis A
-@
Rotate
~
Pan
”. Appliesportion
to 0.02 wide tolerance
of surface indicated 4 1 7 -4 7 L
surface
(@0.02 FIM
At any measuring position, each circular element of
these surfaces must be within the specified runout The entire surface must lie with the specified runout
tolerance (0.02 full indicator movement) when the tolerance zone (0.02 full indicator movement) when
part is rotated 360’ about the datum axis with the the part is rotated 360’ about the datum axis with
indicator fixed in a position normal to the true the indicator placed at every location along the
geometric shape.The feature must be within the surface in a position normal to the true geometric
specified limits of size. shape without reset of the indicator. The feature
(This controls only the circular elements of the must be within the specified limits of size.
surfaces, not the total surfaces.)
A DATUMDIAMETER
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AND DIMENSIONING
I 6.7.1.3.2
FIG.6-49SPECIFYINGRUNOUTRELATIVETO TWO DATUMDIAMETERS
of sufficient length. Figure 6-47 incorporates the relationship to each other rather than to a common
principle of circular runout tolerancing and illustrates datum axis are indicated by appropriate datum refer-
the control of circular elements of a surface. Figure ences within the feature control frame. See Fig. 6-
6-48 incorporates the principle of total runout toler- 5 l . In this example, the runout tolerance of the hole
ancing and illustrates the control of an entire surface. is related to datum E rather than the axis C-D.
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
6.7.1.3.2 Two Datum Diameters. Figure 6.7.1.4 Surface Relationship.Where two sur-
6-49 illustrates application of runout tolerances faces are related to a common datum by runout toler-
where two datum diameters collectively establish a ances, the permissible runout between the two sur-
single datum axis to which the features are related. faces is equal to the sum of their individual runout
tolerances with respect to the datum.
6.7.1.3.3 DiameterandFaceDatums.
Where features to be controlled are related to a diam- 6.7.1.5 Specification.Multiple leaders may be
eter and a face atright angles to it, each related used to direct a feature control frame to two or more
surface is assigned a runout tolerance with respect surfaces having a common runout tolerance. Surfaces
to these two datums. The datums are specified sepa- may be specified individually or in groups without
rately to indicate datum precedence. See Fig. 6-50. affecting the runout tolerance. See Fig. 6-51.
This figure incorporates the principles of both meth-
ods of specifying runout tolerances.
6.8 FREESTATE VARIATION
6.7.1.3.4Control of Individual Datum
Surfaces. It may be necessary to control individual Freesrate variation is a term used to describe
datum surface variations with respect to flatness, cir- distortion of a part after removal of forces applied
cularity, parallelism, straightness, or cylindricity. during manufacture. This distortion is principally due
Where such control is required, the appropriate toler- to weight and flexibility of the part and the release
ance is specified. See Figs. 6-51 and 6-52 for exam- of internal stresses resulting from fabrication. A part
ples applying cylindricity and flatness to the datums. of this kind, for example, a partwith a verythin
wall in proportion to its diameter, is referred to as a
6.7.1.3.5 Control of Runout to a Datum
nonrigid part. In some cases, it may be required that
Feature(s). Where datum features are required by the part meet its tolerance requirements while in the
function to be included in the runout control, runout free state. See Fig. 6-53. In others, it may be neces-
tolerances must be specified for these features. See sary to simulate the mating part interface in order to
Figs. 6-51 and 6-52. verify individual or related feature tolerances. This
6.7.1.3.6 Relationship of Features Based is done by restraining the appropriate features, such
on Datum Sequence. Features having a specific as the datum features in Fig. 6-54. The restraining
191
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4 ASME
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
4 f 10.08 I I
C D]
I 6.7.1.3.3
MEANS THIS
Datum plane C
Datum axis D
-c-
Rotate
Part
i' ' 0.05 wide tolerance
zone along surface
-
e-ff
Rotate
Part
0.08 wide tolerance
zone at each circular
element
Rotate
part
-NE3@
Rotate
0.04 wide tolerance
zone along surface
192
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ASME YL4.5M 94 m 0759b70 0549628 904 m
I I
6.7.1.5
6.7.1.3.6
6.7.1.3.5
6.7.1.3.4
193
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 M 94 m 0 7 5 9 6 7 00 5 4 9 b 2 9 840 m
6.7.1.3.5
6.7.1.3.4
MEANS THIS
Secondary datum
cylinder D
to datum plane C
. T T v
perpendicular 0.05 Max.
Flat within
0.02 total 7
t
vgoO
I
L Primary datum
plane C
Secondary datum axis D /
When mounted on datums C and D, designated surfaces
must be within specified runout tolerance.
FIG. 6-52 SPECIFYING RUNOUT RELATIVE TO A DATUM SURFACE AND DIAMETER WITH
FORMCONTROLSPECIFIED
194
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 94 0757670 0549630 5 6 2
AND DIMENSIONING
10 circularity
tolerance
tone- ,
Ø1190 Ø1185
Ø1210 J Ø1205 J
Note: Both extremes are shown but cannot occur in the same cross section.
r
I - - I SEE
Ø AVG
L --``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
195
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A S I E Y L 4 - 5 M 74 W O757670 0547633 4 T 7 W
forces are those that would be exerted in the assem- specify the maximum force necessary to restrain each
bly or functioning of the part. However, if the dimen- of them. Determine the amount of the restraining or
sions and tolerances are met in the free state, it is holding forces and other requirements necessary to
usually not necessary to restrain the part unless the simulate expected assembly conditions. Specify on
effect of subsequent restraining forces on the con- the drawing that if restrained to this condition, the
cerned features could cause other features of the part remainder of the part or certain features thereof shall
to exceed specified limits. Free state variationof be within stated tolerances. See Fig. 6-54.
nonrigid parts may be controlled as described in the
6.8.3 Average Diameter. Where form control,
following paragraphs.
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
such as circularity, is specified in a free state for a
6.8.1 SpecifyingGeometricToleranceson circular or cylindrical feature, the pertinent diameter
Features Subject to Free State Variation. is qualified with the abbreviation AVG. See Fig. 6-
Where an individual form or location tolerance is 53. Specifying circularity on the basis of an average
applied to a feature in the free state, specify the maxi- diameter on a nonrigid part is necessary to ensure
mum allowable free state variation withan appro- that the actual diameter of the feature can bere-
priate feature control frame. See Fig. 6-53. The free strained to the desired shape at assembly. An average
state symbol may be placed within the feature control diameter is the average of several diametral measure-
frame, following the tolerance and any modifiers, to ments across a circular or cylindrical feature. Nor-
clarify a free state requirement on a drawing con- mally, enough (at least four) measurements are taken
taining restrained feature notes, or to separate a free to assure the establishment of an average diameter.
state requirement from associated features having re- If practicable, an average diameter may be deter-
strained requirements. See Figs. 3-18 and 6-54. mined by a peripheral tape measurement. Note that
the free state circularity tolerance is greater than the
6.8.2 SpecifyingGeometricToleranceson size tolerance on the diameter. Figures 6-53(a) and
Features to BeRestrained. Where orientation, (b), simplified by showing only two measurements,
runout, or location tolerances are to be verified with give the permissible diameters in the free state for
the part in a restrained condition, select and identify two extreme conditions of maximum average diame-
the features (pilot diameter, bosses, flanges, etc.) to ter and minimum average diameter, respectively. The
be used as datum surfaces. Since these surfaces may same method applies when the average diameter is
be subject to free state variation, it is necessary to anywhere between maximum and minimum limits.
196
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ASME YL4-5M 9 4 m 0759b700549b32 335 m
APPENDIX A
PRINCIPAL CHANGES AND IMPROVEMENTS
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
All figures havebeen revised, where applicable, ANSI Y 14.7.1- 1971, Gear Drawing
to show the universal International Organization Standards - Part 1: For Spur, Helical, Double
for Standardization (ISO) datum feature symbol Helical, and Rack
being introduced in this issue of the Standard. ANSI Y14.7.2-1978, Gear and Spline Drawing
All figures havebeen revised, where applicable, Standards - Part 2: Bevel and Hypoid Gears
to remove the RFS symbol, which is nolonger ASME Y 14.8M-1989, Castings and Forgings
necessary. ANSI/IEEE 268-1992, Metric Practice
0 Definitionsandtermshavebeenenhanced by
expansion, addition, clarification, and
reorga-
nization.
A3 SECTION 1, SCOPE, DEFINITIONS, AND
GENERAL DIMENSI~NING 0 New or revised terms and definitions:
boundary, inner
Added clarification thatthe definitions, funda- boundary, outer
mental rules, and practices for general dimen- datum feature simulator
sioning that are established in Section 1 apply to datum, simulated
coordinate aswell as geometric dimensioning dimension
methods. envelope, actual mating
Revised the designation from ANSI to ASME to feature
reflect The American Society of Mechanical Engi- feature, axis of
neers as the preparing organization. References feature, center plane of
to the Standard shall now state ASME Y14.5" feature, derived median plane of
1994. feature, derived median line of
197
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ASME YL4.5M 94 m 0759670 0 5 4 9 b 3 3 2 7 1
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
size, nominal A4 SECTION 2, GENERAL TOLERANCING
size, resultant condition AND RELATED PRINCIPLES
size, virtual condition Notation is made that if CAD/CAM database
Fundamental rules added: models are usedand they do not include toler-
Unless otherwise specified, all dimensions and ances, then tolerances must be expressed outside
tolerances apply in a free state condition except of the database to reflect design requirements.
as specified under certain conditions as described Notation is made that tolerances on dimensions
in Section 6 . that locate features of size are preferably specified
Unless otherwise specified, all geometric toler- by the positional tolerancing method described in
ances apply for full depth, length, andwidth of Section 5 . However, in certain cases, such as lo-
the feature. cating irregular-shaped features individually or in
Dimensions and tolerances apply only atthe patterns, the profile tolerancing method as de-
drawing level where they are specified. A dimen- scribed in Section 6 may be used.
sion specified for a given feature on one level
of drawing (for example, a detail drawing) is not Clarified and expanded the meaning of implied
mandatory for that feature at any other level (for 90” center lines and surfaces of a part as depicted
example, an assembly drawing). on engineering drawings versus the meaning of
implied 90” basic dimensions when -geometric
Paragraph and subparagraph numbering is revised controls are specified.
to accommodate new and rearranged text. Subpar-
agraph headings are added to identify subject mat- * The number of decimal places to be used in a
ter more clearly. Some subparagraphs are con- dimension and associated tolerances for unilateral,
densed into preceding paragraphs for clarity and bilateral, basic, or limit dimensioning is presented
flow of subiect matter. for both metric or inch applications.
Explanation and use of leader lines is expanded The number of decimal places to be used with
and clarified. angle dimensions is presented.
Dimensions “not to scale” coverage is expanded Changes under “limits of size” Rule #1:
to accommodate differing methods of drawing Variations in size, referred to as “the actual size
preparation from manual to computer graphics of an individual feature” are now referred to as
systems for product definition. “the actual local size of an individual feature” at
each cross section.
Explanation of round holes and application of a In numerous places where the term size was
depth dimension is expanded and clarified in text used in the previous Standard, the terms actual
and illustrations. local size, actual mating size, and actual mating
Explanation of counterbored holes is expanded envelope are substituted as appropriate for design
and clarified in text and illustrations. intent and the expansion in distinguishing between
the different uses of the term size.
For methods of specifying requirements peculiar
to castings and forgings, a reference toASME Regarding applicability of RFS and MMC in con-
Y14.8M is added. trolling straightness of an axis or center plane, the
tolerance zone must contain the “derived median
To replace words on the drawing, symbology, as line” or the “derived median plane” rather than
198
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the “derived axis”, “center line”, or “derived cen- symbol formerly used to specify a tangent radius
ter plane” of the previous Standard. without flats and reversals. The existing “radius”
symbol is retained, but its meaning now permits
Changes under Rules #2 and #3:
flats and reversals in the surface contour.
Former Rules #2 and #3 regarding applicability
of WS, “C, or LMC are replaced by anew A standard method is added for identifying toler-
Rule #2 that states that for all applicable geometric ances that apply using a statistical basis. The “sta-
tolerances, “regardless of feature size” (WS) ap- tistical tolerance” symbol is introduced.
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
plies with respect to the individual tolerance, da-
tum reference, or both, where no modifying sym-
bol is specified.
A5 SECTION 3, SYMBOLOGY
Maximummaterial condition (MMC) or least
material condition (LMC) must be specified on The universal (ISO) datum feature symbol is
the drawing where it is required. adopted and replaces the previous one. Construc-
tion and application of the datum feature symbol
0 Since the “regardless of feature size” condition is and its use when establishing datums are added.
implied on all applicable geometric tolerancing for The datum feature symbol is applied to the con-
features of size, the RFS symbol is no longer nec-
cerned feature surface outline, extension line, di-
essary. This harmonizes U.S. practices with uni- mension line, feature control frame, dimension
versal international (ISO) practices.
leader line, etc., in keeping with the principles
Asan alternative interim practice (Rule 2a),
established and the options provided.
RFS maybe specified on the drawing as in the
previous StandGd. 0 Explanation is added for placement of a datum
target area size outside the datum target symbol
The “symmetry” characteristic is reactivated and when there is insufficient space within the sym-
may be applied only on an RFS basis. Likewise,
bol’s upper compartment.
circular runout. total runout. and concentricitv are
reaffirmed as applicable only at RFS and cknot 0 Use of the material condition symbol for RFS is
be modified to MMC or LMC. no longer necessary. The “regardless of feature
size” condition applies where the symbols for
Application and explanation of zero tolerance at
MMC or LMC are not stated on size features.
least material condition (LMC) are added.
New symbols introduced and explained:
Virtual condition explanation is expanded and de-
controlled radius
scribed as a constant value and as it relates to statistical tolerance
resultant condition as a worst case value. Inner
between
boundary and outer boundaryterms are also intro-
free state
duced as an associated method of identifying ex- tangent plane
treme limits of the concerned feature tolerances.
The “symmetry” characteristic and symbol are re-
0 Resultant condition is introduced and explained as activated from earlier standards.
a worst case inner locus or outer locus condition.
The “all around” symbol explanation is added to
Added figures to explain virtual condition bound- the text.
ary and resultant condition boundary as derived
from the material condition specified at MMC or The “projected tolerance zone” symbol is now
LMC. placed in the feature control frame, following the
stated tolerance and any modifier. The dimension
0 “Datum features at virtual condition” explanation indicating the minimum height of the tolerance
is expanded to include the use of zero tolerance zone is also placed in the feature control frame,
at MMC or LMC where a virtual condition equal following the “projected tolerance zone” symbol.
to the maximum material condition is desired.
The “dimension origin” symbol andmethod are
expanded for use with angular features. A6 SECTION 4, DATUM REFERENCING
The definition of radius is added. The introductory paragraphs have been reorga-
Anew “controlled radius” symbol replaces the nizedand rewritten to expand and clarify the prin-
199
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ASME Y14=5M 94 m 0 7 5 9 6 7 00 5 4 9 6 3 5 044 m
ciples of identifying features of a part as datum two or more features, or patterns of features, are
features. related to common datums in the same order of
All illustrations have been revised to show the precedence, is expanded and illustrated. Clarified
that this principle does not apply to the lower seg-
universal I S 0 datum feature symbol and remove
ments of composite feature control frames unless
the W S material condition symbol.
specific notation is added.
Immobilization of the part relative to three mutu-
Where datum targets or equalizing datums are
ally perpendicular planes in the datum reference
used on more complex parts and the datum feature
frame is discussed and application relative to the
symbol cannot be conveniently tied to a specific
“true geometric counterpart” is expanded.
feature, the datum feature symbol is not required.
A true geometric counterpart of a feature is fur- The datum reference frame will be established by
ther explained and examples are provided. the collective points, lines, areas, or portions of
the surfaces involved.
Subparagraph titles have been added for clarity
and organization of subject matter. On equalizing datums, it is permissible to use the
datum feature symbol to identify the equalized
A mathematically defined surface, such as a com-
theoretical center planes of the datum reference
pound curve or contoured surface, can beused
frame established. This is anexception and should
as a datum feature relative to a datum reference
be done only when necessary and in conjunction
frame.
with datum targets.
The use of “parts with inclined datum features” is
For irregular or step datum surfaces, the datum
introduced and explained in establishing a datum
plane should contain at least one of the datum
reference frame.
targets.
More explicit terms are provided to describe and
In expansion of the datum nomenclature, all ap-
explain the datum of a cylindrical feature. The
propriate figures were expanded or revised to in-
datum of a cylindrical surface is the axis of the
clude explanation of the relationships between the
true geometric counterpart of the datum feature
datum feature; simulated datum feature; simulated
(for example, the actual mating size or the virtual
datum plane, axis, or center plane; datum feature
condition boundary).
simulator; true geometric counterpart; and datum
Paragraphs describing and explaining datum fea- plane, axis, or center plane.
tures “not subject to size variations” and datum
Numerous figures were expanded to provide more
features “subject to size variation” are reorga-
information.
nized, explained, and clarified.
New figures were added for “Inclined Datum Fea-
The role of the “simulated datum” is clarified.
tures”, “Orientation of Two Datum Planes
The term actual muting envelope is inserted where
Through a Hole”, “Secondary and Tertiary Datum
appropriate.
Features at LMC”, “Hole Pattern Identified as Da-
Text on primary, secondary, and tertiary datums tum”, “Simultaneous Position and Profile Toler-
for diameter or width features, and under WS, ances”, “Datum Targets Used to Establish Datum
“C, or LMC conditions, is expanded and ex- Reference Frame for Complex Part”, and “Two
plained using the terms simulated datum, actual Datum Features, Single Datum Axis.”
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200
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ASME YL4-5M 9 4 I 0757670 0 5 4 9 6 3 6 TB0 m
envelope are substituted for actual size wherever applicable and in the same order of precedence
appropriate throughout the section. asthe PLTZF, to govern the orientation of the
FRTZF.
A note is added to acknowledge that the axis and
surface explanations for positional tolerance at If different datum references, different datum mod-
MMC do not always yield equivalent results. In ifiers, or the same datums in a different order of
such cases, the surface interpretation shall take precedence are contemplated as upper and lower
precedence. segments of a composite feature control frame, this
constitutes a different datum reference frame and
The explanation of “multiple patterns of features
is not tobe specified using the composite tolerance
located by basic dimensions relative to common
method. In such cases, separately specified single-
datums” is expanded and explained.
segment feature control frames are used, each in-
The differences in meaning between “common da- cluding applicable datums. Each single segment is
tum features not subject to size tolerances or size an independent separate requirement.
features specified on an RFS basis” and “patterns Explanation of the use of two single-segment fea-
of features specified on an MMC basis” is ture control frames is expanded todenote (or spec-
explained. ify) design requirements for independent basic-
0 A number of new illustrations are added to expand dimension-related verifications.
the explanation of composite positional “Radial hole pattern located by composite toler-
tolerancing. ancing” illustrations are shown using a more com-
0 The composite positional tolerancing text is re- mon application where the primary datum is a
vised, expanded, and rewritten. plane feature rather than a size feature.
The relationship of the Pattern-LocatingToler- Textand illustrations are added wherethecom-
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ance Zone Framework (PLTZF) and the Feature- posite tolerancing principle is extended to addition
Relating Tolerance Zone Framework (FRTZF) is of a secondary datum in the lower segment of the
expanded and explained in new text and numerous feature control frame.
illustrations. Distinction is made between use of composite po-
The PLTZF is located by basic dimensions from sitional tolerancing withprimaryand secondary
specified datums and the datum reference frame. datums in the lower segment in an “orientation
It specifies the larger positional tolerance for the only” requirement versus use of two single-seg-
location of the pattern of features as a group. ment feature control frames to depict separate in-
dependent design requirements.
The FRTZF governs the smaller positional toler-
ance for each feature within the pattern (feature- The use of the “projected tolerance zone” symbol
to-feature relationship). Basic dimensions that lo- within the feature control frame, following the ge-
cate the PLTZF from datums are not applicable ometrical tolerance andanymaterial condition
to the FRTZF. symbol, is presented.
To invoke the boundary positional tolerancing
Where datum references are not specified in the
concept as a requirement on an elongated or irreg-
lower segment of a composite feature control
ular feature of size, the term BOUNDARY is
frame, the FRTZF is free to be located and ori-
ented (shift andor tilt) within the boundaries es- placed beneath the feature control frame.
tablished and governed by the PLTZF. Clarification and expansion of “Positional Toler-
ancing for Coaxial Holes of Same Size” and for
If datums are specified in the lower segment of
different size, using composite positional toleranc-
the composite feature control frame, they govern
ing are provided.
the orientation only of the FRTZF to the specified
datums and relative to the PLTZF. 0 The definition of concentricity is revised and
refined.
Where datum references are specified in the lower
segment of the composite feature control frame, A distinction is made between runout (WS) as a
one or more of the datums specified in the upper control for elements of a surface of revolution;
segment of the composite frame are repeated, as positional tolerance, either MMC or W S , to de-
20 l
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ASME Y l 1 4 - 5 M 9 4 0759670 0549637 917
termine the axis of the actual mating envelope; The requirements imposed by circularity toleranc-
and concentricity, requiring the establishment and ing are relaxed and applicability broadened.
verification of the feature’s median points and me-
Explanation and illustration are added for combin-
dian line. Illustrations were either revised or added
ing profile tolerancing with positional tolerancing
to explain these principles.
to control the boundary of a noncylindrical fea-
The “symmetry” characteristic and symbol are re- ture. To invoke this control, the term BOUND-
activated from previous standards. ARY is placed beneath the positional tolerance
feature control frame.
A distinction is made between positional toler-
ance for symmetrical relationships, either MMC Composite profile tolerance explanation, applica-
or W S , to determine the center plane of the actual tion, methodology, and illustrations are added.
mating envelope; and symmetry, requiring estab-
The “tangent plane” concept and symbol are intro-
lishment and verification of the feature’s median
duced, explained, and illustrated.
points. Illustrations were either revised or added
to explain these principles. Angularity tolerance using a cylindrical tolerance
zone is added.
The “spherical diameter” symbol is introduced as
used in the feature control frame to indicate a Angularity tolerance using a tolerance zone de-
spherical diameter tolerance zone. fined by two parallel lines is added.
Parallelism tolerance zone coverage is expanded
to include a center plane relative to the datum
plane.
A8 SECTION 6, TOLERANCES OF FORM, On specifying straightness at RFS or MMC, the
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
PROFILE, ORIENTATION, AND RUNOUT term derived median line o f the feature actual lo-
Subparagraphs are given titles for clarity and or- cal sizes replaces derived &is o; center line of the
ganization of subject matter. actual feature.
The universal I S 0 datum feature symbol is in- An example is added for profile bilateral tolerance
serted to replace all former datum feature symbols with unequal distribution.
in illustrations. The “between” symbol is illustrated.
The option is added, where appropriate, touse An example is added for “profile of a surface for
profile tolerancing for location of features. coplanar surfaces to a datum established by two
Coverage is added to emphasize the necessity to surfaces.”
identify datum features on a part from which di- “Composite profile tolerancing of an irregular sur-
mensions controlling orientation, runout, and face” and “composite profile of a surface” exam-
where necessary, profile are related. ples are added.
The term derivedmedian line replaces axis in the The state,, symbol is introduced and ex-
definition of a straightness tolerance. plained. It is to be used instead of the previous
A straightness tolerance on a feature of size, nor- equivalent note.
mally permitting a violation of the MMC bound-
ary, is not allowed when used in conjunction with
an orientation or position tolerance. In such a case, A9 APPENDIX A, PRINCIPAL CHANGES AND
the specified Straightness tolerance value shall not IMPROVEMENTS
be greater than the specified orientation or posi- A new Appendix A is addedto provide a list of
tion tolerance values. changes, additions, extensions of principles, and
The term actual local size is inserted where resolutions of differences found in this revision
appropriate. compared to the previous issue, ANSI Y14.5”
1982.
Where function requires straight line elements to
be relatedto a datum feature, profile of a line, In the 1982 issue, Appendix A was titled “Dimen-
related to datums, should be specified. sioning for Computer-Aided Design and Com-
202
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A S I E YL4-5M 9 4 0759670 0549638 853 D
puter-Aided Manufacturing Mode.” It provided The universal IS0 datum feature symbol replaces
guidelines applicable to the newly evolving CAD/ the former one. The “symmetry” symbol is rein-
CAMmode of preparing engineering drawings. stated and the “regardless of feature size” (WS)
Now, with interactive computer graphics systems symbol is removed.
more fully matured, national and international ac-
ceptance has been achieved. Correspondingly, this New symbols introduced:
has resulted in recognition that the ASME Y14 tangent plane
free state
series standards are the appropriate source for pro-
controlled radius
viding the definition of products, regardless of
between
whether a computer or noncomputer (manual)
statistical tolerance
method is used. Thus, special CAD/CAM expla-
nationis reduced to verybasic coverage within 0 Symbols added under the IS0 column in the Com-
the body of the Standard. parison of Symbols chart:
all around (proposed)
least material condition
A10 APPENDIX B, FORMULAS FOR tangent plane (proposed)
POSITIONAL TOLERANCING free state
Additional formula symbols are added: dimension origin
D = minimum depth of thread or minimumthick- arc length
ness of part with restrained or fixed fastener spherical radius
P = maximum thickness of part with clearance spherical diameter
hole, or maximum projection of fastener,
such as a stud
In the fixed fastener case, clarification is made
that “the same positional tolerance in each of the
parts to be assembled” applies when the formulas A12 APPENDIX D, FORMER PRACTICES
under para. B4 are used. Also clarified is the point Information on significant former practices once
that the total positional tolerances of both holes featured in the 1982 issue of this Standard is pro-
( 2 0 can be separated into Tl and T2 in any appro- vided along with related illustrations.
priate manner such that 2T = T , + T2.
New coverage and formulas replace and are added
giving “provision for out-of-squareness when pro-
jected tolerance zone is not used” onfeatures such
as threaded holes or dowel holes. A13 APPENDIX E, DECISION DIAGRAMS
FOR GEOMETRIC CONTROL
203
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APPENDIX B
FORMULAS FOR POSITIONAL TOLERANCING
B1 GENERAL H=F+T
or
The purpose of this Appendix is to present formu-
T=H-F
las for determining the required positional tolerances
or the required sizes of mating features to ensure that
EXAMPLE: Given that the fasteners in Fig. B-1
partswill assemble. The formulas arevalid for all
are 3.5 diameter maximum and the clearance holes
types of features or patterns offeatures and will give
are 3.94 diameter minimum, find the required posi-
a “no interference, no clearance” fit when features
tional tolerance:
are at maximum material condition with their loca-
tions in the extreme of positional tolerance. Consid- T = 3.94 - 3.5
eration must be givenfor additional geometric condi-
tions that could affect functions not accounted for in = 0.44 diameter for each part
the following formulas.
Any number of parts with different hole sizes and
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
H = F + 2 T
B3 FLOATING FASTENERCASE
Where two or moreparts are assembled with fas- Or
teners, such as boltsand nuts, andallpartshave
clearance holes for the bolts, it is termed
the floating T = -H - F
fastener case. See Fig. B-l. Where the fasteners are 2
of the same diameter, anditis desired touse the
same clearance hole diameters and the same posi-Note that the allowable positional tolerance for each
tional tolerances for the parts tobe assembled, the part is one-halfthat for the comparable floating fas-
following formula
tener applies: case.
205
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I
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206
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ASME Y L 4 9 5 M 9 4 E 0759b70 0 5 4 9 b 4 L 3 4 8 W
B6 COAXIALFEATURES
The formula previously given for the floating fas- Part No. 1 H120+0.05
H1 + H2 = F, + F2 + TI + T2
function.)
EXAMPLE: Given the information shown in Fig. Part No. 2 /
B-3, solve for Tl and T2:
H , + H2 = F , + F2 + T , + T2
T, + T2 = ( H , + H 2 ) - ( F , + F,)
= (20 + 10) - (19.95 + 9.95)
= 0.1 totalavailabletolerance
207
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H2 = 10 + O = 10
= 0.105
= 0.1 roundeddownward
T, = 0.06
T2 = 0.04
208
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 74 m 0757b70 0547643 110 m
APPENDIX C
FORM, PROPORTION, AND COMPARISON OF SYMBOLS
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209
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ASME YL4.5M 94 m 0759670 0549644 057 m
ANYDESIRED
LENGTH
DATUM FEATURE
f
2h
8DATUM
POINT
TARGET
TARGET
f 3.1 h
r FRAME HEIGHT
1- I
CONCENTRICITY CIRCULARITY
FREE LMC
MMC TANGENT PROJECTED
PLANE STATE TOLERANCE
ZONE
I STRAIGHTNESS
PARALLELISM
FLATNESS CYLINDRICIN DIAMETER POSITION
0.5 h 0.6 h -J
ALL AROUND PROFILE
SURFACE PROFILE
LINE SYMMETRY BETWEEN
+2h+ -- 1.5 h
' 7
L
4
1.5 h
PERPENDICULARITY
ANGULARITY RUNOUT
77
I
1.1 h
I
RUNOUT
i.;h
CIRCULAR TOTAL
r
*MAY BEFILLED OR NOT FILLED
210
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 7 4 m 0 7 5 9 b 7 00 5 4 7 6 4 5 T93
r2hld.c(""'" i
Uth Vt
h
COUNTERBORE COUNTERSINK DEPTH
OR SPOTFACE (OR DEEP)
L
2h
"'
e-1
CONICAL
DIMENSION TAPER SQUARE
ORIGIN (SHAPE)
r h- 1.5 l
,C)(
L
REFERENCE ARC LENGTH SLOPE STATISTICAL
TOLERANCE
r h = LETTER HEIGHT
SR SØ CR X
RADIUS SPHERICAL CONTROLLED
SPHERICAL PLACES
RADIUSDIAMETERRADIUS OR BY
21 1
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ASME Y 1 4 . 5 M 94 I0759670 0549646 9 2 T m
STRAIGHTNESS - -
FLATNESS L7 L7
:
CIRCULARITY O O
OF PROFILE A LINE n n
OF
PROFILE A SURFACE I n
ALL AROUND A”
ANGULARITY 1
PERPENDICULARITY I
~~
PARALLELISM //
POSITION
I
43-
CONCENTRICITY
(concentricity
coaxiality
andin ISO) 0
I ,- c
BASIC DIMENSION
(theoretically exact dimension in
REFERENCEDIMENSION
ISO) 1501 m
(auxiliarydimensionin ISO) (50) (50)
DATUM FEATURE
e MAY BE FILLED OR NOT FILLED
or
212
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ASME Y 1 4 - 5 M 7 4 m 0757670 0547647 8 b b m
DIMENSION ORIGIN 4- 4-
CONICAL TAPER i3- -E=-
SLOPE A A
COUNTERBORE/SPOTFACE U u (proposed)
SQUARE O O
DIMENSION NOT TO SCALE -
15 -
15
NUMBER OF PLACES 8X 8X
n n
ARC LENGTH 105 105
RADIUS R R
SPHERICAL RADIUS SR SR
SPHERICAL DIAMETER SØ SØ
STATISTICAL TOLERANCE
I
o-
NONE
DATUM TARGET
TARGET POINT X
MAYBE FILLED OR NOT FILLED
X 1
FIG. C-3
COMPARISON OF SYMBOLS (CONT’D)
213
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APPENDIX D
FORMER PRACTICES
single new Rule #2. Former Rules R2 and #3 were A former method of indicating a projected toler-
stated as follows: ance zone is illustrated in Fig. D-5. The projected
(a) Tolerances of Position (Rule #2). WS, “C, tolerance zone symbol wasplaced in a frame and
or LMC must be specified on the drawing with re- attached to the lower edge of the applicable feature
spect to the individual tolerance, datum reference, or control frame. For the present practice, see paras.
both, as applicable. 3.4.7 and 5.5.2.
215
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 94 0759670 0549649 639 m
FIG.D-2FORMERINTERPRETATIONOFTHE
TOLERANCEZONECREATEDBY THESYMBOL R
Former datum
feature symbol
216
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6X M20X2-6H
35 MIN
217
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APPENDIX E
DECISION DIAGRAMS FOR GEOMETRICCONTROL
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
additional form controls. See Fig. E-2. As stated in
The purpose of this Appendix is to assist the user
para. 2.7.1, the dimensional limits of a feature of size
in selecting the correct geometric characteristic for a
may also serve to control the allowable variations in
particular application. Decision diagrams have been
form (Rule #1). When this is the case, and the func-
developed that are based on design requirements and
tional requirements of the design are met, no addi-
the application of datums, geometric controls, and
tional form controls are needed.
modifiers. The diagrams encourage the user to think
in termsof design intent and functional requirements, E4.1 Choosing Form Controls. Assuming that
and assist in the development of the contents of fea- form controls are necessary, the diagrams leadthe
ture control frames. user through the various applications and suggest a
variety of possible choices, as dictated by the design
function. See Fig. E-2.
E2 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
When documenting design intent, the user must
consider both the stabilization of the partand the E5 CHOOSING OTHER CONTROLS
functional requirements of the individual features.
Other aspects of each feature of a part must be
See Fig. E-l. In dealing with Individual Features,
considered for their location, orientation, runout, and
both Form and Profile controls must be considered.
profile as they relate to other features. The diagrams
If the application deals with Related Features, then
shown in Figs. E-3 through E-6 have been developed
Location, Orientation, Runout, and Profile controls
to guide the user through the appropriate selection
must be considered.
processes.
E2.1 Type of Application. Once the type of ap-
plication is determined, the user is directed to more
specific diagrams. These diagrams prompt additional
E6 USE OF MODIFIERS
user decisions, such as what needs to be controlled
(center plane, axis, or surface), functional tolerance Modifiers are an integral part of geometric con-
to be met, applicable modifiers, and necessary datum trols, but are only applicable when utilizing features
relationships. of size. If a modifier is not applicable to the geomet-
ric characteristic, modifiers are not included in the
decision diagrams. See Figs. E-2, E-3, E-4, and E-
E3 REFERENCE TO STANDARD 7. In the cases where modifiers are applicable, the
diagrams prompt decisions as to which modifiers are
A reference is shown inmany diagram boxes to appropriate.
the appropriate section within ASME Y14.5M-1994
that contains specific information concerning that
control.
E7 DATUMS
Like modifiers, datums do not apply to allgeomet-
E4 GEOMETRIC CONTROLS
ric characteristics. Datums do not apply to form con-
The box titled “Consider Limits of Size” serves as trols. If datums do not apply, they are not addressed
219
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ASME YL4.5M 94 m 0759670 0547652 L23 m
Design
Datums
(Para.4.5)
or Related
Use
FormControls
-Straightness -Line
-Flatness -Surface
-Circularity
-Cylindricity
SeeFig. E-2
Location
-Concentricity
-Symmetry
r Orientation
-Perpendicularity
-Angularity
-Parallelism
SeeFig. E-4
1
Ø
l Runout
-Circular
-Total
SeeFig. E-5
1
220
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ASME Y L 4 . 5 1 94 m 0759670 0 5 4 9 6 5 3 ObT m
.
Consider
Limits of Size
Circularity
Straightness
(Para. 6.4.4) I
plane
.
CenterElements
r Consider
MaterialConditions
(Para.6.4.1.1.2)
(Para.2.8.1)
ImpliedCondition
(Para. 2.8.2)
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22 1
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ASME YL4=5M 94 H 0759670 0549654 T T 6 H
-
Concentricity c- Symmetry
-
-
- (Para.
5.14)
+
Feature Threaded Cylindrical
(Para. Feature 2.9)
-
Projected
--``,,,,`,,`,`,`````,``````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
C Tolerancezone? a
(Para. 5.5)
.c
A Tolerance
Individual
MaterialConditions
(Para.5.3.1)
4-
Datums *
(Para. 4.1)
4
See
Datum Selections
Fig. E-7
222
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A S I E Y L 4 - 5 1 9 4 I0 7 5 9 6 7 0 0549655 932
.
Perpendicularity
D
L (Para. 6.6.2)
(Para. 2.7)
ConsiderLimits of Location
- + 7 t
E5Plane
ThreadedFeature
Surface
(Para. 2.9)
Diameter or Width
"-c
Projected
Tolerance zone?
(Para. 5.5)
-
4
Consider
MaterialConditions
(Para. 2.8)
4
RFS MMC
+1 LMC
+
(Para. 2.8.1) (Para. 2.8.2) (Para. 2.8.4)
Implied Condition Specify o Specify o
r DatumSelections
7-::F
i I
FIG. E-4 ORIENTATION
223
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I Runout I
fl (Para.6.7)
it"
for
Consider
Limits of Sire
(Para.2.7)
E
I
l kI Circular
(Para.6.7.1.2.1)
]+
I (Para.6.7.1.2.2) J
DatumSelections
Fig. E-7
224
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ASME YL4.5M 9 4 0759670 0 5 4 9 6 5 7 705 m
.
Consider
Limits of Size
(Para.2.7)
t
r+n
- "
l-l
+ I
0 Profile of a
I
(Para. 6.5.2b)
I
Line
I
Tolerance Zone
(Para. 6.5.lb)
1
Profile of a
6.5.2a)
(Para.
I
Surface
I
1
1
Unilateral
I
Bilateral
Inside or Outside Equal orUnequal
I t
I Individual I
I Related
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Datums
(Para. 6.5.4)
DatumSelections
Fig. E-7
225
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ASNE Y L 4 * 5 N 94 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 0549658 6 4 1 m
. Section
4
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I
+I- Center
I I
plane
4
Consider
MaterialConditions
(Para.4.5.2)
I
4 4 4
RFS MMC LMC
(Para. 4.5.3) (Para.4.5.4) (Para. 4.5.5)
Implied Condition Specify 0 Specify 0
226
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 94 0759670 0549659 588
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datum reference framework is complete. See Fig.
E-7.
227
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A S I E Y l t 4 . 5 1 9 4 M 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 0547bb0 2 T T m
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Partial Surfaces as Datum Features ............. 4.5.10
Bilateral ...................... .2.3.1-2.3.2. 6.5.1, A4. A8
Specifying Datum Features at LMC ............. 4.5.5
Boundary
Specifying Datum Features at h4h4C .............4.5.4
Inner .......................................... 1.3.1
Specifying Datum Features RFS ................4.5.3
Outer .......................................... 1.3.2
Functional Datum Features ...................... 4.5.11
Multiple Datum Features. ........................ 4.5.7
C Pattern of Features ............................ 4.5.8
Castings and Forgings .................... .1.2. 1.8.22, A3 Simulation of a Single Datum Plane ............. 4.5.7
Centering ....................... .2.8.1. 4.5.3, 4.6.4-4.6.5 Single Axis of Two Coaxial Features ............ 4.5.7
Circularity ......... 4.5.4, 6.2, 6.4, 6.4.3-6.4.4, 6.7.1, 6.8.3 Multiple Datum Reference Frames................4. 5.11
Composite Profile ................................. 6.5.9 Orientation of Two Planes........................ 4.4.2
Concentricity ................2.8. 5.1, 5.11.3, 5.13, A4. A7 Parts With Inclined Datum Features ...............4.4.1
Coplanarity................................. .4.5.7. 6.5.6 Positioning Parts With Plane Surface Datum
Conversion and Rounding of Linear Units . . . . . . . . . . . .1.6.4 Features .................................... . 4 .4.1
Counterbored Holes .......................... 1.8.11, 5.7 Rotational Orientation ........................... 4.4.3
Counterdrilled Holes.......................... 1.8.12, A3 Simultaneous Requirements..................... . 4 .5.12
Countersunk Holes ........................... 1.8.12, A3 Temporary and Permanent Datum Features . . . . . . . . . 4.3.1
Coaxial .......... 2.7.3, 4.5.7, 5.1, 5.4.1, 5.11-5.11.1, 6.7.1 Datum Targets
Computer-Aided .................................... A9 Circular and Cylindrical Targets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.6.4
Cylindrical Datum Features......................... 4.4.2 Datum Planes Established by Datum Targets ........ 4.6.3
Cylindricity ................... .4.5.4. 6.2, 6.4, 6.4.4, 6.7.1 Datum Target Areas ............................. 4.6.1
Datum Target Lines ............................. 4.6.1
D Datum Target Points............................. 4.6.1
D-Shaped Feature ................................ 5.10.1 Datum Target Symbols .......................... 4.6.1
Datum Equalizing Datums .............................. 4.6.6
Datum Feature Simulator..................... 1.3.5, A6 Primary Datum Axis............................. 4.6.4
Datum Target................................... 1.3.7 Secondary Datum Axis .......................... 4.6.5
Simulated .... .1.3.5-1.3.6, 4.2.1-4.2.2, 4.4.1-4.4.2, 4.5.1, Stepped Surfaces................................ 4.6.3
4.5.3-4.5.5, 4.5.7, A3, A6 Definitions ......................................... 1.3
Datum Axis .................................. 6.7.1, A6 Dimension
Datum Feature ....................1.3.4, 4.5.3-4.5.4, 6.7.1 Basic .......................................... 1.3.9
Datum Reference Frame ....................... 4.2.2, A6 Reference ............................... .1.3.10, 1.7.7
Datum Referencing Dimensioning
Cylindrical Datum Features ....................... 4.4.2 Decimal Inch Dimensioning ...................... 1.6.2
229
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 94 M 0759670 0549661 L36 M
H
F Holes
Feature Counterbored Holes ............................ 1.8.1 1
Extemal ...................................... 1.3.1 1 Counterdrilled Holes........................ 1.8.12, A3
Axis.......................................... 1.3.13 Countersunk Holes ............................. 1.8.12
Center Plane .................................. 1.3.14 Slotted Holes .................................. 1.8.10
Derived Median Line of ........................ 1.3.16 Spotfaces ..................................... 1.8.13
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ASME YL4.5M 94 m 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0549bb2 O72 I
I R
Interchangeability ............................. 5.3.2, 6.3
I S 0 .............................. .A2. A4-AS. Al 1. C3 Radius ............................................ 2.15
Regardless of Feature Size . . . 1.3.22, 2.8-2.8.1, 4.5.2-4.5.4,
4.5.6, 4.6.4-4.6.5, 5.3.1, 5.3.4-5.3.6, 5.11.1,
L 5.12.1, 5.13-5.13.1, 5.13.3-5.14, 6.4.1, A2.
Least Material Condition ........ 1.3.1-1.3.2, 1.3.19, 1.3.37, A4-A8. All. D3
2.7.1, 2.7.3-2.8, 2.8.2-2.8.5, 2.11, 2.11.3, 4.2, Restraining ................................... 6.8, 6.8.2
4.5.2, 4.5.5, 5.3.1, 5.3.4-5.3.5, 5.11.1, Resultant Condition ........................ 1.3.23, 2.1 1.2
5.13-5.13.2, A4-A6. D3 Runout ..... 1.3.33, 2.1.1, 2.8, 5.11, 5.11.2, 6.1, 6.3.1, 6.5.5,
Lettering ........................................... 1.2 6.7-6.7.1, 6.8.2, A3-A4. A7-A8. E2. E5
Limits and Fits ..................................... B6
Linear Units ....................... 1.1.1, 1.5-1.5.1, 1.5.3
Customary LinearUnits .................... .1.5.2-l. 5.3
S
Screw Threads ...................... 1.2, 1.8.19, 4.5.9, A3
M Size
Mathematically Defied Surface.................... 4.5.10 Actual ........................................ 1.3.24
Maximum Material Condition.... 1.3.1-1.3.2, 1.3.20, 1.3.23, Actual Local .................................. 1.3.25
1.3.37, 2.7.1-2.8, 2.8.2-2.8.5, 2.11, 2.11.3, Actual Mating ................................. 1.3.26
4.2, 4.5.2, 4.5.4, 4.5.6, 4.5.8, 5.2, 5.3.1-5.3.6, Limits of...................................... 1.3.27
5.4.1, 5.10.1, 5.11.1-5.11.2, 5.13-5.13.2, 6.4.1, Nominal ...................................... 1.3.28
6.5.5, 6.6.1, A4-A8. D3 Resultant Condition ............................ 1.3.29
Median .... 2.8, 2.8.2, 2.8.4, 5.12.1, 5.14, 6.4.1, 6.6.2-6.6.4, Virtual Condition .............................. 1.3.30
A3-A4. A7-A8 Statistical Tolerance ................................ 2.16
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Metric Linear Units ............................... 1.5.1 Straightness ............. 2.7.1, 4.5.4, 6.2, 6.4-6.4.1, 6.4.4,
Modifying Symbols ............................... 3.3.5 6.7.1, A4. A8
Symbols
AU Around Symbol ............................ 3.3.18
N Arc Length Symbol ............................. 3.3.9
Basic Dimension Symbol......................... 3.3.4
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1.4, 1.3.9, 1.7, 1.7.5. 2.1.1, 2.4.1, 3.1, Between Symbol............................... 3.3.11
3.3.5-3.3.6, 3.3.8, 5.7, 6.8.1 Counterbore or Spotface Symbol ................. 3.3.12
Countersink Symbol............................ 3.3.13
Datum Feature Symbol .................... .3.3.2. 3.4.6
P Datum Target Symbol ........................... 3.3.3
Parallelism ..........2.7.3. 6.2, 6.5.5, 6.6, 6.6.1, 6.6.3, 6.7.1 Depth Symbol ................................. 3.3.14
Perpendicularity. . . . .2.7.3. 4.5.6, 5.4.1, 5.5-5.5.1, 5.9, 5.9.2, Diameter and Radius Symbols .................... 3.3.7
6.2, 6.6-6.6.1, 6.6.4, 6.7.1 Dimension Origin Symbol....................... 3.3.16
PLTZF ............................................ 5.4 Free State Symbol.............................. 3.3.19
Plane Geometric Characteristic Symbols ................. 3.3.1
Center ........................................ 5.10.1 Material Condition Symbols ...................... 3.3.5
Tangent................................. .1.3.21. 6.6.1 Projected Tolerance Zone Symbol ................. 3.3.6
Point .......... .1.3.3. 1.3.6-1.3.7, 1.6.1-1.6.2, 1.7.2, 1.9.4, Reference Symbol............................... 3.3.8
2.3.1-2.3.2, 3.3.3, 3.3.11, 4.4.1, Square Symbol ................................ 3.3.15
4.6.1, 5.11.3, A10 Statistical Tolerancing Symbol ...................3.3.10
Positional Tolerancing Surface Texture Symbols.................... 1.2, 3.3.21
Formulas ........................... B3. B4. B6. B7 Symbol Construction .............................. 3.1
Profile .... 1.3.9, 1.3.33, 1.4, 1.7.3, 2.1.1, 2.13, 4.5.10, 4.6.3, Symbols for Limits and Fits ..................... 3.3.22
6.2, 6.3.1, 6.4.1, 6.5-6.6.1, 6.7.1, A4. Tangent Plane Symbol.......................... 3.3.20
AS. E2. E5 Taper and Slope Symbols ....................... 3.3.17
Projected Tolerance Zone .......................... 3.4.6 Symmetrical Outlines .............................. 1.8.8
23 1
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T Calculating Positional Tolerance ................ 5.3.2
Taper.............. .1.2. 2.13-2.14, 3.3.17, 6.4.4, 6.7.1, A3 General Tolerances ............................ 5.2. i
Tolerance Identifying Features to Establish Datums ......... 5.2.1
Accumulation..................................... 2.6 LMC as Related to Positional Tolerancing........ 5.3.5
Application ..................................... 2.1.1 Material Condition Basis ....................... 5.3.1
Bilateral ...................................... 1.3.32 MMC as Related to Positional Tolerancing ....... 5.3.2
Geometric..................................... 1.3.33 RFS as Related to Positional Tolerancing......... 5.3.4
Unilateral ..................................... 1.3.34 Simultaneous Requirement -MMC .............5.3.6
Tolerancing. Implied W"Angle ................... 2 .1.1 Simultaneous Requirement -RFS .............. 5.3.6
Tolerances of Location Use of Feature Control Frame ..................5.2.1
Bidirectional Positional Tolerancing of Features Zero Positional Tolerance at MMC ... 2.8.3, 5.3.3, 6.6.1
Polar Coordinate Method .................... 5.9.2 Zero Tolerance at LMC ........................ 2.8.5
Rectangular Coordinate Method ...............5.9.1 Positional Tolerancing for Symmetrical Relationships
Coaxiality Controls......................... 5.12.2, A7 Positional Tolerancing at MMC
Concentricity Tolerancing ..................... 5.12.1 for Assemblability ....................... 5.12.1
Positional Tolerance Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.11.1 Positional Tolerancing RFS for Assemblability ... 5.12.3
Runout Tolerance Control ..................... 5.1 1.2 Zero Positional Tolerancing at MMC for Symmetrical
Feature Pattern Location Relationships............................ 5.12.2
Composite Positional Tolerancing ............... 5.4.1 Projected Tolerance Zone ........................ 3.4.6
Feature-Relating Tolerance Zone Framework True Position ................................... 1.3.3
(FRTZF) ................. .5.4-5.4.1. 5.1 1.1, A7
Pattern-Locating Tolerance Zone Framework
(PLTZF) ................. .5.4-5.4.1. 5.1 1.1, A7
Noncircular Features At MMC ................... 5.10.1
Units ....... 1.1.2,1.3.8,1.5-1.5.3,1.6.4,1.7.1,6.4.1-6.4.2
Positional Tolerancing .................2.1.1. 5.13.3, A7
Application to Base Line and
Chain Dimensioning ...................... 5.2.2 V
Basic Dimensions....................... .5.2.1. 5.3.6 Virtual Condition ................... 1.3.36, 2.11.1, 2.11.3
232
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ASME Y L 4 - 5 M 74 m 0 7 5 7 b 7 00 5 4 7 b b 4 745 W
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RELATED DOCUMENTS
Abbreviations ............................................................................................... Y1.1-1989
American National Standard Drafting Practices
Metric Drawing SheetSize and Format ................................................................... Y14.1M-1992
LineConventions and Lettering .......................................................................... Y14.2M-1992
Multiview and Sectional View Drawings .................................................................. Y14.3M-1994
Pictorial Drawing ................................................................................ Y14.4M-l989(R1994)
Dimensioning and Tolerancing ........................................................................... Y14.5M-1994
Mathematical Definition of Dimensioning and Tolerancing Principles ....................................... Y14.5.1M-1994
ScrewThreads .................................................................................... Y14.6-1978(R1993)
Screw Threads (Metric Supplement) .............................................................. Y14.6aM-l981(R1993)
Gears and Splines
Spur. Helical. and Racks ......................................................................... Y14.7.1-1971(R1993)
Bevel and Hypoid ............................................................................... Y14.7.2-1978(R1994)
Castings and Forgings .................................................................................. Y14.8M-1989
Springs ........................................................................................ Y14.13M-l981(R1987)
Electrical and ElectronicsDiagrams ................................................................ Y14.15-1966(R1988)
Interconnection Diagrams ............................................................................... Y14.15a-1971
Information Sheet ....................................................................................... Y14.15b-1973
Fluid PowerDiagrams ............................................................................. Y14.17-1966(R1987)
OpticalParts ................................................................................... Y14.18M-l986(R1993)
Types and Applications of Engineering Drawings ......................................................... Y14.24M-1989
Parts Lists. Data Lists. and Index Lists ................................................................... Y14.34M-1989
Revision of Engineering Drawings and Associated Documents ............................................ Y14.35M-1992
Surface Texture Symbols .......................................................................... Y14.36-1978(R1993)
Digital Representation for Communication of Product Definition Data ........................................ Y14.26M-1987
A Structural Language Format for Basic Shape Description ..................................... Y14 Technical Report 4-1989
Illustrations for Publication and Projection ........................................................... Y15.1M-l979(R1986)
Time SeriesCharts ................................................................................. Y15.2M-l979(R1986)
ProcessCharts .................................................................................... Y15.3M-l979(R1986)
Graphic Symbols for:
Electrical and ElectronicsDiagrams ........................................................................ Y32.2-1975
Plumbing ......................................................................................... Y32.4-1977(R1987)
Use on Railroad Maps and Profiles .................................................................. Y32.7-1972(R1987)
Fluid PowerDiagrams ............................................................................. Y32.10-1967(R1987)
Process Flow Diagrams in Petroleum and Chemical Industries ........................................ Y32.11-1961(R1985)
Mechanical and Acoustical Elements as Used in Schematic Diagrams ................................. Y32.18-1972(R1985)
Pipe Fittings. Valves. and Piping ................................................................... Y32.2.3-1949(R1988)
Heating. Ventilating. and Air Conditioning .......................................................... Y32.2.4-1949(R1984)
Heat Power Apparatus ............................................................................ Y32.2.6-1950(R1984)
Letter Symbols for:
Glossary of Terms Concerning Letter Symbols ....................................................... Y10.1-1972(R1988)
Mechanics and Time-Related Phenomena ................................................................. Y10.3M-1984
Heat and Thermodynamics ......................................................................... Y10.4-1982(R1988)
Quantities Used in Electrical Science and Electrical Engineering .............................................. Y10.5-1968
Acoustics ............................................................................................... Y10 11-1 984 .
ChemicalEngineering ............................................................................. Y10.12-1955(R1988)
Guide for Selecting Greek Letters Used as Letter Symbols for Engineering Mathematics ................ Y10.17-1961(R1988)
Illuminating Engineering ........................................................................... Y10.18-1967(R1987)
The ASME Publications Catalog shows a complete list of all the Standards published b y the Society. For a complimentary
catalog. or the latest information about our publications. call 7-800-THE-ASME (1.800.843.2763) .
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