CORAL REEFS - A rocklike structure or ecosystem that houses different marine plants,

animals, and other organisms.

- A living polyp or coelenterate that has a tubular and hollow body.

A. Types and Zones

The types of reefs differ in size, shape, and relation to a nearby land.

Types of Reefs
 Fringing reefs- A reef that is commonly formed near islands where water is
shallow.
- It is directly attached to the shore.
 Barrier reefs - A reef that is separated from the island shore by a lagoon
(shallow stretch of water partly separated from the sea by a strip of sand).
 Atoll reefs - A circular reef with open water at the center.

Zones in Coral Reefs

 Reef surface- The shallowest part of the reef.

- Tides (the rising or falling of water) always stir up the water
in this highest part of the reef.
- Sunlight could easily reach this area enabling planktons
(minute organism that float in water) to undergo photosynthesis.
- Corals in the reef surface feed on planktons.
- Red algae, small crabs, shrimps, cowries, and other plants
and animals reside in the reef.

 Off-reef floor - The shallow seafloor that surrounds a reef.

- It is usually a sandy floor where sea grass meadows
grow in the coral reefs.
- Varied schools of fish stay in this zone.
 Reef drop-off - also called reef floor
- The zone that surrounds the oceanic islands.
- Many fish find this place a shelter because there are
plenty of planktons on which they can feed.
- Sponges, sea whip, sea fan, and non-reef-building
corals are abundant in this zone.
 Reef face - Massive corals and coralline algae thrive in here.
- Many large fish like sharks, barracudas, and tunas
swim through the grooves in search for food.
 Reef flat- Many corals and different kinds of fish live in the reef flat.
- It is the sandy bottom area that surrounds a lagoon
behind the sheltered side of the main reef.
 - It serves as a protective area for chunks of corals in the
area.
- It supports a great number of marine animals like mollusks,
worms, and crustaceans.
 Reef lagoon - A quiet water area enclosed by many coral reefs.
- It is made up of bare rocks and sand; thus, this area
is less affected by waves.
- Small reef patches of algae and invertebrates are also
present in this area.
 The shape and structure of the different zones in coral reefs change
yearly because of growing corals and the tropical storms that move the
reef.
 Tropical storms may knock down large sections of reefs and cause
boulders on sandy areas to slide down.
B. Importance

• Give economic benefits to people.

• Act as a wave breaker that protect the shoreline.
• Serve as barriers to tidal waves and break the big waves into small ones.
• Used for decorations at home and in establishments
• Crushed corals are sometimes used in building roads and highways.

C. Protection and Conservation

• Conserve water
• Help reduce pollution
• Dispose of trash properly
• Plant trees
• Volunteer for cleanup projects for coral reefs

MANGROVE SWAMPS - An ecosystem between the land and sea of coastal

settings like lagoons, bays, creeks, and inlets.
A. Characteristics
- it is found along tropical seacoasts and in estuaries
- It is usually muddy, with standing shallow water filled with mosquitoes,
snakes, spiders, and other animals.
- It is covered with salt-loving trees, shrubs, and other plants.
- Special plants that can survive in a muddy environment.
B. Importance
• good sources of timber and other construction materials sources of firewood
and charcoal
• act as a wave barriers that protect coastlines against storm and wave surge
usually caused by a storm.
 • They preserve the coastlines and prevent soil erosion.
• Mangroves are capable of absorbing pollutants such as heavy metals, toxic
substances, as well as nutrients and other suspended matter.
• Provide food and areas for nesting, nursing, and breeding for many vertebrates,
such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

C. Protection and Conservation

•Overcutting of trees, disposing of wastes, and spilling oil in these areas are
prohibited.
•Government carries out programs on reforestation.
• Mangrove Swamp tourist attractions are carefully supervised.
• Public awareness and educational campaigns about mangrove swamps can
help protect such ecosystem.
FRICTION AND GRAVITY
2 TYPES OF FORCE
Contact Force - A type of force that results from direct contact between two surfaces.
Noncontact Force - A force that does not involve direct contact between objects. This
force acts at a distance.
FRICTION - The attraction of the particles of two materials when their bumps and
hollows rub against each other.
A. Kinds of Friction
a. Static Friction- The friction between the two objects in contact that are not
moving.
b. Sliding Friction - The force that occurs when two solid surfaces slide over
each other.
c. Rolling Friction - The force between a wheel or roller and the surface which it
is in contact with.

B. Effects of Friction and Gravity

EFFECTS OF FRICTION
▪ Friction prevents you from sliding while walking.
▪ Friction helps in stopping moving objects.
▪ Friction helps you identify objects and determine how these objects should be
handled.
▪ produces heat

Gravity - The phenomenon that keeps our feet on the ground.

- The attraction between any two bodies of matter.
 - Every object has gravity
- So, every object pulls on every other object
- The more mass an object has, the harder it pulls.

TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY
A. Forms of Energy
a. Kinetic energy- refers to the energy possessed by a body in motion.
- The kinetic energy of an object increases as its velocity increases.
b. Potential energy - refers to the energy stored in a body as a result of its state
or position.

Gravitational Potential Energy

- Potential energy due to gravity.
- An object's gravitational potential energy increases as it goes
higher above the ground.
-
B. Energy Transformations from
1. Heat
2. Light
3. Sound
4. Electrical Energy

Mangroves prevent erosion by collecting sediments from the swamps.*

1. true
 
 
The mangrove excretes salt by shedding its flower.*
2. false
 
 
The leaves of mangroves are tough and can travel from a distance and grow into a new
plant.*
2. false
 
 
Mangrove swamps are nesting sites for many shorebirds.*
1. true
 
 
Pollutants like crude oil can destroy large areas of mangrove forests.*
1. true
 
What form of energy do plants give you when you eat them?*
heat
  
Which of the following activities shows a change from electrical to sound energy?*
turning on the radio
 
What form of energy is possessed by the ringing bell in the church tower?*
sound
 
Henry throws a ball against a fence. What form of energy does the ball produce when it
strikes the fence?*
sound
 
What sequence of energy transformations takes place when you switch on a lamp?*
electrical - light - heat
 
t is the attraction of the particles of two materials when they rub against each other.*
friction
 
Which friction is produced in instances such as pushing or pulling?*
sliding friction
 
How can you reduce friction?*
using lubricants
Which keeps you on the ground?*
gravity
 
The force of gravity is equal to your ___.*weight