Entry Checker for Upper-intermediate FRY Christina Latham-Koenig Clive Oxenden Mike Boyle OXFORDOXFORD Great Clarendan Steet, Oxford. ox2 6, United Kingdom ‘Oxford University Press isa deparement ofthe Univesity of Oxford ‘efter the Unveiys objctive of exceance in even scholtsip, sid education by publishing worldwide, Oxfords a estore ade ‘ark of Oxford Univesity Press in che UK and incerta other counties Oxford University Press 20.4 ‘he moral rights of theauthor have been aserted ise publshed in 2004 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014, ‘No unauthorized photocopying ‘rights reserved, No part ofthis publication may be reproduced stored ina retrieval system, of tansmitted in any form orby any means, without the prior permission in wnting of Oxfod University res, ora expresty permitted by La, by leence nf under ers agreed withthe appropriate Feprographicyights organization Enquines enecrning repredocton outside thescope of te above should be set to te ELT Rights Departmen, Oxford University Press, ache address above You mis not ctcule ths workin anyother form and you must impose thissame conditionon any acquit Links to chi party websites ce prided by Oxf In goo faith and or information only, Oxford disclaims any responsibility or he materials, ontsined in any tind pay websiereferenced in his Work Print in China "This bookis printed on paper from certified and wellmanagee sources. usin Astshi Hara.Dutch Uncle: pp 7,16, 18,23.CONTENTS 4 lo 12 FILEL @ pronouns @ adjectives FILE 2 © present tenses © possessives FILE © past simple, past continuous, or used to? @ prepositions FILE 4 © future forms © first and second conditionals FILES © present perfect simple @ present perfect continuous 14 16 18 20 ee FILE 6 © obligation, necessity, prohibition, advice © can,couldand be able to FILE © phrasal verbs © verb patterns FILES © havesomething done @ the passive; impersonal you FILES @ reported speech © uses of the past perfect FILE 10 © be, do,and have: auxiliary and main verbs © revision of verb forms1A pronouns Revise the basics 1 Hlivein London, NOT Hive 2 Myname'sAnna 3. My parents don't 4 They havea Jt me very often ‘London, We use each other to talk about an action between two people or groups of people, eg We gave each other our email addresses. They send texts to each other all the time. “Me /€¥) first name’s Annabelle, but Annie for short 1. My brother has a laptop, but he [she prefers using his her rable. 2. A Are these your | yours CDs? B No, they're not my {mine 3 My friends are mostly happy with theirs / their jobs, except Laura who doesn't like her / hers. 4 A What's his her new house like? B I don’t know. He's never invited me / my round to see it. 5 [don't like them | their new car. Ours | Ouris much nicer 6 A Isthis yours | your phone? B No, my | mine is in my bag, mo get called 7 1m going tolend mine | my camera to her | sk. 8 She'll email us {we when her { hers Flights are booked 9 If give you him | hisaddess, will you send his / hima thank you card? 10 e's Itsa beautiful hotel, but its | it rooms area bit small direct / indirect object pronouns and word order 1 He gave me some money. T'm going to lend her my camera. ‘They've shown their friends their new flat Tilsend you an email, ‘We bought our father some books. 2 Hegaveittome. I'm going co lend ic to her. ‘They've shown ic to them, Pilsend ieto you. We bought them for him. 1. Some verbs can have ewo objects, usually a thing (the direct ‘object) and a person {the indirect object). Ifthe direct object isa noun (some money, a digital camera, etc), we usually use verb + indirect object + direct object. 2. Ifthe direct object isa pronoun it, them), we usually use verb + direct object + indirect object, with either for or 1 before the indirect abject it depends on the verb, Some common verbs which can have two objects are bring (for | to), buy (for) cook (for), find (for). get (for), make (for) give (o}, lend (to), offer (C0), read (to), sel (to), send (to), show (to), take (0), write (0) + Ifthe indirect object isa pronoun, remember to use the object pronoun, noche subject pronoun: I boughtit for her. NOT Hho forske: 1 gave them my number. NOT Fgave they meymumber. b_ Rewrite the highlighted phrases. Replace the bold words with a pronoun and use to / for. gave oui KEES. | gave them to you. Shesenienieaniavitation yesterday Phoughemipintarkicesome chocolates for her birthday. He oun mesoMIeapartmEnts online. Myrboy friend einai phOtos while he was away, “vote lend ity ea Mydaightetsinade niea present coday. ‘Sheshowedmener new lapeop. My/parenisare gerting mea new camera in Hong Kong. 9. Will you'read the children a'story before they goto bed? _Accolleague sold me these DVDs for £5. 101B adjectives Revise the basics 1 Ika poisonous snake, NOT snake poisonons 2 They're very powerful people. NOT powerfulspeople 3 Tmolder than my brother. NOT morecid-har 4 Rome isn'tas expensive as Paris, NOT asexpensivethan 5 Irs the most difficuleexercisein the book. NOT sheddiffiemtest comparative and superlative adjectives adjective | comparative ‘superlative tall | taller the tallest Q ot _| hotter the hottest modern ‘more modetn "| the most modern busy _| busier the busiest dangerous | more dangerous ‘the most dangerous interesting _| lessinteresting the least interesting goods‘ etter the best bad worse the worst far ___ | farther the furthest. adjective + one / ones I've lost my suitcase. I's big, blue one. Expensive laptops are usually more reliable chan cheap ones. + Weuse one | ones after an adjective instead of repeating a singular or plural noun, + We don'tuse one | ones with uncountable nouns slooking for fll-time work, but be happy with part-time. NOT parttimeone a Are the highlighted forms right ¥ or wrong x? Correct the wrong ones. Pm talleetha my brother. 7 GRAMMAR BANK more rules for comparatives and superlatives 1 [feel more tired than I did yesterday She's the most stressed person in the ofice. 2. She's the cleverest git inthe class, The old road was much narrower than the new one. Irwould be simpler to go back o the beginning 1 One-syllable adjectives which end in -ed always use more and the most for comparatives and superlatives, e.g. bored, pleased, shocked, stressed, tired. Some two-syllable adjectives can make comparatives and superlatives with -er and -est Common examplesare clever, narrow, polite, quiet, simple, stupid, + A good dictionary will cell you the usual comparative and superlative form for atwo- syllable adjective. abit and much+ comparative adjective 1 Its abit eloudier today than yesterday. This phone’sa bit more expensive than that one. 2 Your job is much more stressful than mine, ‘The businessis much busier than it was ast year. 1 Weuse abit + comparative adjective to say that a difference is small 2 Weuse much + comparative adjective to say that a, difference is large, 1b Complete the sentences to mean the same thing, Anna is happier than Clare (Clare isn't as happy as Ana. He's apersonivary hadi: working. x 1 Robert’ father isn't as friendly as Robert. He'sa very hard-working person, China is thefiifthest east thai India, She's aiivehstiendly than her sister Our new house is Bore mOUEETEEH our old one, but it was also mid¥e expensive. . Expensive phones are not more reliable than cheapone, 5 6 My father's aimoredavigerous driver than my mother. ‘Today is the hotest day of the year so far My friends are all more exeited about our holiday 9 He's the stupidest student in the class 10 This is the tiredest I've ever felt Green won't look _ Roberts, Chinese is This hotel is My old job wasn’t __ 6 The film wasn't as bad as I'd expected The film was King Street isn’t as narrow as Queen Street. Queen Street is 8 Blue will look better than green for your bedroom, than his father It’s bit sunnier today than yesterday Yesterday wasn't ___ astoday London is iiiéigbiisyer that Oxford. 3 French is easier to learn than Chinese, _ to learn than French, This hotel is more expensive than the other hotels we've looked a _of the hotels we've looked at. 5. Mynew job is much more stressful than my old one, asmy new one. than I'd expected, __ than King Street. as blue for your bedroom,2A present tenses verbs which can have action and non-action meanings Do youhaveany sunscreen? « posession (nonacton Teshavinga shower attheatoment- an seton oyouthink we shold hve lunch in che hotel = pinion {hey thlokingsbougcingon er Isee wheryou mean. «understand (aon action) Tansccing the hotel manager tomorrow morning an ation ‘+ Some verbs have two meanings, an action meaning and a non-action meaning, eg. have, think, see, look, sme ‘fthey describe a state or feeling, not an action, they are not usually used in the present continuous. ‘fthey describe an action, they can be used in the present continuows Ta . ‘present co invus for future srangements action andnon-action verbs . om Pm eaving tomorrow. ‘We're seeing our grandparents this weekend. When are they coming co see us? She isn’t going out conight, she’s staying in, 1A Whatare the children doing now? By Mark's playing tonnisand Anna's reading, A. Hi, Marta, Are you waiting for someone? B_Yes, I'm waiting for Tim. 2. Hike vegetables now, but didn’t use t. (Oh, now remember where Ile my glasses. + Weotten us the present continous for furureartangements, present simple for ‘timetable’ future +1 Many verbs desribe actions, These verbsare used in he present s Shappeningnow orinthefurure. __Thetraineavesat 6,30 nthe morning. pee Or fight doesn’t stop in Fong Kong, iestopsin Singapore. When do you arrive in New York? belong pend org hse, earn ke, ove, matter, mean, need, prefer realize, recognize, remember, seem, + Wecan use the present simple co talk about things which will __ suppose, want. These verbs are normally used in the present simple, ‘happen according to a timetable, especially travel times and_ ine Guinisis Cree ae eerie rane arrangements. The present continuous is usually possibleas well. a Complete the sentences with the present simple or present biel) the correct form ofthe verb. Tick if both continuous form of the verbs in brackets arepossible. ‘Does your daughter kirow how to swiny? (know) Gain 1 fly to Australia for the first time on — city breaks or Fiidayy My flight leaves is leaving at 7.35 inthe beach holidays? (prefer) evening.? Ihave to | I'm having to check in three hours 2 ees before the flight, s03 I eave | Int leaving the house at grandmother today? (think) ent =a i i Lena eee 3 You __totakeasleeping bag. (aot need) which takes about halfan hour. My first flight, 0 : i Kuala Lumpur, § takes is taking 15 hours, and ee ee 5 I stay | I'm staying there for three nights. [mee [ aa aay suieeees Uae I'm meeting an old friend and ® want | Fm wanting to a do some shopping too, My next flight is to Sydney. 6 AWhere she go) 9 dink | I'm thinking of staying there fora week B She ___homebecauseshe __________ eg explore the city and 2 visi (visiting the Blue arest. (go, need) Mountains. Then ![ travel | I'm traveling north to 7 Simon _Russian this year, and he ‘Queensland to go scuba diving and relax on the beach. really excited about it. (learn, seem) 22 [really look | I'm really looking forward to my BA Whos yon __ fers holiday! (wait) BI for my friend, We = to see a film. (wait, go)2B possessives possessive 's 1 That's Mark's jacket. Have you seen Andrew's phone? He’s my sister's boyfriend 2 Lasked Chris’ advice. / lasked Chris's advice. 3 Thisis a photo of my parents’ house. That's the children’s bedzoom. 4 We spent the weekend at Paul's Iwent co my grandmother's yesterday, 1. We usually use possessive sto show possession after the names of people, animals, organizations: Have you sen the dog's lead? What do you think ofthe government’ plans for education reform? 2. Mfaname ends with-s, we make the possessive with ‘or’ Both are pronounced iz 3. Possessives are different for regular and irregular plurals + After plural noun ending in-s, we make the possessive with a final’ (but no extras). + Afteran irregular plural not ending in-s, we make the possessive with’: 4 Wecan use name j person + sto mean that person's house or flat AB ‘after twonames ‘We saw Tom and Mary's parents. = Tom and Mary are brother and sister. We saw their parents, We saw Gil's and David's parents. = We saw Gills parents ‘and we saw Davids parents. a Complete the sentences with apostrophes () where I'm going to the florist’s and then to my grandmother's 1 The childrens school uniforms are blue and white. 2. Whose party was better, Chris or Lisas? 3 Im going to my parents for dinner tonight 4 Li 5 My brothers wives and Toms parents havent met each other yet. ire good friends, 6 My doctors advice isto get more exercise. 7 Jamesand Sarahs mother is so helpful. 8 Does this shop sell both mens and women: 9 Im going to the chemists to get my tablets 10 ‘The towns only bakers is opposite my flat. lothing? GRAMMAR BANK of to show possession 1 What's the name of the street where you live? ‘They sarat the back of the bus. ve found the top of the shampoo bottle 2 ‘That man over there isa friend of mine. ‘This isan interesting book of Sarah's, ‘Tell me about this plan of theirs. Where's that husband of yours? 1. With other nouns (not people or animals), we often use of, 2. We often use noun + of + possessive pronoun or name / noun + Safter a /an or this that, not’ own ‘We can use own after a possessive adjective for emphasi I'd love to have my own business. ‘That's my magazine youcan get your own, Our cown is going to get its own shopping centre Small bakers often sell their own bread and cakes. b Gireld)the correct form, Tve forgotten ie nameofth The puppy of my friend | My jriend’s puppy is so cute She's saving money by making their own | making her ow wedding invitations. | the film's name. 3 There's a swimming pool on the roof of our hotel | our hotel’s roof. 4 Talove to make my own / mine own bread, but I don’t hav 5 What's the streets name | the name ofthe street where you live? © Matt's and fen’s| Matt and Jen's parents are geting a divorce. We're staying at my husband's parents’ my husband's parents for awhile. 8 Where's that son of yours {your son? 9. There’san empty seat ar the plane's back | back ofthe plav 10 Jack’sa very good my friend / friend of mine. 'm sure you Tike him3A past simple, past continuous, or used to? Revise the basics past simple 1 When f was young! Toved playing outside 2 Wedidneliveina big iy. 3. Where did you go to school? past continuous 4 [was watching TV when you arrived 5. She wasn't studying when I called her 6 What were you doingat 9.00 this morning? used to 7 Heused to have long hair 8 They didn't use to live in London. 9 What music did you use to like when you were young? past simple and past continuous [saw him evo minutes ago, Humans didn’t live in cities until about 8,000 years ago. Where did you grow up? 2 What were you doingat 7.00 this morning? He was texting s friend when the accident happened, Sorry, what did you say? I wasn’t listening. a Gircis) the correct form of the verb. Tick ¥ ifboth are posible, hey waren They watched TV when eae. 1. We wore driving | drovealong country road when 2 rabbit was jumping | jumped in front of the car. I wasn’ fiving | did't use to five in Paris when Iwas 3. He wasstill eating | still ate dinner when I was arriving | arrived. 4 Did you go | Were you going on the school trip last year? My sister was hating | used to hate going to school. 6 She was having j used to have short hair, but now it’s long, 7 We stayed | used wo stay in Canada fora month, 8 He listened | was listening to music, so he didn't hear { wasn’t Rearing the phone. 9. When Lwas 17, Iwas studying | studied English at She dldn'r use ro wasn't having a dog when I knew | was knowing her 1 Weuse the past simple for finished past actions or states (when we say, ask, or know when they happened). We can use the past simple for things which happened at any time in the past very recently, or along time ago. The important thing is that we see them as finished, 2 Weuse the past continuous: + totalk about an action in progress.ata specific cime in the past + todescribe a past action which was interrupted by another action (expressed in the past simple. used to 1 Weused to live in Rome Tused to have very long hat, 2 Loften went to the cinema when I lives He never wore a suit and tie when he wa in London, student. 1 Weuse used to (nor the past continuous) to describe a habitor state that was true for a significant period in the past, and that has now finished: + Wedow'tsay Weused 0 live in Rome if we only lived in Rome fora short period of time eg. three weeks (= We lived in Rome for three weeks). = we till ive in Rome. (= We've lived | We've been living in Rome for the last three years) 2 Wecan also often use the past simple with an adverb of Frequency instead of used 10. b_ Are the highlighted forms right ¥ or wrong X? Correct, the wrong on¢ ‘What dil you Uset6 do last weekend? X What did you do last weekend? 1 This time last year 1 was living in China. 2. Where did they tise to g6 on holiday last week? 3, Heused t6 grow ap in India, but he lives in France now. 4 Tiised to spend hours sitting in cafés when Iwasa scudent, Were you going out last night? 6 Wedida’t use to ike ‘working very hard in my last job. 8 Did you use to find ie hard to get job after universicy? hother, but now we're friends, Twas nevi 9 She said she was busy washing her hair so she couldn't ‘come to the cinema wich me. 10 My parents were moving to Italy when they retired,3B prepositions prepositions of place She sat in che square and watched the tourists ‘There's abox under your bed You'll find some cash inside my parse. The cups are on that shelf there There's a man standing in front of the gate. + Prepositions thar describe place, like in and on, havean independent meanin; and places and the meaning doesn't chat prepositions of movement. They few over the city, He ran across the rod He walked through the door. Goalong the screer, past the supermarket Don't run down the steps, You'll fll + Prepositions that describe movement, like over and through, have an independent meaning. They can be used with different verbs of movement and the meaning doesn't change, a Complete the story with the correct prepositions. ‘crass onto under into down over inside towards on up in along Yesterday morning was terrible, My alarm clock started ringing and I tried to switch it off, butit fell off the table. Tjumped out of bed and nearly stepped my cat. My cat ran® __the room and jumped 3 the table, spilling a glass of water, Then [went to have a shower, but the water was freezing cold. After my cold shower, [carefully climbed 4 the stairs, slowly walkedS___ the corridor and wene® the kitchen. There was huge spider? __ the kitchen. lestarted running® __~___me really quickly, ran ridge: for work. put on my jacket and picked up my bag. After that, [spent ten minutes looking for my phone before realized ie was 2 _ iy bag. When I looked at my phone, I saw that it was only 4.00 in the morning! So Lwent the stairs and back into bed, hoping ie had all Ra been a bad dream, They can be used with different verbs __my foot and then disappeared 2®__the hen Late my breakfast and finished getting ready GRAMMAR BANK dependent prepositions after verbs and adjectives 1 We waited for the film to star. ‘They all laughed at me. 2 I'm worried about my camera ~the lash isn’t working, She's interested in astrology 3. He's good at spending other people's money. She believes in taking lots of piccures and then choosing the best. Some verbs are always followed by the same preposition. Some adjectivesare always followed by the same preposition, Ichere isa verb after the preposition, we use the -ing form, not the infinivive preposition, eg. asked Jack for directions. NOT askedte We discussed the situation. NOT discussed about ‘The police officers entered the building. NOT entered in She married her personal trainer. NOT married with The photographer told everyone to smile, NOT totd to 'b Complete the sentences with the correct preposition. waited foran hour to see the doctor, 1 Ie’stime to get of bed and ger ready school. 2 Do you know that girl? She keeps looking __ 3 We'reall excited _ our holiday next week, 4 Pmtired___working late all the time and looking forward 5 T'minterested. very good _ 6 When Iwas lite, my sister. having some time off _ drawing, bue don't think Im it used to sharea bedroom 7 Youcan always rely 8 My parents paid __my new laptop. 9 Lapologized breaking my mum's vase, and she told me notto worry it. 10 He's really proud his new house and won't stop talking it Marie to be on time,4A future forms will / shall and going to 1 Predi Who do you think will win tomorrow's game? The climate probably won't change much in the next five 2 Future facts Ibe at work on Monday The clection will be on 6 May 3 Instant decisions A Isthae the phone ringing? B Yes, [think so. Pl get it. 4 Promises A Have you been using my laptop? You didn’t switch it off. B Sorry. remember next time A The B Sorry. promise I won’e do it again 5 Offersand suggestions Pil cook dinner tonight. Shall [throw away this bread? What shall I do with my old phone? Where shall we go for lunch today? satery has almost run down! Weruse will won't + infinicive: 1 toask for or make predictions about what we think or believe will happen 2 for furure facts, 3 forinstane decisions 4 tomake promises. 5 to offer to do something. Ifthe offeris a question, we use Shall | we...? Wealso use shall with I and we to ask for suggestions. a Are the highlighted forms right ¥ or wrong x? b Correct the wrong ones. ‘Shall We goUOUE for dinner tonight? Ielooks heavy ~ FiavGomngrentake it. x11 take 1A Doyou have any plans for Saturday? B Yes, PILVi8it my grandmother in the afternoon, and then fim goingte1see a film in the evening. A I’m hungry. Shall Take us some lunch? B Actually, Thiet Laura for lunch today 3. A The house is such a mess! fe /tak€ me all day to tidy it. B Favgoitig to help you. A The forecast says it's going to be sunny B Really? Then Iai going't0 go to the beach, ‘A Have you tided your room? B Nor yet, but I promise Pm going t6 tidy ic after my programme has finished. going to 1 Plans I'm going to buy a new phone this weekend, He’s going to make pizza for dinner. 2 Pred England aren’t going to win —chey’re 3-0 down and there are only cen minutes left. It’s getting cloudy ~ che weather forecast saysit’s going to rain this afternoon. We use going to + infinitive: 1 when there isa plan to do something ~a decision has been made. to make predictions when we f for example if we can see what's going to happen, el more sure of the future, We can often use ether will or going to for predictions. [0 Present continuous for future arrangements | | resent continuous when there is an | | arrangement todo something somethinghas been —_| organized. Were having Liz and Nick round for dinner tonight. im meeting my bank manager tomorrow. There's sometimes very little difference between aplan and an arrangement, and we can often use either going toor the present continuous. ‘Complete the sentences with the correct form of will, shall, or goin toand the verbs in brackets. Tve decided that ‘mgoing to start looking for a new job. (start) 1A T'mreally thirsty i ins — youa glass of water. (get) 2. Tforgot to email my sister. to her tomorrow insteac (write) 3. A What are you planning to do when Julie visits? Bis _ her to the art gallery. (take) 4 AL ____we__ shopping today? (go) B Yes, that would be great. I've decided | anew dres for Katie's party. (buy) 5 A What ie with all my old clothes? (dc BI______them toacharity shop if you like. (take) 6 A Ler’s go out for dinner tonight. B OK, What restaurant we t0? (go) 7 A What _ you be? (make) B Iwas going to make a pizza one instead. (order) 8 A Ican’tbelieve you broke my phone! B I'msosorry. — you a new one. (buy)4B first and second conditionals first conditionat 1 UfThave time, lH write my CV tonight Ifyou don’t work bard, you won't get promoted. 2 Ife does well at school, he can go to.a good university Imight (may) go back to college if | ean'efind a job, Ifyou apply for that job, you muse prepare an up-to-date CV. If they fail their exams, they should take them again, 3. Ifyou get an interview, think carefully about what to wear. We use the first conditional to ralk about a possible furure situation and its consequence. 1 The first conditional normally uses if+ present simple, will won't» infinitive. 2 We can also use other modal verbs instead of will, e.g, can, might, may, must, or should. 3 Wecan also use an imperative instead of will. P Unless We can use unless instead of if.nat in conditional sentences, won't come unless you come too, don't come too) won't comeif you the correct form. ‘we go to che cinema tonight,(@ the new James Bond film. 1 If Thad more money, I'll} Fd buy anew laptop. If you sleep | slept for eight hours every night, you wouldn't be so tired IF don't get promoted soon, Fl/ [il look for a new job. 4 Tean't go out tonight unless | finish | finished my homework Ufyou decide | decided to come to the cinema with us, you-can give me a call later. You'd You'll feel better if you got a bit of exercise. 6 7 She won't / wouldn't get the bus to work unless she really had to. 8 Tony and Maria would be happier if chey didn't | don't live in such a small apartment 9. Ifhis businessis successful, he'll he'd open more shops. 10 Ifyou like | liked her, you should invite her to your party. GRAMMAR BANE second conditional 1 Ifthad more money, wouldn'e need evening work Ifthey offered you a part-time job, would you accept it? 2 Imight meet more people if I lived in a hall of residence You could apply for a scholarship ifyou got a place to seudy in the US, 3. Ifhe was (were) here, he'd know what todo, Tid take it back to the shop if were you. We use the second conditional co alk about hypothetical or {imaginary situation, or one that we don't think is a possibility 1 The second conditional normally uses if + past simple, Id | wouldn't + infinitive 2 Wecanuse might or could instead of would, Ihe she However inthe phrase wereyou, which soften usdeo giveadvice ony wereisased. NOT Ip erye [2 first or second conditional The condtonal we use depends on how key the Condon Comore {have more te, doit thik rel possibity thatthe tire) ifhadmore tive, to (thinkie' unlikely or Inpossbie tottihave mare tine) 1b Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets Twouldett goto the gym if didn’t enjoy it. (not go) 1 Ifyou __toapply for the job, Tean hel you with your application. (decide) Ifyou spent more time studying, you better in your exams, (do} 3 When I finish the housework, I with a cup of tea (sit down) 4 Iyou___ really hard, you might get a promotion, (work) 5 lfwe ____ into ahouse with a garden, w may geta dog, (move) 6 Ilwereyou,|___ you, (cll) 7 I and travel around the world. (win) 8 You should take up a new hobby if you bored. (be) him to stop calling __the lottery, I could leave my job 9 Ifyou London, you must come and stay with us. (visit) 10 1ff___at my parents’ house, I wouldn’ be able to save so much money. (no* live)5A present perfect simple 1 Weuse the present perfect for past experiences when we don't then they happened. If we say when they happened (five Revise the basics nits ago, yesterday. last eek, te) we use the past simple, ee Puebla few tines went 0 Rio in 2013 pastpatticiple 2 We use the present perfect to give news. Ifsomething has Thave We Thavent happened very recently, we offen we jt. Youhave You've | Youhaven't | soon the 3 Weuse the present perfect with yetto ask if something has e/she/ithas He/she /its | He/She/ithesn | Cae eee park inant happensd but tate ve/she/itns He/She |He/Sho/Mhe |g, | tpn ores apna Theyhave__They've_| They haven't == Have youseen theres? Yes, have, /No, haven't Ve canase the present perfect otalkabout situations tha Has he seen the news? Yes, he has. / No, he hasn't. ee the p Perfe aiaee hat ye been to Brazil but [haven't been to Argentina, Have you everlost your suitcase? She's never liked skiing, {don't believe it! We've won £500 on the lottery! He's just sent me a text - Ill tell you what it says. 3. Have / Haven't you had breakfast yet? Thaven't ealked to her yer — I'm calling her later. 4A Have you painted the kitchen? B Yes, and I've already done rhe bathroom too. 5 She's known him for twenty years. ve only worked here since last week. He's been out all morning, Thaven’ finished my homewor already, but 'm working on it now 1 We've lived here for fanuary {three months: 2 ve already seen { [haven't seen that film, but I don’t mind watching it again She's been to Denmark but she never went | she's never been to Sweden, 4 Tye known him since he was alittle boy | Is years 5 We've only been on the train for an hour, but I'm already | just bored, 6 They're | They've lived in that house for 20 years, but now they're thinking of moving [first visited Singapore in 1991, and I've been | [went there many times since then 8 [ve been off work with the Flu forall week | all week 9. Pvenever learnt how to ski, but {had / 've had some snowboarding lessons last year 10 Have you booked your Flights yet [alrendy? started in the past and have continued to the present, We don’t use the present simple or the present continuous, e. {'velived here for three months, NOT Hive here for three months | Feliving heres tree months: + Toexpressa period oftime we often use forcor since We use for +a period of time, eg, for two minutes [ten years | ages | along tine We use since + atime in the past, eg. since this morning | 5.00 | September | 2004 {Iwas «child. + Wecan use phrases with all express period of time, eguall my life,all day, all year, ete, We don’t use for with all, eg. ve been kere all day. NOT Eve beerhere forall day: b Complete the sentences with the present perfect or past simple form of the verbs in brackets Have you ever visited Buckingham Palace? (ever | visit) 1 A When working here? (start) B [started at the end of last year, sol months. (only / be) here for a few pee B Yes. having a baby! (just see) _you__Jessica’s news? (hear) her this morning and she cold me she’s 3A ei you that awful horror film on ‘TV last night? (see) Bi 4A Poor Steve! He B What a shame! When (happen) 5A {ever | win) part of it, and it was terrible! (only / watch) _hisleg. (break) that___ ? __your team amatch? B Yes, few times, but we oA B No, she’s decided to go travelling first, and she India last month. (go) ___ the match today. (lose) _she_ university? (already / start to 7A “ you that report yet? (finish) B Yes,and! : iton your desk this morning. (put) 8 A Howlong you in Edinburgh? (live) BI_ here six yearsago. (move)5B present perfect continuous Revise the basics Thave ve Thaven't You have You've ‘Youhaven't He/She /ithas He/She /it's | He/She /It hasn't We have WW ey hay They've Have you been playing much tennis? Has he been playing much tennis? 1A Wharhave you been doing lately? B I've been playing alot of tennis. She's been going for a walk every morning this week, My friends have been coming round a ot recently. A Youlook tired B I've been working in the garden, A You're covered in paint B Yes, I've been decorating the kitchen all day How long have you been looking for a new house? We've been living here since last year. I's been raining al day. ‘Yes, Ihave. / No, haven't ‘Yes, he has. / No, he hasn't been living here al year. a Match the questions and answers, and complete the answers with the present perfect continuous. Why are you so tired? Why do you look so happy? Is she good dancer? Would youlike some cake? ‘Are you going to apply for that job? Are you thirsty? Have you found a new flat yet? How's your new tablet? Do youlike the necklace I gave you? 9. How’s the weather in Seattle? 10 Are you ready for the concert tonight? A Yes,1_ = B No, thanks, © Yes, she D Awful-it a (rain) E [webeen riding my bike for hours. (ride) itevery day. (wear) _all wes too much lately. (eat) for years, so she’s really good. (learn) F Nol water all day. (drink) GI __ about it, but I haven't decided yet. (think) HE for weeks now, but] haven't found one yet. (look) 1 Wonderful 1 _____itevery day. (use) J Yes.1 every day. (practise) K T've finished the book | ey) __to write for years! GRAMMAR BANK 1 Weuse the present perfect continuous with ‘action verbs’ for repeated actions that started in the past and have continued until now. We often use time expressions like recently j ately. We use the present perfect continuous for continuous actions which have present results 3. We use the present perfect continuous to ask or talk aboutsituations which started inthe pase ancl are still happening now. We often use for [since or time expressions like all day fall morning {all week, We don't use the present continuous or the present simple, e.g Poe been waiting since ten oclock NOT Fm waiting since tock Init since ten olor: + Ifyou say when something happened, use the past simple, nor the present perfect continuous ee ve been watching alot of FV lately. Lsaw a great progranme last night. NOT Frebeen seeing eas prom fest ght. b Gireid)the correct form. Thaven been sep | Pn not sleeping enough recently. Fm studying | Pve been studying chemistry for ewe She's leaving | She’s been leaving today, so we got her a goodbye present. We're working | We've been working hard all week. so let’s do something fun this weekend My parents arrived two days ago and they're staying | they've been staying with us for a week. ve been trying | [tried to call him last night, but didn’t answer He can’t come to my wedding because he's travelling {he’s been travelling at the moment. Pm thinking | Pve been thinking about buying a house for a while now. Fmwatching | Ive been watching alot of documentaries lately. Fm waiting | I've been waiting to hear back from h since last week, Can [call you back later? We're eating | We've hee eating dinner6A obligation, necessity, prohibition, advice obligation and necessity 1 Thave to fix the kitchen tap. Do you have to doit yourself? She had to buy new curtains, You must be more careful, Must! goto bed now? You must pay him back as soon as possible Ineed to buy an extra tin of paint Did they need to ask someone to help chem? 1 Weuse have 1010 tatk about all kinds of obligation. Have to can be used inall tenses. have got to ‘We often use have got to instead of have to, ‘eg. Ive got ta phone him tomorrow. 2 Wealso use must to talk about obligation. The meanings similar to have to, but must isusually used when the speaker sees something as.a personal obligation. Compare: Thave to tart work at 9.00,(A general obligation, the company rule) I must remember to buy some batteries, (A personal “obligation, one thatthe speaker imposes}) 3 Wecan use need toro talkabout things that are necessary, Need to can be used in all tenses. (Cireid the correct form. Tick if both are possible. a no obligation / no necessity 1 You don't have to pay me now. 2. She won't nced to paint the bathroom —it looks fine. 3 You needn't hurry. We have plenty of time. 1 Weuse (not) have 20 when there is no obligation todo something. 2. Weise (not) need to when it is not necessary to do something. 3 Wecan also use needn't + infinitive without co to say that itis not necessary to do something, prohibition You mustn’t change the bulb with the electricity switched on. You mustn’e touch that door. The paint’s wet We use mustn't when there is an obligation not to do something, Mustn’tand don't have to are completely different. Compare: You mustn't come tomorrow. = Don't come. (An obligation not to do something) ‘You don’t have to come tomorrow.= I's not necessary to come. (No obligation.) advice 1 You should sell yourcar. ‘They shouldn't pay him before he’s done the work. 2 You ought to get smartphone. She oughtn’e to spend so much on clothes. 3. Ifyou feel realy ill, you must go to the doctor’. ‘When you're in Venice, you have to have a coffee at Harry's Bar! 1 Weuse should {shouldn't to give someone advice, or to say what we thinks the right thing for ourselves or for someone else to do. 2 Wecan also use ought to ougtn't toto give advice. The meaning is the same as should. 3 Wecan use must and have 10 to give strong advice when we think its very important that someone does something bb Complete the sentences with one word. Ifyou like that shirt, you should buy it 1 [mustn't [needn't forget to send Maria's birchday card. 1 You___touse a blue or black pen to, 2 My doctor says Ihave to | should ro get more sleep. 3 You don't have to mustn't read all che books on the list, but you should shouldn't read at least four. 4 You oughta't ro / mustn't smoke in here ~ that sign says ‘No smoking’ Tknow I didn't need to | mustn’ get you a present, but Lwanted to, 6 You ought to | have to visit your grandmother this week. She'll really appreciate it 7 You have to / needn't worry about finding a hotel ~ you can stay wich me. He shouldn't | needn't spend so much time playing video games, 9. She mustn't } doesn’ have to work every weekend, she just chooses 10. You shoulds't don't need to bring a sleeping bag. You can sleep in the small bed. complete the form. 2 She ___to get more exercise. 3 1____ remember to buy some milk after work today. 4 You___ear so much junk food. l'ss0 brad for you. 5 They worry about the exam ~ it’s really easy. 6 He to listen to such loud musi, 7 You library 8 We hhave to beat the cinema until nine o'clock, so we have time for dinner first 9 You 10 1___to wait for an hour to see the doctor this morning, use your mobile phone in the i's against the rules. ___ visit usin Chicago sometime!6B GRAMMAR BANK can, could, and be able to 1 Weuse canto talk about ability, possibility, and permission. Cam isa : modal verb, and it onky has. present form (which can be used to ealk ability, possibility, and permission about the Future) and a past / conditional form {could} 2 We ofien use Gan L..? or Could1..? to make requests. Could L..?is 1 Heean cook really wel more polite. {ean’e come ra class next week. Lhavean exam. 3, Forall other tenses and forms, we use beable to + infinitive, We also ., Yeeant parkhere, isa no-parking zone sometimes use beable 10 in the present and past if we want to be more forma 2 Can Lery this on 4 Weuse could |couldn'tcotalkabout general ability or possibility in the pas Could Tery itin alarge? We can also use was / were able to but it is more formal Pve been able to drive since Iwas 18. ay Neatetted Se Fd love co be able to afford that jacket. Like being able to try clothes on, so [never buy chings online, + We can also use managed to instead of was | were able to, ¢g, Tmanaged to buy it online Tmafraid I wasn't able to speak co the deduction manager about the new project. 4 She could ski when she was three years old ‘The supermarket can’t be closed ~ its only 4.00, ‘They couldn’t come tothe concert last night. ‘They can't be back yet. They said they were coming home on Sunday: He was able to read ata very young age 5 Lcouldn’t find inthe shops but Iwas able 60 + Weuse can’t to say we are sure that something is impossible / not true. buy itontine + Inthis sense the opposite of can't is must. Compare ‘The current was very strong, but he was able to Shecan't beat work now: l'sonly7 30am. (=m sureit's not ruc) a era ‘She must be at work now: [e's 9.30 a.m. (= P'm sure it’s reve.) a Are the highlighted forms right Vor wrongx? Bb Complete the sentences with the correct form of can, Correct the wrong ones. could, or be able to. eel play the piano very well yet. X Iean't couldn’ find the book in any bookstore, but Iwas able to buy 1 SHERRIE Sing really beautifully iconline, 2 (eiTiRStAbIeEOSAKE to my manager yesterday, 1 Imiss having acar.Thatenot_____go wherever 3. He's very smart — heeouldspeakrehree langiages Twant. at theage of eight! 2 [they ___get the time off work, they'd travel 4 ESTGALECAAED to the cinema tonight. I already around China for a month. have plans. 3 These jeans__be £500. That's far too 5, DeanSpeARAEGH very well when Twas. chil expens 6 My suitcase washeavy, ur EaaNEregit, + — youtellme what time the shop closes 7 Theveanibeaehiome. They are on holiday righe today? ce 5 Youshoukl ______gecarefundifthe shoes don't 8. Willyanicaithelp me with my homework? fityou se 6 We ____gettckets to see the film tonight — 9 We spent hours looking, but WeWerEHTAbIET find a sofa that we both liked, aoa ee 10 It’s wonderful tBeable to goto the beach every ee ae smoke. : 8 Willyou__ ___look after our dog while we're away? 9. Leouldn’t book a table for seven o'clock, bue 1 book one for eight 10 They were late for dinner because they find our fla.7A phrasal verbs ‘ype 1 phrasal verbs with ne object get up at 6.00, They weneaway last weekend, What time are you coming back ronight? ‘They set offearly in the morning. My sister and her boyfriend have splic up. + Some phrasal verbs have no object. The verb and the particle are never separated. NOT Fgetar6.00-mp: ‘Type 2 - phrasal verbs with an object - separable 1 Llooked the word up in the dictionary. Hooked up the word in the dictionary. (Can you fill chis form in? Can you fill in this form? Did you switch the computer off? Did you switch off the computer? 2 Hooked it up. Can you fillitin? Did you switeh ic off? 1 Some phrasal verbs have an object and can be separated ~ wwe can put the object before or after the particle 2 Ifthe objectis a pronoun ft the the verb and the particle J put it on, NOT F pat omit a. Gireld)the correct form. Tick ¥ if both are possible. Could you turn on the light {turn the light on? 7 1 The top was 100 big so I took buck i | took ie back to the shop. What time are you picking up me {picking me up? Vl switch on the airconditioning (switch the air conditioning on. Ifyou food is cold you should send back t {send it back: 1 asked for a large coffee | asked «large coffe for She needs to go to the bank to takeout some money [rake it always goes becween some money out 7 He gave mea form and told me to fill init filliin. 8 Shall we set off at 8.00 | set at 8.00 off? 9. The light is still on ~ please switch it off | switch it in. 10 Youreally take after your father | take your father after, ‘Type 3 ~ phrasal verbs with an object - inseparable 1 My husband looks after the children. A Where's your book? B don’ know, 'm looking for it, A Shall we ask for the bill? B lvealready asked for it, 2 He doesn’t get on with his parems. She's looking forward to her holiday. ‘You should look out for job vacancies, 1. Some phrasal vers have an object but can‘ be separaed—the verb andthe particle must stay together, even f the abjctis a pronoun, Helooks after the children. He looks afer them. NOT Helooksthe children after Helooks them after 2 Some phrasal verbs have wo particles ~they are never separate. ‘Some common phrasal verbs Wye bean, end up, grow up, move in, set off Type2 check out, close down, give away, give up, open up, pay back, pickup, put ia, put on, pit up, Send back, Set up. sultch off take back takeout, throw away, try on, fumup down /on/ off j Type3 | 29h for, be out of fal out with, fit in with getaway from, {get out of, (00k after look far, look for ward ta, look out for, look round, move back b_ Complete the sentences using a pronounand the correct form of the phrasal verb in brackets ‘That musics too loud. Please turn itdown. (turn down) 1 His train arrives at 9.25 a.m, Can you _ atthe station? (pick up) 2 Henther £100 and she still hasn't (pay back) 3. Pmalways arguing with my brothers. 1 ____. (nor get on with) 4A Why didn't you come to the party? BI _____ but Iwasill so Icouldntgo. (look forward to) 5 A How's Jenny doing? B don't know.I've spoken in a while, (fall our with) 6. A How's her new business going? B Shehasn'tactually __"_yet. (setup) ove these shoes, but when | they dda fit. (try on) 8. A Have you found your car keys yet? B No, but lm = now. (look for) 9. My daughter isill so Inced to stay at home today is ete (ook atte) 10 A Have you seen my magazines? B Yes,1___ sowe haven't in the cupboard. (put away)7B verb patterns Revise the basics infinitive with to I Iesvery difficult to read his writing NOT #esverpdiffinte read. 2 Ineed to goto the supermarket. NOT Feed go: 3 Ewentto the cinema to see the new James Bond film, NOT faventtothe cinema fortosee 4 Becareful not to stay in the sun too long. NOT Becarefulto-not stay infinitive without to 5 Hecan speak English very wel. NOT Heearto-speak English: 6 We mustn't be late. NOT Wemustn'tte beta: gerund (verb + ng) 7 Watching TV helps me to relax in the evening. NOT Watch PV helps mer mnor very good at remembering names. NOT Finsorvere qondatremenber Hovelyingin the sun. NOT Hove ie {hace not seeing the children at batheime. NOP Bhateatsee thee fron = 8 4 10 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. She enjoys reading romantic novels. (read) You should _ Have you finished _ to bed early tonight. (go) 1 4 Tove __time with my nephew. (spend) We might ___ my parents today because they want __us their new car. (visit, show) Idon't think Italian food is easy. t's hard a good lasagna. (cook, make) He's good at _ English, buche hates _ it. (speak, write) We were told They can't afford _ ‘moment. (buy) 9 Tean't have} 10 [think I might rake up 6 abigger house at the _ the internet. (imagine _your book yer? (write) ‘our dictionaries, (noc use) not . this year. (dance) GRAMMAR BANK verbs + infinitive (with or without to) 1 Sheagreed to come with m They decided to go home early We wanted to visit the Tate Gallery 2 Wecan’t buy tickers tll tomorrow Hurry up = we mighe be lace? You shouldn’e drink so much coffee, 1 Weuse the infinitive with co after many verbs. 2 We use the infinitive without to afterall modal verbs (except ought). verbs + gerund (verb +-ing) They enjoy watching DVDs at home, I've finished reading the paper if you want it. Thate being late for school, 2 She's given up working on Saturdays. P'mlooking forward to hearing from you Pm going (o keep on studying Icalian for a few more years. 1 Weuse the gerund afier some verbs, e.g 2 Weuse the gerund after phrasal verbs. enjoy finish, hate verbs + object + infinitive (with or without to) 1 They want us to go with them, He told me to get an e-reacler, She allowed me to leave work early 2 Hisparents Tet him go ta che concert. Our boss makes us work lace on Fridays. I Weuse an object + the infinitive with o after some verbs NOU They wemetteet egorsith then 2 We usean object + the infinieive without ro after fer and make b_ Rewrite the sentences to mean the same thing, She asked if would like to have lunch with her. She invited mito have hunch with her 1 He doesn’t work at the bakery any more, He's given up ‘The forecast says e's yoing to continue to snow today Iwsgoing to keepon 3 [didn't remember to book the tickets. Horgor_ oa 4 She said she wouldn't visit him. She refused 5. Myteacher said that I should enter the competition. My teacher persuaded Her parents won't allow her to go to the party. Her parenes won't let 7 My daughter says I should takeherto Disney World, My daughter wanes 8 T'vedone the housework ve finished _ We're excited about going to Paris next weekend, We're looking forward to He practices the guitar for an hour a day He spends an houra day8A have something done Vm having my hair cut tomorrow She has her house repainted every year. We've had a new bathroom put in. You ought to have your root repaired. How often do you have your car serviced? Idon’thave the flat cleaned, [clean it myself ‘The flac was in good condition, so we didn'chave it redecorated. When did you have those photos taken? + Weuse have + object + past participle when we arrange (and usually pay) for someone to do something forus, either because we can't or don’t want todo it ourselves. Compare: I cleaned my car yesterday. (2 1 did it myself.) Thai my car cleaned yesterday. (= paid someone to clean it for me) 1+ We ean use have something done in any tense and with modal verbs. + Have isthe main verb, and is stressed, We use auxiliary verbs (do, did, etc.) vo make questions and negatives, + Ifwe want to say who did the work, we use by, e Wehad our wedding photos taken by the same photographer you used. Thad the central heating checked by British Gas. a Put the words in the correct order to make sentences. Db. Write sentences about the people. They...new a kitchen year in last put had He flat cleaned He's having his flat cleaned. They had a new kitchen put i last year. He {need | photo / taken She...made dress a had new yesterday ‘They | should J car / clean Has, had ears your tested ever his grandfather ? We...carpets next having our week are cleaned She j root | repair He J ought to | windows / replace ‘They | new house / build {last year They...have cleaned need windows to their He / suit / make {in Hong Kong 6 L...togoingh She | not want | hair {cur 7 We...invitations having professionally our are made 8 They / might / new bathroom J putin 8 They...birthday beautiful for had a made cake her 9 L...teeth month checked had last my 10 He...having house is repainted his You...hair more your should often cut have have my dyed am8B the passive; impersonal you the passive Some historical filmsaren't based fon the facts. present simple present continuous ‘The election is being held in May. present perfect Has the village been changed by courism? past simple 10,000 soldiers were killed in an hour at Gettysburg past continuous ‘The castle was being renovated so, swe couldn’ go in. past perfect The hospital had been opened by the Queen three years before. When will the new museum be built? willand going to We're going co be given the exam results tomorrow: infinitive with to Does the city centre have to be closed coall traffic? infinitive without to. The President must be elected by « clear majority gerund hate being woken up by a mosquito a Complete the sentences with the correct passive form of the verb in brackets. ‘The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York was ‘opened in 1870. (open) 1 Many books ___ (write) When we visited Paris, the Mona Lisa co another museum. (take) Two new schools now. (build) 4 The Great Wall of China million tourists a year. (visit) 5 The Taj Mahal (complete) 6 We couldn’ go inside the castle because it for a wedding. (use) ___ about World War I __ in my town right by over 4 in the 1650s, 7 ate __ that Iean't do something. (tell) 8 Ifit snows heavily, our school will have —_ __. (close) 9 Ifyou take it back to the shop, you should arefund. (give) __ about our exam? (tell) 10 When will we __ GRAMMAR BANK + Weofien use the passive when i's not said, knows, oF important who does an action. My phone has been stolen, (= Somebody has stolen my phone, but we don't know who.) + Efwe wane to say who did an action, we use by Westminster Abbey was started by Henry fl in 1245. ‘+ Wecan often say things in two ways, in the active or the passive. Compare: Bill Bryson wrote The Lost Continent. (The focusis more on Bryson.) ‘The Lost Continent was written by Bill Bryson. (The focus is moreon the book) + Weoften use the passive ro talk about processes, for example scientific processes, and in formal writing, such as newspaper reports. The chemicals are combined at very high temperatures, Parts of Winssor Castle have been damaged ina fre. impersonal you 1 You can’t earn English in three weeks. You never know what the weather’s going todo, 2. Exercise is good for you 1 Wecan use yotas an impersonal subject to mean people in general 2. Wecan use you as an impersonal object. 'b Rewrite the sentences to mean the same thing, A mosquito bit me Twas bitten by a mosquito 1 She opened her new shop yesterday. Her new shop You can find all the books you need in che library. All the books you need 3 Martin Luther King, Jr gave the ‘Ihave a dream’ speect in 1863. The‘Thave a dream’ speech _ +4 You must not use your mobile phones during the exam Mobile phones - 5 {don't think she’s going co invite me to her wedding. Idon'e think P'm_—_—___ 6 Hasall his success changed him? Hashe ? You should take your medicine three times a day. Your medicine 8 When will they open the new museum? When the new 9 They had to cancel the concert last night The concert _____ 10 Iwas really upser that someone had stolen my car, Iwas really upset that my car _—_____ I9A | reported speech Revise the basics | She said (that) she had a good memory, | He told me (that) he wasn't leaving They said (that) they'd never forget me He said (that) he couldn't remember. They told us (that) they might be a bit late, She said (that) she had to go. have a good memory! mm not leaving: “We'll never forget you. ‘can't remember! “We might / may be a bit late. must go, word changes in reported speech 1 ‘Tove your bag. She said (that) she loved my bag, ‘Tehink you cold me” He said (that) he thought we'd cold 2 ‘Vmleaving now! He said (that) he was leaving (then), ‘See you tomorrow” He said (that) he'd see me the next day. I did it yesterday.” She told me (that) she'd done it the day before. Iwentskiinglast week He said (that) he'd been skiing the week before. 3: ‘Wedon’e like it here.” ‘She told us (thae) they didn't like it there. “Thisis your station, She said (chat) chat was our station. + Remember thatin reported speech as well as the verbs we often need co change other words or parts of the original sentence. We may need to change: 3 hereand this I pronouns 2 rime expressions reported questions 1 ‘Where did you live before?" She asked (me) where P'd lived before. 2 ‘Have you been to Australia?’ He asked (us) if] whether we'd been co Australia ‘Areyoucomingwithme?” —Sheasked (him) if whether he was going with her. 1 Reported questions use normal word order with no question mark: She asked me where [i lived before. NOT Sheasked-meshere haul Hived before? + The verb askin reported questions can be used with or without a person or ebject pronoun, 2 We use ifor whether co report questions which stare with an auxiliary verb, a Complete the sentences using reported speech. [don't understand what you're saying reported imperatives and requests 1 ‘Don't forget? He told me not to forget. "Wait in the car She told me to wait in the ear ‘Buy six oranges He told me co buy six oranges, "Could you close the window?" She asked me to close the window. “Can you wait here, please?” Heasked us co wait there 1 Weean use tell + obj infinitive to report imperatives and + The verb telican mean give information givean instruction. Compare Hew Ld me (that) his name was Rob. nformation) He told me ta close the door (instruction) We can use ask + object pronoun + infinitive ro report requests. We must use an object pronoun.e-g. me, us + The verb ask can mean ask aguestion ‘or make request. Compare He asked (me) what Iwas doing, (= question) He asked me to¢ equest) b_ Complete the sentences using reported speech, “Could you turn down the music?” She said...she did't wnderstanal what Iwas saying. He asked me...10 urn down the music 1 “Uve forgotten where I parked the car’ He said 1 “Don'e forges co bring your cameras” They told us. 2 “Lean’t remember my password. She sud 2 ‘Did you have a good flight? She asked him. $ ‘Iwill probably be abit ate’ My sister said 3 ‘Will you watch the match tonight?" He asked us 4 We haven't met his new girlfriend yet. They said 4 ‘Please rake a seat.’ She old me. 5 “The lesson won't he finished before 9.00.’ She told 5 ‘Where did you go to school? They asked me me. 6 ‘How oldis your daughter? She asked her, 6 ‘Weean't afford to buy another car’ They told us, “Can you teach me some Japan 0?" She asked him. 8 "She doesrt like her new job. He said 9. ‘We hope you'll visit us one day.’ They told me, 10 “My friends are coming round tonight’ She told me 9 10 7 ‘Thave to be home by midnight’ She said. 8 ‘Have you seen the film before?” He asked me ‘Are you playing football tonight?’ He asked him, “Remember to call me when you arrive. She cold me9B uses of the past perfect past perfect in narratives He ran co the departure gate but che light had already closed. ‘She didn't know where he'd gone. We still hadn’t had breakfast when the taxi arrived. How long had they been engaged before they got married? + Weuse the past perfect when we are talking about the past and we want ro talk about an earlier past action, past perfect in reported speech 1 ‘Wehaven’tbeen married long.” They said (thae) they hadn'e been married long. ‘My boyfriend proposed to mein Paris, ‘She told me (that) her boyfriend had proposed to herin Paris, 2 ‘Tdalready seen the film.” He said (chat) he'd already seen the film. 1 Weuse the past perfect in reported speech when the original speech uses the present perfect or the past simple. If the original speech is past perfect, there is no change in reported speech, a Complete the sentences with the past simple or past perfect form of the verbs in brackets. By the time I arrived atthe airport, her flight had left. (arrive, leave) 1 the city very well, even though I there twice before. (not remember, she enough exam. (hope, do) __ the book afew times, and toread itagain. (read, not want) me that she the museum before. (ell, not visit) 5 When! ______ tothe shop, someone = the last copy of the game. (go, buy) 6 He __all his work, so he stay late, (not finish, have to) 7 They that they _ each other for ages. (ay, know) 3 We in Edinburgh for afew months (be, discover) this amazing restaurant. 9 He ___meifl _____ from Angels lately. ask, hear) 10 She _____ my postcard because she house. (not receive, move) GRAMMAR BANK past perfect in third conditionals If1'd known his number, I would have called him, They'd have been much happier if they'd never met. [eLhadn'e gone to university, wouldn't have met my wife, ‘What would they have done if we'd been late? + Weuse the past perfect in the ifclause of a third conditional. We use third conditional sentences to talk about how things could have been different in the past, ie. for hypothetical) imaginary situations and their consequences, 4 In third concitionals, dis the contraction of both had and would, e.g, If fd known your nurnber, fd have called you. had would b_ Complete the third conditional sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. If dknown you were so busy, Twouldn't have asked you to help me move house. (know, no ask) to eet ieee __tothe park that day. (not meet, not go) 2 What payee __ifwe ____ our flight? (do, miss) Siieienes earlier, L_ late for work. (wake up, not be) a joe that expensive car, you __ come on holiday with us. (not buy, beable to) 5 We_ __tickets ifwe = earlier. (get, call) 6 Ifyou______tharjob,__ . you it? (offer, ake) 7 Ifyou __ me it was your birthday, I ~~ youa cake. (tell, make) 8 fl my trainers to the gym today. (not forget, go) 91 her do the housework ifshe — me. (help, ask) 10 You__ sotired ifyou 2 up so late. (not feel, not stay)10A be, do, and have: auxiliary and main verbs be-main verb and au ry 1 His name was David, ‘They haven't been here before. 2 I'm siting on the bus. They aren't coming to the party. Iwas cycling to work when Lsaw him, Were they watching TV when you phoned? She's been learning Japanese for two years. ‘They haven’t been working here long. Lots of clothes are now being made in the Far East. Millions of books have been digitized. 1 Weean use beas the main verb in a sentence 2 beisalsoanausiliary verb. — Weuse am |i areas auxiliaries n che present continuous. = Weuuse was / were as auxiliaries in the past continuous. ~ Weuse has beer ) have been as auxiliaries in the present perfect continuous. = Weuse had been as auxiliaries in the present perfect ~ Weuse all renses of beas auxiliaries in passives. domain verb and auxiliary 1 What do youdo? I did my homework last night. 2 She doesn’t speak English. Where do they live? ‘They didn’e go to the theatre, Did you enjoy the film? 1 We can usedoas the main verb ina sentence. 2 Weuse do don't | does | doesn’t as auxiliaries in the present simple, and did didn’t as auwiliaries in che past simple. have ~ main verb and auxiliary 1 Ihave two brothers anda sister He's having a shower atthe What did you have for dinner? Ihave to be atthe airport at 11.00. We had our computer repaired last week. 3 They've bought 2 new car Thaven’t seen him recently. Has he ever been to Spain? 4 Iwas sure seen him before. We were hungry because we hadn't had breakfest. Had she tried ro phone you before she arrived? 1 We can use have as the main verb in a sentence. Itcan bean action o non-action verb ~ see Grammar Bank 2A p.6. 2 With have ro and have something done, have is also a main verb. 3 Weuse have / haven't has hasn't as auxiliaries in the present perfect 4 Weuse had | hadn't as auxiliaries inthe past perfect. a Purthe words in the correct order to make b Complete the sentences with the auxiliary verbs be, do, and have. eaieenoe Dogs she have time to help us, or isshe too busy? She...her had flat yesterday cleaned 1 They hoping for good weather, butit__ratned She had her flat cleaned yesterday. every day so far. 1 She...arrived when still Iwas sleeping 2A youknow that they _moved to London? 2 They. .Jost late they had were because got B No, they _tell me. 3. We...go to don’t work have tomorrow to a8 he going to Paul and Anna's wedding? 4 Nobody...about been the had told meeting B No, he ____invited, 5 Why...go you ro want don't shopping ? 4 She called me yet. think she's interested. 6 He...the having at dinner moment is 5 A ________your son like playing football? 7 We...windows have to our going cleaned are B No,he _ He prefers tennis, 8 How come...been vist yet she to hasnt you ? 6 He ____ visited lots of countries, but he been to 9 [...Australia because long been to haven't India yer. flights Ihate 7 A_____ they know how to find our house? 10 Where. .living has been he? Bi____thinkso. told them where itis. 8 Thechiklren__ been arguing lot tonight, and we starting to get tired of it 9A Where's Andrew? BI _ know. He tell me where he 10 you tried that new Japanese restaurant yet? B No,1___really ike sushi10B GRAMMAR BANK revision of verb forms. a Complete the conversation with the correct form of b_ Complete the sentences to mean the same thing. the verbs in brackets, Use the correct form of the words in brackets Louise Hello, ohn, how are (be) you? What have you She said that we shouldn't bring anything, (cll) been doing this week? We were told not to bring anyching John — Hi, Louise,['m fine, thanks.1?___ (pack) 1 I started learning salsa five years ago. (dance) for my trip 1 salsa for five years, Louise Oh,1?____{notknow) you were goingaway! 2. We gave her £30 for looking after the children. (pay) John Sorry? ___(ghink)4_ (etl) you She £30 forlooking after the children 18__ (go) to South Korea for six months. 3 He couldn't read the paper because he had forgotten Louise Really? Wow! What®_ you_____ (do) his glasses. (remember) there: Ifhe___his glasses, he could have read the John 17 (ceach) English. 18 (feel) a babes bit nervous about it, but excited too! 4 They bought that car two years ago. (have) Louise I'm sure you? ___ (have) a great time. When, They __ that car for two years. you (leave)? . 5 Idon't have enough money to go on holiday this year. John Next Monday. Ifyou _(not be) busy, (can afford) a Swen ae Se (already { make) plans to visit Jenny in France. : on . Se eee ae You___tobuy atcker in advance Cee eee eomedincenh® 7 Helearnttorideabieycle when he wassix, abe) cal He since he was six ro yeas (noe see)her 8 She told me that should apply forthe job (ought) fora few months, so we? thavejalotto _Shesaidchat_ forthe job talk about. 9. Where will you live after you are married? (go) John Yes, you nwo always have a lot to talk about—even Where __after you are married? when you've ust seen each atherthe day before! 10 Did you play any sports when you were a child? (ase co Did you when you were a child? LL Mysister wouldn't let me borrow her blue dress. (lend My sister refused macher be dress 12 Millions of tourists go to Las Vegas every yer. vst) Las Vegas___by millions ofwoariss evry year, 15. My manager suid could take afew days of. (allow) My manager afew daysoft 14 We can see the film another night. (not have to) We see the film ronight 15. We missed the first five minutes of the film because w were late. (already start) By the time we arrived at the cinema, the film|