& nutrients (ime) Revie Come Back Skinfolds, All Is Forgiven: A Narrative Review of the Efficacy of Common Body Composition Methods in Applied Sports Practice Andreas M. Kasper! Cal Langan Evans, James F Hudson Thomas E, Brownlee Robert} Naughton 0, James F Morton and Graeme L. Close ™"O iam D. Harper® "etal an Eb soc Lie oe Moore Unter Leet LSA UK Snore acess AMR) Changtvontnaes ee) Jrcowan praaa 8) thoes 2a} aan BEM 2 ‘Stet and al Sen nero aden, Hasso HDI S-UK {Hamer acu DI Noms RIN) + Gamage Lebanese cD Absa Wns the assent of by compton routine practice in port thee reine ‘cherie dato the! sya, wth he chen erg fen sed pon cone ‘lence rther than undead he method an tsar The i of i mcr eons {heed (prvi an overview ofthe common methodloge weed within spor fo mensre aes ‘nay composonspeclyhyd-dertomety sr displacement pty smograph sets oe Kae 8s Inpeane aan and mpecocopy lund, einer ann Silene Xa} Lenjecem tnt: sarptomry DXA) and skin cknens 2) compare the eccy wht re Wily eed Somat te oper tote heros accurate (DXA) el prac inode) seen and 3 provide eines Ge, aor to pst he most appropriate semen in appli spot rat nha Sica inky A” gui rth aon experience neki incite port Tater snl ck ae Sogo armrest Pople mt ly ampenon et the ae f DXA eed ea Gnmen n)__setsitho wie hu she cron lana When ane met conte ed Lerman Nei eleanor nha ten ta inp nnn of tr te ma, SUSUR he DXA appa tn eth prfred mti aloo tral te ao of elope a corti na rode eae ts cadingcorrling ot ie por eens a Iydatn stn However vente ms ramp a afer cone evens ee tncconcoion sme cst lls ren esha Keyword DXA sno xia psn canning pyamoqrphy drat “The assent of body composition rine practice in many sport organisations ‘hus total body mass (BM) asessmentscan be impertantinsome situations (e npors cau ‘where there a given weight lassifcation), the wider examination of body eompention, ‘Specifically ean mase (LM) sa fat mse (FM) is more informative for atlete nd their copie © 28 We ats Cggches. This evaluation of FM, often reported a the percentage ofthe body thats fat Lise MM Hn Stas (Ps) shighly eleva n many sports ven that exc fat mash canbe pected a ‘ead ‘amici ar craig whan heb esiing the forces frat in moverents sah as jumping and nt tr ome ot uning. Despite the importance placed upon optimising and assessing body ompesion “iio Coto gli sport thers no universally accepted measurement method sith practitioners mma OY he OH! an etng technique tht sual to eed ines ss opposed 9 toro Cypmreemtere’ndestanding ofthe methodologies andthe limitations. ‘a1 pla ‘pe oc parlaBroinamin Cten tie poncmnti ecarereae Cerin rt ee cee “Throughout history searchers atempted to stady and acurtely measure human ae ‘topomety nga vaiety feces, ranging rm ary cadaver work more ont imaging technologies such sca energy Xray absorptiometry (OXA) In anthropometry, theta often vied int compari a caneepul rather than anata sepa ration. The simplest isthe fro-comprtment mol which involves piting the bod nto FM and fat-free mass (PPM), wit the paneple bing tht one these components s determined, the her can be estimated, The threecompartment model ples bone mi “ral canten (BMC), FM and FM which sao else ofl other non-metal ses, {Le organs), whist thes-ompartnent mee alse incdes total bad water (TBW) [A iual epeesenaton ofthe comportent models depicted in Figur While varios methods were develope o mess perificbody Hass, cadaveric listo the oly “ieet method and therefore less invasive, more practical indict methods have ban developed Figure) ndiet methods incu hy o-densitety ‘which whist accurate, has ited application nthe elite sporting envionment, a ie “iss elo. Cetain methods are dene doubly ie a ae predictive repression ‘equations to quantity body composton based on an indict tecige, ep, sinfld theknese menses ith bent prediction equations. ll ofthese metho may Be ‘ern silble practice’ in spec situations and given thee no goldsandard body ‘omposion methadology i evi indivi is ral hat tle and cos {re flly aware ofthe various methodologies avalible and thei imitations. Therefore, Theaims ofthis curent seview are to (1) provide an overview of carmen methodologies ‘ned within sport to measure body composition (2) compare thecacy of whats widely ‘ive oe the most valid (DXA) and most practical skinfold hikes) measurement techniques within apie sports practice and (3) provide a amewoek to help select the mow! appropriate boy composition method in applied sports rat, Figure. The, >and ¢I 212 Ai Dingle Plethysrapy—Teo Comparten, it Ai depacement plethysmagraphy (ADE) isanaltemative to hydrostatic weighing and has mote pact in applied sport, whereinstead of water a lise o measure body dant. Some concider ADP to overcome sever ofthe aforementaned ators ‘ot hyro-densitometry [s- Machines sucha the BOD POD (COSMED, Rome TA) ae Poisson's Law to calculate air displacement and thus valumete calulaton oem a is then ensured va inbuilt ystens or generated vi a prediction fru nd combined to-calenlate a correct body volume sn boxy composition via numerous predictive ‘equations [12] Cormlatins of body density to assess validity when compared thy ‘Sensitomety have ben found to be high 1-day, ADP hak» hgh evel of relisblity (CV = 17 © 11%). Despite these benefits, ADP (1 insufcenly snstive to detect in-competiton changes iv eltealelc body composition [5] (2) seneitive to We would suggest where BMC needs tobe examined, or when itis necessary to fake liml-specfic estimations of FM and FEM, then DXA appears ta bbe the asesument too choice (providing the prescan conditions can be controled = lscussed) However given the imply ofthe skinfold technigue, the sped in which it ‘canbe implemented and exseted, the quency of which tan be wed long with the Tow cot associat withthe method Ihe goal so simpy tack changes in body fatness ‘overtime, iould be argued tha skinfold measures nay all provide the best sluion ‘when eporied ea som of wa rather than & ealie percertnge Yale, Combined wih Fact that fal ofthe assessments of body composition, skinfold assessments appear to be the least fected by factors hat are dificult con in athletes food intake, hydetion tatu, daily activity) pehaps ts now time tay app sport practice ‘come Back ‘skinfolds als forgive Figure? A propel ompenitn method decion making te Evienebse and ppb lletheshowkt corded with pciecontt in which hy ate eng appl, be conde ys aby ace /tain ‘sa witha risks manag an sal eerste ll pore made apo the cae ale prior apt ‘the chon met. Green arose yer asthe anewer es arose no ae he anew an Back rowAuthor Contsbuiont: Massp pepe and eve byes. Alans haved ‘Slag he pueden of he manure Invitational Review Board Statement: Al at asd within he ele weer fen pb [het pecraeiewed Irate or om rpublaked near dt fom Liverpool aba Mans Univer Informed Consent Statement Allpublid and unpub ats have informe consent on al abject in ho ay: Dats Ait Statement No appon References 4. sink, AR, Wilmore, Esatn a Reutty neato Reseach Monograph esa Psi Esato Pre Hal Engeood Ci, NI USA, 197 2. SL WEE Body Compost om Fs Spaces dD: Anaes of Meth. Nur Bahan Ls Angel Cs Ca 195, Sis Broek | Grane, E:Andenon, LT: Key, A. Desitomdrc nais of ay compo: Revision of some quntatve ‘enum A Neen a A 8 fore 4. MiG, MA;Comen 1D; Berouer EMME PA. Eaton os New Ai DipaentPthysograph or Mesing man Boy Compost Ml SS Exe 995,27, 1861S. [oskl [ahd] 5 Stenar, DM. The ole Tersionn Msc Growth A. Ruan of Oo a Tsar roth endemic rs Cambie MAUS 1972 pp. 7-100 Gi 1 Ajent DA: Cova ST; Hey, Es Cre, AR; Gi, WA. Whole Computed Tomography Base By Ms and Body Fat Quantiieor A Compurion a Hyrstc Neghingand Ait placement Pethyeroraph. Con ‘mt Tg 207 4 30-38 (Cmte) 27. Bigg es Vllnn, MCW; Nis MA; Dror, CE Flak Py Laveniage, DK, Sun, M Keb, 2; Ch, KX. Comparison of Ase Dapacement tno with Hydrol Weighing and Bil Impsance Anal othe ‘Scent of dy Compontion a Heaty Alle. S| Cl, Nar 399699880 [oes [hs] 5 Sehaert MAL Su RFs sn KK Clarke LE Tao 1X Rely na aya Various Latratry Mets Bay Compost Ascent ung Al Ci a Fee bmg 2002, 150 139, cro 9. Kept ACh B Langa are, Cs Ri Sr, As Cle, GL; Moro, Case Sd Extn Weg Maing {Come Rtstine Enegy Defcny Dhyration an Ace Kenyir ina Male Mined Matt As Att. Sod Nate Be: Neth 925,318 forse 10. Langan ans C Germaine M: Ache NM Oxborugh- DL Arts LCs, iL: Merton The schol and Fhysihges!Cnanuumes a aw Enegy dvabty ins Mle Comba Spt Mt at Sots ee 200 foes) 11, Milam J: Naghon R; O'oyke Ase Zz Mogan, Re Dros Be Marton J Bay Compostion Assent gh Peat Pers Cangas a an Up 12 Hig, PB, els, .A; Hunter GR: Gone, BA: ik of Sepa Fal Hon A DsplaenentPtysnogzaphy timate of Porat ay Ft Cty a8, [sal Pa 18. Wogner DR Heywan, VHC, AL Vaaton of Al pace Pey=mogrphy fr Ass Boy Composition. Ma St Sys Eo B03 190-1 1. Lovenhagen DK; BoM; Wk DC: Pec |: Pasa, DP; Chon Kal PA Comparsn of Ai Displcerent ethene Or cvigs to ernine By Eatin ly Al Pe Er Nat 99,2595 2%, [evo 15. Fat Rly: Khantpty aud Exec Py Cary Manu Uoume One Antero ue Physslogy: Oras, ON, Cars, 203, 16 Duin |G. Wore Bayt sme or tal ay dy ali entiation fo kil thine: Meme sents 81 men an women ger 161072 eats Br [Nie 74,2 7797 (chs). 17. Sin WE Hay companion ram Bd pacer an emit Anal meten nis fr Msring Bly Compt Bromo) race A Es, Natal Academy of Scenes Wacingtn,DC- USK, 141 pp 2%- 28. 18 soe AS. Pollok StL Cencan sua fr pty dest nen. Bef Nt HD, 4097-04, Cel trasved 1% Withers RT Cg, NP; Boo FC; Nort K: Relive bay aad antopontic pectin fy erst mle {She Eur Ag Pht Op, Py 9S, 11. [ee20. -eily Ts Gen, K: Marlon Meat M; Suton, L; Wall | How Wl o Skill uations Piet Percent Bay atin te Sacer Payer? nt [Sport Mo 2033-3 (scl [aN 2, sD Hig, PB Hunt GR Assent of Boxy Capstone Diplcemon Pthysmogrphy: naar of dy Temperate and Mist Dye el 20043, 3. [Crm 22 Fad Dune aan Maton othe BOD POD wth Hyon Weighing: ure Body Cltigin. . JO 20034, 20-205 [Cros Ps} 28 Peter AL: Caeser, AL lf Din Sv Cap onthe Aen of ly Vou nd Percentage By Paty Ai Diapason Petar Sots St 2M, 25, BEI [weet 24. Un BN Tamia, A) Ar Degen eyamograpy vemos Dus Energy X-ray Absorptiomery in Underegt Norn Weight and Overweight Own Pung ONE A, Heft) 25 Mie} a Cnpatn Aes nlp Nato: Anu ot Bop Ata Te 25 Matis. CN: Sins DA. die FB: Magalies LF Mindero, CS; Bes D.A; Lush, H.C; Sorin, LBS, AM atmo of Toa sy Wotan Extrctr Wer wth Bompedance in Ah Ne or Ne Spec Pricton Model Cit Nut at, 35 08-74 erst 2 Moon. |R: Sut HRs Sith, AE; abn, SE: Lockwood, CM: Kendal Ki: Gebel Hs Fukuda, DH. Cost, P: Stock MS t al. Reproducty an Yai of Bimpedance Spectonopy fo Tracking Changes Teta ody ster Impstone for Raped Messen BJ Nat 20,0, 38-19. [reel [aN 28. Kouta Niner Cs Regal DB Lana, -C: Sour, G: Mel 8 Use of Bode Impedance Arlo fi fay ld Conurin ae Aw Vann bb aS Sr 2S 28. ‘Roumgatne RN Chumle,C; Racks AF Bic mpc or Boy Composition. Ex: Sper! eRe 198018 1-23 [Crest uN] 50. Acland TR: Lian TG: Sunde Rogen: Maughan RI Mey: NL Stevan A.D Male, W.Carent Stat of Sly ‘Composin Asarment in Spt Revo and Pein taken on hae Ad Hoc Resa Woking Group By ‘Compesiton Hens ond Peformance Ue the Apes ofthe LO, Meal Commision Spr: M202 2227-28 {eres ub 3. Coppin LZ Walter DL Campos, ACL Linton and Vlton of attic Impedance Alyn Mexbiy ‘Oke Patents Cer Opn, Clin Nut Me. Cin 208, 389-352 (Croll 2 Syed Abdel EM Son DS; ren): Neggener , Comparative Aalska BA, BC and DXA or Detriing Bay Ft {in Arc Fol Players Sr Ml Pl. Pits ore) 53. Shantowon Uy Zander M Kiger, S; Sind, Fy Compeniton in Male ite Aetes, Cmparan of Bcc % Ingen Spctenopy with Dal egy Xray Abworpamwin [Nea Role im. 08 71 fest vs Inpeancin Feral Runners Ms SS ae 497, 29, 127-1896 fresh] ora Nunes deur Bez, Ev Ors, LB Mn YA Lau: Dll, Ri, D As Gugilns LG. As ‘ttn Edy Compo ny ayers pene! between ent Mths and Asai with Pye eran [Sys et. is: ies 20286 (csi 56. 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Metah. 2016, 25,288 257 orl [Phos] 2 Sie Cs Eliot Sle Kj} Nation at Ate Bae Hah Ste Mo. 204649 (Supp Si}, 11S. [ek FL Marin AD: Rows WD. Discs DE Clans PPh ody Faby ld Caliper. sumone and Cader dence tJ Ob 85 9 (Sp SI 518. 7 Meyer NL: Sanaa Boge, Lan, TG Ackland TR; Stewart, AD; Mag, Ry Sth, Ss Mille W. Bay Reach Working Group Body Compost Heal and france unr he Aspe IOC Red Common, I) Spr et Ba 4, odes ere Pee) 73 Unhan, 1G; Rohe, A (Ede) Atmel Sandton Refrce Manual; Haman Kinet Hook: Chapa 7A Stewart, A; Sutton, L (Ed) Bady Compustion in Sport Exec anf Hen Rotledge: London, UK, 2012 75 Teas i; Duco Gz Shope}: DeSousa Mj. The inp of cet Techagal Advances on he Tueness and Freon of DXA to Ass ay Compost Obty 202 3039 [cmos Ps 76 Laskey MLA. Dus Energy Xray Absorpmery nd dy Campenni 1996 128-51 (Cosl} FF Haws, Je Tins Ie Ange, Ds Sw Taka Re Harb, Teal Wie Paper Bane Dest. Am (GAL Ra 007, 30-327 fees [SNS 7% Boudous, Ve Colon, DM, Dink, J de Kerk, CC: Thomas, Es Mas, ©: Kot, PO. Inage Reston and ‘pit ies Catan stm Opting Do Aton ip Mphonan: Anis Oss 7% Kerr Ar St, lz yin, N. Ipc of Fod and Fak nuke on Tet and Bilal Mesure Eor in By Compontin Asenmen Methods n Atta | Ne 207,17 30a. [cron Pas 40. Nanna; Sr: Hopkins, WG: Burk LM, bis fo Undertaking Dil Energy Xray Absoxpomtry Whe Bay ‘Scns te Estimate By Compson Tal ile Bnd eet nt Sr! Nar Ext Me 22. 22, 313-02 cr] Jt Sc Caldor CR Ey M DXA Mesures of Ft rl re Mira Dey Reaton wo Depths Aaya nna Hoy Compson Elis KI, Eastran,1D. Es Springer Boston, MA, USA, 19 pp IST cosh 2 Stoyat At, Hannan Prono Fat and Fat ae Mas le ites Ung Bul Xay Avot a he Reece Mat Sots S20, 6, 28-274 [Cros ae 5. Ninw A: Shter Gj; Hopi, IW Bathe LM Et of Dy Actin on Dua ney Xray Aborptomety Nessun (fay Compost tne Pople Ma Sars Eve 0 4, 80-18 fos 1% Moreen JC Brady Cath]: TosstC: Hamby C: Spann, LR; Morin Clee GL The Assesment Ta ng Esprits Daring (Dy Senso Poa of Pfs Ray Leng ay ing tie Doty tale Wier Mtn Sprt Ne are Mah am 25 468-02 [ol] 5. 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