v 7 THEORY OF SYNOPSIS Atexpression of the form S(s)mast tas bays nen and a.aca, Dumbers (a, +0) is +o. where ~@, are complex @ polynomial in x of degree n, deg f(x) =n b 4 #0 then f(x) is a constant Polynomial, or zero degree polynomial Polynomials of degree 1, 2, 3, 4 are respectively called as a linear, quadratic, cubic, biquadratic polynomials, TEA) isa polynomial af degree n then ftx)=0 is called a polynomial equation of degree n Itis also called as algebraic cquatiun, If /(a)=0 then @ isaroot of the equation {x)=0. Fundamental Theorem of Algebra Every polynomial equation of degree 1 has atleast one root. Every polynomial equation of degree has only’n' roots and no more, In an equation with real coefficients, imaginary roots occur in conjugate pairs, In an equation with rational coefficients, irrational roots occur in pairs of conjugate surds, The functions of the roots of an equation remains unaltered in value when any two of the roots are interchanged is called symmetric functions of the roots, Problems Quotients Remainders on and Division Algorithm: If f(x), g(x) are two polynomials (g(x) #0) then there exists polynomials q(x), r(x) uniquely such that EQUATIONS deg B(x). 4(x) is calteg called remainder of x) "tM ang f hi, WEA: Find the Quotien; and the remainder when 44) is divided by 294) = Hei By synthetic division 1 1-44-76 4g 26 -34 0 quotient x 413x-17 Remainder = 55 x+31 > Remainder Theorem : Ax) is di fla). > Factor Theorem : 1F1(s) is poktens and fla)=0 then (xa) isa factor off) > The equation having roots ,.a,.15 i (a>, )(x-a,)... x-a,)=0 W.E.2! Find the equation having the reos 12,3 Sol. The Equation having the roots 1,?,.is (x=1)(x=2)(x-3)-0 > x'-6x' +11r-6=0 TH. Relation between the roots and th cooMelentss 1fa,.a,....4a, aretherv0s of the equatios Seas 440° 4a ta, 20 then {fa polynomy rided by x~a then the renin, a > Sum of products of the roots taken wot? * Sum of the roots =Ea, ~ a, time = Z(a,.c1, )=83 ==> * Sumuf ihe products of the roots taken atatime =Zaa.c, — £x)=q(x).g(%) #109), here (x)=0 or dex r(x)< Product uf n rootsSol. lal ye IfaPry atetherootsar ax’ +bx? +ex+d=0 then Harp rye Dol +B ey dat eBetyt 9 +35, S-4528, + 45 af1o are the roots of Dal +4748! a5) 355, 035, 3) ols 47! 48'-S1 4855 4455.35 6 3: For equation 3430 9g yp notations then 4 have their usual show that 8, <8, <5, Given equatior ation 343,72 oncamparing ax’ +b tered —0 -bla=-3,s,=c/a=-1, ge-dla=2 ss Han equation is unaltered b +7 Cant. 1 ime then it isa reciprocal cquten t denoted by KE. ‘A reciprocal equation fixyma tax! rae? a reciprocal equation of the few ty, 0,20, P= Oloooalt > — Arcciprocal equation S()=x sax +0, reciprocal equation ofthe second npe¢ P= Osan A reciprocal equation of the first ype a standard resigns Fe eae0 i, Vv even degree equation. > If fx)=0 is aR.E. of the first typeasion degree, then x+1 isu factor of fx). > Iff{x)=0isa R.E. of the second type odd degree, then x-1 is a factor offi) > If f{x)=Oisa RE. ofthe second pea even degree then x? -1 isa factorofis: W.E.S: If ats a root of the eqn 1 ster de exes 0 find 25 1 Sika’ ada sala! va-4e 10 azva roots of the reciprocal z pan “ je asin 0" 20x 420" 420 Dr ehet cate aes ane nis reel rocal equation of odd degree isthe root of pis riven roots their reciprocals red rovtsare 1, /21/3 ag, fenton COCMICHETS ind ve transformed equation af 7 vp Rem sy Bye a0 with i veer gee ooo integral gents ad ty fo" the coefficient pee first fer The maximum number of pees £(x)=0 does not exceed the sign changes in £(-x) =0 Ife polynomial equation fl x) “00 and (0) # Obas atmost k teal roe there exist atleast (f-k) =SE=="7 room 93+ Show that the equation _ohes atleast Dee f ocd. x a$x8 ox 75-2 imaginary roots. fla)=x <8 -P 27 i Li Here are 1wo changes of ca. TEES Het oS aos i pero Sol. = Sesame = powers tons met the equation : Xx. New of roots of ce) Pt s.- Sine p= xfs ped 547.79) $, +57 SP 5.45457 PAP Where g-a+Brrrd> ais fray to *WE10 If 424° Sol. Ifa, fy are roots of »" 4 2x? - : EET \2.) The quotient and the rema Sy=a' + Pay sd; Spsats prey +d x tad “yy are roots of Y LY a(L)-1<0 Thus s_, of the given equation is 5, of = 0 hynewtons theorem 1(3)=0=s,=-42 = 0=9 5, =149 $35, -2s,—s, +. For the Given equation s_, =149 If ciyetyy.0-04, are the 1" roots of £(x)=Oand S., a a reZ° then S., is coffecient of x FO) F(x) EXERCISE -I PROBLEMS ON QUOTIENT AND REMAINDER Tf x4 60.4342 426x—24 \/ then the quotient is 1.0 2. 42 -sr+0 3. a2 A. aS-20 5846 der when 20 hn’ +5 +7x-9 IS divided by ox-3 are +586 12-40 2. aut aurts Boas Ps 1Oes A Abed 4. 20-9? 41004, 41 0 then find S., rieo ay ‘The equation whose roos {@) The equation whose roots arg 1D 9-5, 1421, 1-21 is ivided by x-4 x-F0r “100 4247-49) iM lout az 3, te ~ FORMATION OF POL yn, ROOTSAR OMIA, ‘The equati -2,-2is Toba eet tet 0 2. ya ° = Ag, Bat Re sd AO A at ge Mee 1, 4-78 -25x* ~43x+40=0 xf TO 42807 443e—10=0 A460 414r* —2)r45=0 6x’ +14x* -22x+5=0 7. If Jp and 51 are two roots «, Diquadratic equation with ratie, coefficients, then its equation is 1 tind 18-0 3. t+ 77-1820 4. x' +70 +1820 2 3 4. 2. tae sts-0 [S>) The biquadratic equation, inv otmee / roots are 1 +i, 1/2 is 1. x4 dx? 4 Sx*—2r-7=0 2, x1 4x —5x? +2x42-0 3. x! +4y? Sx +2x-2=0 4. xt4ae 45x? —2x+2=0 ‘TION BETWEEN ROOTSAN) COEFFICIENTS 9. If a.f.y are the rontsof the ¢4 Qe axtee 120 then a? +f +y! a=2 a aly =© then If Sa=3.508=% and ay=5 th equation whose roots are af. # Lv -2v' +4r-8=0 2. br 42x —4r 4820 3.3a"=20 +4x—AyeSed ae arethernatsaf 69, 409 We pet ee pi AO AG jreadey APE HE TOES OF a? a8 0 + pen (a AANA) wees product of (wo roots of 1ST este a0-0 ISIS then ke ge “pyate the roots of the equation ae (pay e(vsay! 22 Ld As eroot of x42 43eek 0 isthe sum reo then ¢ Ion * Seehe other Oo roots then K = io ot 2S br If two roots Of Vsarthcrcn0 are connceted by the relation af+1-0 then Ton tea a Gam A (OD the KUL S888, are Me sumo Products oF the roots taken *r* at a Cine then for 17st sked sete = Re | s,nre the sum of the taken ‘rata time Me IL ssy5) s of ther produ then fo > Li 3 4 49 4 FINDING ROOTS WHEN EQUATION 1S GIVEN 25, the roots af the equation J vagy 224-0 are 1 -aea 224 3-24 Akt 26. The roots of yc’ 166 Lanes 222-432 27. If the two roots of 9 are equal then the roots are caaheten PO ede Grek 0 is zero then midsocshat — 4ictmacsb=d 29, Iftwo roots of ¢'=705 +x +12=0 are in Wf a8 and 1 are the roots of then the roots are an ~ W392 nae 3.236 42-36 i en (a7) Go. yt one root of the equation i mitt, “2, 3 and 4 are the roots of the equation x‘ +ax! +bx* +er+d=0, then atbice L590 3.10 4.24 MA ay 272 43608 -5=0 them 5,4: equation 3x¢-(J4m)°+2r+5/=0 and =3 ayaa, =10 then (2) av -v?-16e+4=0 Is 8 times the other, then the roots are a 4. 24,10 31. If two roots of oy! ~30x" +31x-10=0 are in the ratio 2:5 then the roots are IS 425 The roots of the equation af 10x? 45x? —130r +1690 are of the |then (a,b) form aid and 4 N12) ai afi is root 0 @)rs ia oe where it, Dy 6 Uy Sint yer ndere he ea other care rational numbers, then he roots are eet lL VST. 505 2, Bi, STS 3. VB eG, bili. WS -iv? 4 -wi2t PROBLEMS OF SYMMETRIC FORMS: OF ROOTS a fi.y are the roots of \ 34. S% ae stoe¢ deo then Za(p+7)- i» \38\ Ifa, are the roots of oxtr=0 then Saif 1. @'-2nr 2. gh sone 3. qt2pr 4. ¢-2pr 36. If a.f.y are the routs of WE 2S L 2 4 hy Conte «By are the roots of r>\t' sas breve 0, then Za*(p +) oe) oF 1 4300 OM A.P. then ay 1.28 2. -28 jf ‘The condition \ J ae the bert av. BIR 4 ay at the roots oy may bein App 1. 2b8 4 27a" = Oahe 2. 2h 427d = —Oabe 3. 2h 27a'd = 9abe 4. 2h -21a'd = abe 42. 1f the roots of the quay 4x? 12x? +1 Ix +k =0 re in AP. Thea, 130021 3.2 45 43. If the roots of 77? 41424429 ately GP. then k The cond n that the roots « ar +b sexed =0 May bein GP ig 1. a eed 2. de=bd 4. abe 45. The roots of the equation 2 —14x* +56x—64=0 are in progressiog 1. Arithmetico-geometric 2. Harmonic 3 ay 7 3. Arithmetic 4. Geometric If the roots of +3ar? +3hr-+0=0 arein HP. then 1. 26% c(3ab-e) 2. 26" =¢(3ab-<) 3. 26° =6?(3ab-c) 4, 25% =c?(Sab-c) 47 If the roots of the equ 2b +mx-n=0 are in HLP., then the mean root is ag, PE 2 ab-36 3.3026 4. 3abe | 3} any an # 38. If cp,y are the roots of Kee m8 \ & “L487 IE the roots of 2,>.40°—c4i-9 ares N / a 2 7 Toots of 2.344? —x41=0 al ret oageerso then SAL Wa” HP then ke br V") PROBLEMS ON MULTIPLES ROOTS LA sa, \ 49. The multiple roots of Oar r 520-1 s120436=0 are EQUATIONS INVOLV INc- 1.2.3 23 . oe LVING 2.2,-3 5 3. 9,3 ER PSSIONs (® one of the roots of NS A Be 10K S179 the sum of the its roots is equal to halt other two, then one of 50. The order of the multiple roots of 2 the equation xs.) cect, 1.4018 1 ‘ 2.2 3.30 4.4 PROBLEMS OF LoWirsT DFGREE citation of fourth degree mil Was Bean a rational “oefficients one of whose 'S V34v2 is BA wejor-1=0 2 poreteo 4 equation oF the lowest degree w oa coefficients having 2 vant jas senate re s-10r" sta! gv etoe 10 bay asey ye + SORMATION OF EQUATIONS Ee peequation whore roots are enced by 4108 129 We 4169 than tose of 8°42 sox 129 Is Lege’ Hoe 18x-3-0 gh 8x7 +80-350 If a8 are the roots of posacerces=0 then the roots of ~3)+2=0 are phsn3) aoa) #1 1.0,4, 11 2. 6, 25 4. 13,10 2s 47945 then f(x-2)- 1 ake 427-25 2. PB 427-25 3. Dame 4270425 4. BP —270425 $6. If a,p.y are the roots of 0, then wade 4 (a+2)(B+2)(7+2)= 57. The equation whose roots are multiplied by -5 of those of 9x 6x7 +5x-4=0 is 1. e4ae-seei2=0 2. 28 4se412-0 3. areasest2-0 4. v8 sea 12-0 $8. If 36.9 are the roots of w'+ge +re+s=0 then the routs of 27pr'+9qx* +3rx+5=0 are Vana 2-269 59. I a,fh7.0 are the roots of Se He or lhe So then the equation whose roots are a. f-7-4 Is Vo det eRe! ot Me S20 Dat eel ot 10 $=0 ae 4. act ne oe s10085 20 60. The equation whose roots are those of ve eet smog with contrary signs (P is even as 26) hel oe) -10re $20 Lerten temo tet sma Btertee tem 4 eit ig tam et 61. If @.f.7 are the roots of the equation we sgrsr=0 the equation whose roots are -a",-'.-7" is 1 ag? 120 3. mlsges1=0 62, If apy are the roots of x) 42x? -3x-1=0 then a 63. The equation whose roots are the squares of the roots of -a:-b=0 is 64. The equation whose roots are cubes of 7 the soots of +3 =2=0 is 1, agar +12 2. P4330 +120+8=0 3. P-3e + 4. ¥ 8=0 RECIPROCAL EQUATIONS 68. Iff(x)=0is a R.E. of first type and odd degree then a factor of f(x) is Vex Deas) Sex; 4 xh 6. 2*-15x' +1977 ~15x+2=0 18a 1. RE. of first type 2. RE. of second type 3. Standard RE. 4, Not RE If pc’ sqv'tre+s=0 is a RE, of second type then3. pos “n= ELIMINATING Rin ROM THE GIVEN EQUATION 68. Each of the roots of the equation (are increased by k x= 6x" 46x so hat (he new transformed equation docs not contain x? term, Then k= 69, The transformed equation of sigs!va Sao hy eliminating second term is Vey = 24 +65: A+ 2y? 0504 2 4x? — 05 Ne xt 24a? 4651455 =0 KEY 4 23 32 4)2 593 64 73 8)1 9-0.75 13 = 12 2)2 13-10 14)3 153,16) 4 171 -18)2—-19) 0.67 20)3 221 224 2332 M)2 25)226)1—«-27)A_—(28) 4K 292-303. 31)3.— 3) 33)3 34)5 35)1 36)4 37)3-38)3.—-39)1.33 40)2 AI) 42)1— 43)-844)3 45)446)2,— 47) 48)-5.78 494 50)3.SI)4—52)4 53)4 SA) -55)2 56) 35 57)3 58)1 591 60)2 61)262)13 63)2_——64)2 654 66)3. 67)? 6B) -2 i sao > Quotient is 24? 5246 Remainder is0 2. Obtained by Synthetic division, 2 $37 9 to 110 4 0 slo o 6 3 30 12 2-104 [aa Quotientis 27° —2? + 1044.4: Remainder is 4Ix +3 3. Substitute x = ik and verify vah options. meet ty A. Simplex (x-0)(x-0)(x~3)(x44)<5 5. verification 6. verification 7. verification 8. Roots ofthe equation are |i, 1+) Required equation is (oot) e-(-)-0 ie, x4 4x? +5x?-2x-2=0 9. s,- 23 10. x°-Yax* + Napx-apy=0 11. Verification 13. Letthervuts are @, B,y 3 @B =15 Product of the roots = 15 =30 y= 2 replace x by? in the given equ? k=-10 4 psatpty-y = 0-777 (a+py'+(B+r)' +740)" =F _ (P+ By+1e) 44 apy = 13. a@=Bry 16, Usethe condition of GP. P= prs | saa rred Garr | oar 7 17, Let a, B,7 are roots, up =~! et yacoy Product of the roots =Terrens “exbye inthe given equation , cc ; Fue conan s c+nc+h4} m0 ; 3 115, an veriiyeptions ao, vette. Mee) 6 at, | 1 eb 73 a (pryyora Me if te DOLE) ALE)-AZ)-0 Loy pled MO) Noa, 3n) : ty ally a 39, Let the roonsare flo i f psy 4 ae n= ps F sg itae pty E 108% 4 Bacar pr 4,@ } wear Pryo ay a ae b H 4 40. 12x 300k 08 Sg li 27 Xen fom the options required roots are L(A)=0 wet 41, Rootsof ar’ + bx’ seard =O are in AP. = b ai” 3a Bu = amafthe roots aa +b sea+d =0 replace x by 3 in the =2 2h) —9abe + 2a*d =O ke 48 42. Let middle root is fb + ! +9, Veni the sum of the rants and product ofthe spots from the options roots are-1,2,6 -(-12) ‘9, Verify the sum ofthe roots and product of the a ue from tho options Required rots arc zB s(l)=0=vk =-3 43. Byverification Whe pom ayil? =apy == £(B)=0 2 5,=2(u+b)= i =2(a+b)=10 45, Verify the formula of GP. nsh=§ then verifyfromtheoptions. | 46. Let a.fi.7 a 3. Ja—ilp isa root, then the remaining roots 7 inthe. then Oop Va+idh. Ja-ivb. la +ivb E % La(per)nas,=2(2)=8 su) sean | = 2G 47, Let afl. nee roots ol the givenequation are | © apy DY (apts py ra) -2afiylas +7)| | 48, 49, 54, 6 56. 37. 58. 59. 60. al. 62. . Replace x by x! + Apply x*-2(a+)x° +(a-b)' =0 . Apply . Given equations /(1r) =0 required equation Bay 3n in .P. a “Sep mn hen mean root = Sap * jy Let a, By areroots of the given equationare in HP. then f= => Let s(x)= x20" 1h 12843620 PS (x)= 4x 604 200412 Verify the options for satifysing both f(x) =Oand f"(x)=0 Let f(xj=v F(2)=0.f'(2)=0,/"(2)=0 + orderis3 Sv box 44-820 2(a-b)x* +(a+b)' =0 is a{s-4}=0 3-3,341,3+8 Replacex by x 2 Pa3y' 4dr-7=(x-a)(x—A)(x-7) and put x-2 i) Given equationis f (3x) =0 382-123 3°33 J (x)=0 required equationis f(—x) =0 Replace x by- x inthe given equation, Ifn is even then n—2 evenand —5 isodd 1 Replace x by ~~ Replace x by x' 66, Reciprocal equation of 67. Let p=-sqz—r Ye 68 The Toots ofthe equation ag 228 “eth nay, 3 then ~ roots of (3) 1 eealand dstinet 2 sch that atleast two ofthemare ual 3 guch that two of themare non eal 4 realandl equal Ma isan imaginary rout of x*-1-0.4ReR ‘the equation whose routs are a +at and are KEY nom oe OD 4 syoars wa TP 4 a2 10y2 my 129? ied 14) isy4 sort p22 m2 uys 723 yt 24s aa 27D 1 oe 3s AD 5D ' yy ye 3502 sor3 2 380 apy 412 42)2 HINTS (ecarenfor sie) 0 remaining Rootsof x? —a +1 OE “Or Let the roats of f(x) = 0* produet of the roots = ( -0)(- = nas dla Obtained by synthetic division. 1-35 7338 slo 5 10 45 0 soo -6 12 =“ 129 (O bo54 Remainder is zero “2 0 -34-0= Isi Let themots Sum ofthe roots = «+B Product of the roots, Use P?+ Sr = 4pq atparrd lea lee =S | 1h] 1 i10. n 2410p) -0 ?=1=0=9 a%,f,7, are the roots 10x" =, 1 wy ie 12. If @is repeated root then qr satisfying the equation f(x) =Oand f'(x)=0 13, Let f(x)-a*-24) +21-1=0 S(W=S(M=F"(V=0 Let 4th root is a a@n-2 3-1 14, I. The equation of the lowest degree with rational coefficients, one of whose roots is Va+Vb is x*-2(a+b)x° +(a-b) =0 II, The equation of the lowest degree with rational coefficients, one of whose roots is Va+ivb is x*-2(a-b)x" +(a+b)' =0 I+l+l+a=25 1 15. Let y=2+— 16. Let a.f.7 areroots of ax’ +bx? ex+d =0 thenthe root of de —cx’ +bx—a=0 are Lo Bp te aby in HP then 31 27. 28. 29. 30. Ba S1-paitr=(isa)lisgy, ; (is) 18. R.Eof2~ type ot even de, 19, Reciprocal equation utscaon ly, Put x= y-+h, by cleminating met get aquadratic in’ ht "Me, |. J'(h)=3i" +4h41=0 ted ar 8 512” 2x56: may . Verification (0) aud (1) have of + (A): S(2)and £(3) are opposite sin. (R): Fromthe concepts . Expanding and squaring on both sides S(x)=++--...(1) Max number Of posting Least number of Complex roots 4-2-2 Product of complex roots is positive. + + + 4 postweroats2 + + = $F negativeroots2 tor total number of real roots is at most fou Let f(x) = x6 -6x° -4r+. Number of sign changes in f(x) is? Number of sign changes in f(-x) 8! Maximnm possible number of realrootss? Use Newtons method find S, S,- pS, +gS, -r5,=0 =5,-p(p' 32943") +4(p* —24)— pr-0 . => S, = p'-4p'q+4pr+ 2g Using the Newton's formula, find 5.1 Using the Newtoins formula S, =14,8, -36 Sohen, aPS, +PS,+PS ~9, PS,-PS,~PS, <9 thr = (AR +r) Ate) fe @) 1 AsO.) pA AIA ree a apt OMG) ux e7) £2 B) Ut Bi) eB.) PON On tare d 4-9 -%)(a-a,)~ Careeron root of the given equationsis | Put x warty one the equations fed ers eo real value of x satisfy the above oneation p © iq and x = p~iq and sirhohyying we get q=0 Pea ©if and x=a~-i8 and immphyfyine we get B= 0 £6, <0 product ofthe rats is («BY (B- ry (r-ay =0 (o~ BY B-7)(y-2)=0 a> Bor B=y ory=2 atleast wo of themare equal OF =( ose leava ra ra! =0