Introduction:- Suppose 2 good batsman pl entire field of the cricket come to college from di 146.148.150.152, 120,130.140.1 ‘The measures used for the study of dispersion measures of disp measures of central tendency % values of the data and are called Averages of the First order. Since the of central postion are to be averaged, therefore the measures o! are called Averages of Second order. ‘There are two mal Aispersion, ive dispersion. Absolute dispersion:- ‘The actual dispersion or var units of original data, is called abs« 1 identical units ofthe two sets of data such as heigl abs ‘The main measures of absolute disper Range.Range is the differénce between the maximum and th tum and the minimum val ‘Range-for grouped data may be defined as: between the maximum mid value and the minimum mid ss Dourdan or ber elss-bounday ofthe highest class and the = Maximid value&.X, = Minanid valve ReXg—Xy where Xp, =HCRof the highest class Xo =LCBofthelowestelass measure of dispersion and its c lent of range, which is define “orresponding relative measure of das the coefficient of dispersion I in studying the variations in the prices of stock and other ‘opical department uses the range for weather forecasts, Coeff of Range= Xm=%o _ 250-80 170 137 Measures of Dispersion, Example 2:- ‘The following table gives the number of chairs in different rooms of = college: ware TSS] 3 Fi7 [> Tuer of CCaleulate Range and its Coefficient. ois ER= Xp Xp =S-1=4 & Coe, of Range = 2a—He = 1 28 20.67 E Solution: =Xq.-Xp=5-1=4 & Coot, of Range = SAF = So xample 3: Solution:- 16-20 21.5 2630 | o4 | 28 | 255-305 Range can be computed as @ — R=Xp-Xo =28-3=25 )-RXm—Xo =305-05 =30 = Xm=Xo _ 28-3 25 1 9 s065 (Coet omtange= Fe = TS XquXp _ 305-05 _30 ee = 32-0967 (dCoeft ofRange= 305505 HT lerits) of Range:- Itis simple to calculate and easy to understand. It gives a quick measure of dispersion. 2 very rough measure of dispersion because of its dependence on only ble of further mathematical treatment.1 8 Rahber Federal is the difference between the upper and lower quartiles ie LOR= Q-Q QD. oF S.LOR. is the half of the difference betwe ‘uanties ie. QD.=S1QR.= the upper and lower @ Q » Itis an absolute measure of dispersion Its relative measuce of dispersion is called coefficient of quartile deviation which is efined as the rato between the semi-inter quartile range and the mid quartile range QD. has an attractive property that the range of median: Q.D. contains approximately 50% of the data = The QD gives an ica of the distribution of the middle half of the items {round the median, Example 4:- ‘Compute semi-inter-quartile range (quartile deviation) and its corresponding relative dispersion for wing data: = 84, 78, 96, 89, 130, 102, 95, 128, 100, 121, 110, 102, 89, 194, 111, 108, 101, 96, 84, 86. Solution:- Here n=20 Array: 78, 84, 84, 86, 89, 89, 95, 96, 96, 121, 128, 130, 194 Q =ne(2 i value 102, 102, 108, 110, 111, 4 ) Me(2) vate $256 vie = TheSthvalue +0.25(the 6th valuethe Sth =89+0.25(89-89)=89+0=89 Q)=The (2 ‘)e value 139 Measures of Dispersion, -Q _ 1075-89 =sigr=gp- S59. = 23 - 10875 2 Q5-O _ 1075-89 _ 21.75 Now Coeff of QD.= 99, “11075489 199.75, =0.1089 Example 5: (a) Given thatQ, = 89 & QD = 10875 thenfind the valueof upper quartile (b) Given thatQD. = 53.125 &Q3 =178.25, then find Inter— GuartileRange & Coetlof QD. Solution:- . n= 2s Q,=89 108752 =3.Q, -89=2%10875= 21.75 =Q, #894 21.75=110.75 22-8 @ w=S> 178.25-Q, 353.1252 = 253.125 =178.25 -Q, 3 10625=178.25-Q, = Q, =17825~106.25=72 IQR =Q, ~0, =17825-72=106.25 Q- Now Coeff of QD= Q+Q, 17825-72 Example 6: Given the following fea. distri and coefficient of quartile de [ite [ae Te Frea | 02 BASE. AJK-1998)140. Rahber Federal Statistios Part-I Ci] Chass Boundaries | 30-39) |” 29.5395 40-49 05 395.4915 50-59 16 49.5.59.5 0-69 36 595-695 70-79 a | 233 | | gems Hee n=3¢=100 group = ie eh class see 8c the 25the’ class ate ift Q i(2 <) =205+x9 =595445 e640 groupe= ae =) iss se{ 2 si class the 75th class aaisd(2-c) =15+2(s— 68)=195+ 0757954282823 a0p=228 823- 913 9 Q-Q 823-640 183 _ &¥Q, "8235640 “146370175! Advantages (Meritslof Q.D:- simple to understand andeasy to compute not affected by extreme values, in be computed in open-end distribution, It is useful in extremely skewed distributions Now Coeff. of QD.=. Measures of Dispersion 141 It ignores the first 25% and the last 25% of the observations of the data i. it @ is not based on all the observations. ‘not capable of further mathemat greatly affected by sampling vari ot widely used a8 ober measures of dispersion (MOD. is the mean of the absolute deviations from mean, median or mode. vena. aA 2 se 62 x-F were = median oMp.- ea were = mode For grouped data sifx—X]_ 3 ao ahx-¥ orMD.= 1 MD, our major interests the magitede of (negative of positive) also because X.—)=| mode, Sometime mode may be ‘and median. Median is preferre taken from the median. But on pr generally computed from mean, ‘The range and.Q.D. are the positional measures of dispersion because they {do not measure dispersion from the average. The M.D. is more precise and gives more information than the range and QD. as itis based on all the observations and Geviations are taken from averages. MD. is an absolute measure of dispersion. Its corresponding relative measure of dispersion is called mean coefficient of dispersion or coefficient of M.D. It is defined as the ratio of the M.D. to the respective average to be used.2 Raliber Federal Statistics Part-} a3 Measures of Pispers 2 weft. of Dispersion » MDfiom Mean sett ve oe Mem Cet of Dipean = MD Mes Teno vate or Median Coet. of Dispersion = MP fom. Mein =the Sth value =35 = M.D from Mode K-32, Mote Coeff. of Dipenin = MDitom Mode oe te Beat MD _2.44 Example 7:- Median Coeff. of dispersion = 5 = A= =0.07 Calculate the M.D from (i) mean data: 32,30,36,34.33,35,40,39,36. Also compute their respective coefficients of M.D. median mode for the following ka] | - EI 4 Jos 5 6 a 1 o ja 1 2 2 7 a 0 ° 1 5 5 4 4 4 || 1 1 a : [3 aztec aeezsen| Here Mode=k=36. wption Mose 4) =2 9 256g Mode. Coeff. of dispersion = MD: x =28 007 pe 315 rok 3S, AS a5 2IX-X|_ 2 mp 2BH 22 Mean Coeff. of dispersion = MB: 24 _ 9 97 X35 Example 8:- Following table shows the distribution of 128 families according 0 the ‘number of children: TTF eI 06 Fommeoraiiars 0] I] 21> Tumba otenaies | BOT [35 | SO | Ww | WO pean deviation om the median and find median coef. of dspeiion. Solution: = x + [et [eX | RH 0 20 20 3 60 1 15 35 fe 30 ae ci 60, 1 23 3 30 90, oO oO i) | me | | oF ee a eC ee Total _[ 128 == [1s | Here n=3F =128 = The valuecorrespanding The vauecorespndingto64.the# 3 pn es 1s MD _ 1.46875 person = MP = LASSE = 0.4896 Median Coeff.ofRahiber Federal Syatistics Part-1 Find the M.D. from the mode forthe following dat 2628 [2981 [3054 3 o 3a 4 (B.LS.E, Gujranwala 1992 and 1994) ea [pe as] Bw osr | S30 oa7 |. izes 0.03 207 | oss] 2108 093 | i958 iz | wes a5546 | 13 | Bp == 1839 0-59 2285+ 8-9 _ Bsr ea"? 3 x03=285+5.=285+0128297 285+ 0120287 find the respective coefficients of M.D. i) median from the following freq. Mas Measures of Dispersion, n Coeff of MD. 5B =0.1972 Mesa goop= Tne cs «The 2 clas ‘= The 25" class 2 Median = X=1+ Fg =29. 5+755-24) arse Sxia2950033=2985 nse Ethe-¥ oF § Coeft of MD. from Median = MP. MD. impie to understand and easy to compte: s less affected by the sar aling variability. signs. ‘not so popular asthe standard de Variance:- Variance isthe mean of squared devia by o?for population data and S* Tor: le data. Pon gs ate oat ag « toBt=EEse variance is an absolute measure of dispersion with square of nits, Properties of Variance:- Var (Ci=0 Where C is 2 constant. is from mean, Variance is denotedRaiber Federal Staristies Part] WhereZnj =n Corrected variance (for grouped data using Sheppard's correction. S.D. is the positive square root of variance i.e. itis the positive square root of the mean of squared deviations from mean and is denoted by o for population data and S for sample data, eee ow = ST fa(x-xy Also 52 20 when n<30 wean-square dewation. S.D. is an absolute megrure of dispersion. is called the Coeff. of S.D, or Coeff. of dispersi between S.D. and mean. ie. Coeff of sD = A x Note: S.D.> M.D. Suitability of M.D. and S.D. Example No, (i) suppose two bank officers was given to get target of Rs. 10 ili ff them achieve Rs. 10 million and one Lac and another 9 here direetion has importance and tions will matter. but in Ex (i) we sha ‘magnitude of deviations (negative o significance, so absolute deviations are taken, =| sD.) =isp.m SD. (x2Y)=\VaoosVety Measures of Dispe 17 BF +B -KeFl (oi) Combined SD=8c = me Corrected $.D = Scone = 52s KHIS includes99.73%0f thedata ; Relationship Between Measures of Dispersion: M.D. = 0.7978 SD. =4/5 SD. QD.=06745SD. =25 SD. ‘used as a criterion for consistent performance. The smaller the C.V.. the is the performance. . Formulas of S.D. | a | ca step deviation o coding 1 at(ARF [x-meb 3 2 4 a = | 144 B 9 2 i 110 225 16 4 3 36 =| a alieg ozs 10 25-4763 =827093 pst ABE (aD) 7 20)" pre Ga) a0) ama-1=62 35-4762 87083 oa cans? «DE (Ex) _6s2 nee) a0 =652-1099=762 =S=4762 =8.7293 Example 12:- “The weigh measurements ts in grams of 20 eggs are piven below: 6, 68,60, 16, 65, 74, 88, 56,61, 57,63, 64,72, 66,65, 67, 6.63, 6,67 Calculate its mean (X ) and standard deviation (S) and find The numberof observations ‘The proportion of observations. ‘The percentage of observation. lying within the limits X=5.X528,X538. {B,.S.E. Gujranwala-1991) Measures of Dispersio 149 Solution: Here n= 20 EX =65468+ 467 =15BUS R= EE o 6495 EK! = (65+ (68? ++ P= 0487 a “= By - SE -() - aw = «508 Now XFS=64.95F5.08;i¢.59.87 1070.03 Number of observations ying within these Limits 14 = Proportion of observations Iying within these limits = 44 =0.70 4 ‘and percentage of observations = =*x100 = 70% 1d percentage of observ x10 = 70 Now 728 = 64.957 {5.08}.e.54.791075.11 |= number of observations lying within the mits = 19 > mropeion of beans ig win tse is = =085 19 and percentage of observations = 4100 = 95% x percentage of observations = 57100 = 95 Simitasly $38 =64.95 45.08 => number of observations prope of beans ig within es is = 0 servations = 22100 = 100% 20 and percentage of Example 13:- (a)/ Fora series of 12 observations, sun of squares of deviations from the mean is 192. Find S.D. (&) Fora set of ungrouped values, the following sums are found: = 15,2 = 480,2X? =15735.Find the CV. {BALSE. Gujranwala-19* (©) ‘The mean of 200 items is 48 and their §.D. is 3. Find the sum and sur squares of allthis, Solution:- (a) Hoe n=12.EX(-X) =192Rahber Federal Stavisties Part-I = Vi049=1024 = V25 =5 s 5 acve$xio025: $x100= 5 x10 (©) 1=200,F=48,S=3=57=9 Ke FR axe nk = 20x48 = 9600 wow s8= 30 (Bt) pad 2 =x? on BE (og) 92K a 200 F 20g 7304 zx? 2 = 233-2 3x? -00x2313= os 462600 (2) The coefficient of variation ofa certain ‘mean is 16. (b) Fora set of 52 values, K=33.5x? =573 (Fora setof m values of X, itis known that EX = 10,2X? = 260,87 = 25 find n jutioori:- Th Measures of Disp Multiplying both sides. by 1° 25n* = 260n-100 divding both sids by 25 1? =10.4—4=5n? -10.4n—4=0 npivb aac _ 10.4% \108.16—axlx4 2a 2x1 n= l04#96 206 08 — 004 22.2 > 1 10 x a ct a 2 2 2 z 2 ae n(n+t) mx 2 atlRahber Federal uistics Part-I Example 16:- (@ Fora sample of 9 observations, sum of squares is 285 and sum of deviations fom means 60 Find tie CX" oS (©) A manufacturer of T.V have respective: mean bes has two types of tubes A and B. The tubes time Eq =1495hours and Xp =189Shours; and respective S.D. S,=280hours and Ss =310hours. Which tube has the _greater (i) absolute dispersion (ii relative dispersion? ie c [ASK 2005] (@)Here n=9,3x? =285,3(x-XF 60 Now 9a BECEE gor n3ss > Now’ 3{x-KP <60 = ax? -%?-2xx}=.60 153 Measures of Dispersion, > EX? + nk? -2KEK = 60 (IX 208) 2K? 40? 2 nk = 00 = 5x? 4 1K? an? =60 SEX? nk? =60 3 285-0? =60= a? =225 OK 22052? =i nas Kes Now cv.=Sx100=258<100=51.60 X 3 Sq =280 Hours & Sp =3i0 Hours = tube B has greater absolute dispersion Vy = St x1002 280 100-1873 Bq Taos &CNg = SE-x100: Example 17: (a) The variance of two series X and Y are ‘a’ *b’ respectively, find the variance of )X+YGi)X-Y Gil) 2X-3Y (b) What will be variance and S.D. in each of the following cases if Var. (X) = 25 ox Gxs2 : {BILSE, Lahore-1994) (©) Also find MD. and QD.ifS.D=5 : Solution:- We are given that Var. (X) =a and Var. (Y) = Var (X + ¥) = Var 06) + Var (Y)=a+b ‘= Var (X) + Va ‘Var (2X - 3Y) = Var (2X) + Var (Raber Federal Statistics Part-I S.D. (X)=2 S.D. (XK) =2 x 5=10 SDK=2)=S.D. SD(3Xz5)=38.D. (X)=3 x 5=15 mosisp.mdxse4 Zeno? 2on=2sp.-2x5-333 : 7 3 the mean and S.D. of the five nos: 1, 3, 5, 6, 8. Use your answer to and S.D. of 40. : {B1LS.E. Lahore-1989} ‘The scores obtained by five students on a set of examination papers were 70, 50, 60, 70, 50. These scores are changed by (adding 10 points to all scores (ii) increasing all scores by 10%. ‘What effect will these changes have on the mean and on the S.D.? {BALSE. Rawalpindi-1992, AJK-1997) Solution: 5: ‘Measures of Dispersion 55 = spersion Also Y=X+3=46+3=76 Now Sy =S =242 2= HEME os, algo Z=5K=5x06=23 B 5929 3025 4356 9929 3025 22264 5.) - Po - 0-00 = Vi =8.94 a e X+103Y =X +10=60+10=70 Sy =8x =1 ae — ee (2) - er - amass =9.88 Z=1.10K =1.10%60=66156 Raber Federal Statisties Part] ge ater Peeve Socaee are) {o) Calculate the corrected coeff. of variation, when mean = 67.4, visance rected) = 8.5275 and the classinter 2 t jranwals-1999, AJK-1979} Solution:- es Re = MRL tns teas _ 100.254 129x15.8+ 80.105 eel nysnpens 100 + 120+ 150° 1 12504189641575 _ 4721 19g ee an Sf =5.76,5] =17.64,53 =13.69 sq0tihl+G-Ro' fea ht ci Ko} nabs +1s0).69+(195~12:76"} To0=120+ 150 “i 628.192 (5027652251904 751964) = 28 n1194a Se =ViTBIF 23 Vo. x10 = 423.5100 =33.17 Kt ae Oe eee 3 aasrs-2 sso =8.5275-0.7500=7.7775, > Sconces #VTTTTS = 2.7888 = Cv. = Scones 100 = 27888 5100 x 6745 Rawat electronics is one of two training programs. Two groups were trained for same task. For the first group trained by program A it took a mean of 28.74 hours to train each employee with a variance of 79.39 hours. For the ‘second group to train by program B it took a mean of 20.5 hours to train each employee with tke variance of 54.76 hours. Which training program has less relative variability in its performance. {BALSE. Rawalpindi-1993) Measures of Dispersion calculating the C.V. of each series. Also find which series has greater average. (BASLE, Gujranawale-1994 and 1997, 2007, ABK-1999) solution:- (a) &,=2874,8, =193955, =391 = CV,.284 x100= £2 105 = 31.00 Rae core Now Xp =205,S} =54.76=Sp =7.4 2ovy = GbnsoneZ4 0-361 “ev <0 the hig Popa A elven, (ny =103D, = 1930? = 2452002N =10 ny =200,2D; = 250,2D3 = 43850,PM =100 Now, «Pats 221 2100480 «100 +12= iso rm JY 150 iso, = SIGSAT=IH = AIGA = 4042 022 cy, = 22 x100- 22 109 = 39.98 ba 1012 - 2D, 250 s Skonecws = = Sconce = ae 62 Set 90822 Cen = Stn = Sop =14t Bxample 22: (a) ‘The following scores are made by two batsmen A and B in a series of Bai aT BLS LSB x [ [ ala] peal els Le] (Whois beter as a run gener? Whois a more consistent player? {B.LS.E. Lahore 1987, Faisalabad 1991} workers in two firms A and B belonging to the same industry gives the following results: FimA | FimB | ‘Number of wagecamers | 586 | O18 | Average monthly wagestRs)) | 526 | 475 Variance of wages 100 mm. | Which firm pays larger amount as In which firm A or B is greater variat wages? in individual wages? {BAS.E. Lahore-1990} Solution: @ 480) 336) 54938 _|_ 16892160. . Rahber Federal Statistics Part-1 = Vi6BVT~110896 = YFIBOS = 23.67 2 100 = 70.45 336 Cy EXp = Firm A pays out the larger amount as monthly wages w = There is greater variability in individual wages of firm B Example 23:- ‘The wage distribution of workers in a certain factory is given as under: tent demand of the workers the wage of each worker is ifereased by Rs10. What effect will this change have on the mean and S.D. of the given wage distribution? J61 Measures of Dispersio Solution: x] S| | we |yexei YT I 3-30] 750] 18750) | 1050 | 36750 | 30 | 28 | 840 | 25200] 40 | 1120 | 44800 as | 25 | 875 | 30005| 45 ‘| 1125 | so6as 40 | 19 | 760 | 30800| 50 | 950 | 47500 45 | 15 | 675 |z0a75| 55] 825.) as37s 50_|3 | 150 | 750 | 6. ‘| 180 | 10800 oar [a0 050 aaa | a sas [280 EX | 4050 x= BE _ 4050 33.75 a x pEEX? 2 S.=. ~ (55.5 ie ‘Sf 120 i di = ViT9aD=113906 = V5T36 =7.17 ye RAY 5225 Now 7= 2 2525, 4375 al xf 120 is Also Y=X+10=33.75+10=43.75 __ [aR _ (BI). [2358503 aay sap (F) 5850.15) S, =VID6542~ 1914.06 = V5T.36 = 7.17 =8, ‘=> When wage of each worker is increased by Rs.10, the mean is increased by 10 but | SD. remains unchanged. | Example 24: ‘The following sums have been obtained from a frequency distribution of | variable X after making the substitution | Xses5u Sy =120,3/U =140, 3/0? = 598. ‘Calculate the corrected C.V. {B.LS.E. Multan 2008}, v=2Pilo xepatew Butwoare given X = 62-+5U SPM=628i=5 aed Reps «i or uo 2624 Oy sa 6r4s.83—1 io 5.83=67.83162 Rakber Federal Sutsics Part Tri affeced by oxene vale a 27 “ ‘As an absolute measure of disper Now stofta| 2 (BUY Ikis not an unbiased estimate of pop a (ar) 25x) 28_( MOY -»»(3:-() | = 25x [4.9833 1.3611] = 253.6222 S* = 90.5558 qu 2 : the fourth moment about mean is cae | distribution . Definition:- = 90.5558 ~ 2.0833 = 88.4725 ae > Somuas #8 ATES =9A1 'A moment designates the power to which deviations are raised before . averaging them. => CV pens = 22 XIO0 ‘Moments x 941 -— ee — Ae ca00=1387 i. ‘About PM. Or an arbitrary origin About AM. (Central Moments) boxes of a certain brand of cereal have a mean‘content of 278gms. with a S.D. of 9.64gms. If these boxes were purchased at 10 different stores. land the average price per box is $1.29 with a S.D $0.09, can-you conclude that the rely more homogeneous than the prices? cv x Sexton 2 ntonenar 78 CV, = St x100 = 2% x100=6.98 Advantage xy Bao =: CV, =3 oa distribution is noma otherwise non-normal Note: In cach of the above relationships ‘The sum of the coefficients of various terms on the right side equals zero. ‘The number of terms on right side corresponds to the no : of subscript of the left side term. ‘Moment Ratio:- ‘The most commonly moment ratios are 2 ay 2M = Ma, 20? = eefaa gee cea vm ™ ‘These moment ratios are independent of origin and units of measurement, i they are pure nosRaber Federal Statistics Part-1 66, we 6561 1296 256 1 1 256 1296 6561 16228 ‘Alternate method (using relationships) m= V,-¥i=0 my =Vz -V} =345~()? =345-12335 my # V5 3¥j¥ 4+ 2VP =101.5-3x 6 S+ 2220" 167 TI01S = 10RS+2= 1085—1085=0 mg=Va-4Vi¥5 +6VF V2 -304)* =22305—d4xix1015+60)? «365-30 = 05 406-207 -3=26875 409 = 2028.5 Fine frst four moments of a distribution about a value X = 1.5 of a variable 1.17, 10 and 40. Calculate ‘eff. of variation Gi) moment ratios b, &b, Solution: Weare given that P.M.=1.5 VpabVp=17,V5=10,6 Vy =40 oe yew, Eee = FEseis f425 Now Variance = $? =m,=V3~Vj=17-()?=17=1=16 = Sed Now CV. = Sx1o0-—Sx100=160 amg =Vp-3VV2 427 = 10-3x1x742x()? =10-$1+2=12-S1=-39 mg = V_—4VV5 +6V? -3Vf . =40-4x1x10+6x(0)" x17 - 3)" 2 40-404102-3=99 2 cane mh com? 1508 Now b=. =. 39 51821 2957 or ao? 4056 ban, ono mi oF 256 Example 28: ‘The fist four moments of 26 Calculate the conesponding moments abou jon about X = 4 are 1, 4. 10, and 45. =0 Solution: Toa gna vanes Be we tte Bietaoh Rahber Federal Bong? 4 Datoa19 |, Now Vz=! = Ex?_,Ex : = peices mh-aessi6=4 = my d0rloes > my =28 Bla=4)) jg, LoP=12x? + 48-64) | ESE 5 g24 g4a10 Me 10 > 2x28 x54 10 = 1 ~400+240=10 3 +96x? ~16x +25 98120 ~162* 4.9622 5622+ 256-45 > 170+ 96x 28-2565 +256=45 => mi=272042658-1280+256= 45 000+ 294 = 45 . 056-452 my n1101 Example 9: The following frequeney distribution gives the number of houses and the numberof persons pe house: Numberof | 1] 273] a 7s] e ats | Number of [05 | 17 | 25] 35 [# 06 | V2 + 2Vp = 2.34—3(-0.48)(1.76) + 2(-0.48)> =-2.34 + 25344 - 0.2212 =2.5344-2.5612 Calculate first four moments about X = 4. Convert these moments into ‘moments about mean {B.L.S.E Gujranwala 1996) BXa] fp? 45170" Rahher Federal Staistics Part- Ei _ 5005 i) mp 2% 555005 (ma B RA = 500 1» Ei? _ 257395 ny = 28 257395 _asr3.95 i ero rm = BOO = SSIES pssg1zs3 ng =m) ~3emjm + 2m? =135812.35 ~50.05)(2573.95) + 2(50.05)° 135812.35 ~ 386478,59 + 250750.75 | = 386563.10 ~ 38647859 = 84.51 my = mi, —4mjm5 + 3 mi) '=7339103.40 ~ 4(50.05135812.35)+6(50.05)? (2573.95) | ~3(50.05)* = 7339103.40 ~ 27189652 + 38686507 - 188251125 ‘m= 46025610.40 ~ 460147445 = 10865.90 sm (Coneted) =m; ~1 = 689415 2 2 = 68,9475 2.0833 = 66.8642 i smq(Conetes) =m, —m, + 5oxi" 2" 340 10365925 x¢s.47s+Zxeas | 2 20 = 10865 9 861,84375 + 18.2292 Frogs 129 ~ 861.84375 = 10022286 Now bath - 8450" _ 729101 TE (eaneuny 20605788 = This disvibation is non-symmeties. pei ORIG ERIE iy mm (66.8642)? 44708212 = This distribution is non-normal SKEWNESS ‘The measures of centril tendency and dispersion do not it distribution is symmetric of not. We may come across many frequet ‘which may have same central tendencies and dispersions but they their nature and compos =0.02389 20 171 Measures of Dispersion value in even oF Wien the Heme in a series ave dispersed about the cent Jashion, the items show perfect balance on either regular Tendency the frequeney curve representing the distrib right (or left) side of the curve of the frequency distn fol symmetrical, it is known as skewed or an ‘balance is thrown away from the centre om Tin short the lack of uniformity is called the dispersion and either left or right lack of symmetry is cal Q, Mean Q Median ‘Mode is said to be symmetrical if: = Mode. ‘The two tails of the curve of the distribution are equi-distant from the centre (5 ~Med..=Med,—Q; =>Q3 + Q) ~2Med.=0 mstsan ei Pee? () «The curve on the ordinate at the centre is folded, the two halves wi coincide. Skewness See ack of symmetry is called skewness. In other words.a distribution which is non-symmetrical is called a skewed distribution + Positive Skewness: 241 ‘Mode Med. Mean ‘A distribution is said to be positively skewed if (i) Mean > Median > Mode. }) The right tail ofthe curve ofthe distibution is longer tha the left tail of the curve (Qs Med >Med.~Q; = Qs +Q; ~2Med> Oi. postivemy >0:945 = yj = Me >0 ie. postive vn} /e Shewness: Rahber Federal S Mean Med. Mode @) Mean < Median < Mode. Gi) \ The left tail ofthe curve of the di Gil) Qy~Med < Med —Q, 03 +Q; -2Me oo ee negative. negative longer than the right tail of the ‘example which clarifies the difference: 40 | 30 | 60 | 70 relative. (@_ Absolute Skewness = Mean ~ Mode. 8 of skewness (asymmetry) indicate the direction (positive or negative) and extent of departure from symmetry. These measures may be absolute or Sometimes, mode is ill-defined, then using the empirical relation: ive. Mode = 3 Median 2 Mean = Absolute skewness = 3 (Mean - Mode). 5 +Q, ~2Median comparisons of skewnes measurement. To avoid th the relative measure of skewnewss or coef. of skewness. ‘Karl Pearson's Coeff. of skewness ate given by: @ Ske Manatee sx = Hite Medi) w The cue is platykurtic AS bs If by >3= The curves lepto-kurtic J bestes Part-t 74 Rabiber Federal St ‘Example $1: o four moments of distribution about X = 62 are 1, 4, 10 and 46 iy. Calculate the first four central moments and apply the test of ‘and normality {B1LS.E. Multan 2008) ‘The following sums have been obtained from a frequency distribution of & variable X after making the transformation X = 10 + Sur Sf #125, Dt =-45,E tu? = 306, Liu? = 242, Etat = 1962 Calculate its mean and variance. C-V.; by &bz. Would you consider the istibution to be normal? Solution: ) © Weare given, VpekV 245 1.8Ve 246 m=Vi-%i=0 my eVp-VE=4-(08 24-188 => This distribution is normal oP = PMsl0&i=5 ee yop EPxi 10+ 3x5 = 10-180 28.2 125 cue Sx=PM+ 175. Now Measures of Dispersio vg = EB git = PE 605-9810 ft 25 Variance = §? =m, =Vz-VP =612-¢ =61.2-3.24=57.96 = 8=¥FIBE =76131 cv.e S100 = 25134 = 100 = 92.84 ig = Vg AVN + 6VEV2 VE £9810 4(-1.8)-242)+6-1.9)*(64.2)-3-1. 89° = 9810 ~ 1742.4 + 1189.728 ~ 31.4928 = 10999,728 — 1773,8928 = 9225.36 76.816)" _ 59006978 pws = $225.86 = 225836. 9.746323 3 2 3359.3616 ‘Tis ABibltion noe normal Example 32: ©) “What would be the shape and name ofthe frequency distribution if ‘Mean = Median = Mode. ‘Mean > Median > Mode ‘Mean < Median < Mode (5 -Median > Median = Q {B.1LS-E Lahore 1989, Multan 1990, Gujranwala 1994) For a group of 10 values Ex =452,5x7 = 24270 and Mode = 43.7. Find the coeff of skewness. {BASE Gujranwala 1994} ‘Symmetrical distribution177 Measures of Dispersion Rahiber Federal Statistics Pare-1 1242-0 Gi) ~ Positively skewed. q 1732 3 Now GV. = Sxioo=!22 100257735 | i ang = V5 -3VNg +20 = 10-31 + 2x | | 2 <0 The distribution is symmetrical yor For 2 moderately skewed distribution, the miean = 50, C.V. = 0.40 and Pearson's Sk. = 0.4. Find the Values of redian, mode and the S-D. tion: Sk Negatively skewed Positively skewed. = Mem M 59 2A ME 5 ABs 5 3 on 0.450 _ s s cv. = Sx100=3040-S 100-95 = 020 © » z 30 100 [Now [BEE se |oux Mean=Mode 9 4p _50-Mode 5 020 = 50~Mode = 0400-20-08 = Mod, = 50.08 ae Talso Si 3MeanMedién) gy) 3150-Median) i939 aaa 020 Example 33: - Meliony= 15008 (a) Given Ef =120,E fx = 296, Mode = 2.944 and second moment about mean is Sauget oe aaa eae 1.4884 Calculate coeff. of skewness Example 35: {WSLS Raval 190, Lahore 1992, Gujanvala1992 and 198 Faslabad 1999) FFor each of the follow I distribution see whether the distribution — raya io ‘or each ofthe following uni-modal distribution see whether the di is symmetrical skewed to the left or skewed to the right. Find CLV. Is the distribution symmetical, positively skewed or negatively Mean = 19, Mode = 52 skewed? : Q; =136, Median = 160, Q3 =184 sation {BLS.E Lahore 1980, AJK 1997} Mean = 78, Median = 61 Solution: use Qi =14.Q2 =28.05 = 53 () Mean = 7-28 = 296.9467; Mode= 2.044 i 1993, Gujranwala 1997) Ef 120 mz #8? = 1.48848 = VIA = 1.22 ‘Mean-Mode _ 2.467~2.944 jon the Bowley’s coeff. of skewess is 0.40, The sum ss is 80 and median is 30. Find the value of Now Sk.= ee ©) s ly skewed 136~2%16 _ 320-320 14-36 ~°~«S Now m) =8?=V;-V? =4-(@?=4-1=3=580 9-173 = The distribution is symmetrical 0Rahber Federal Statistics Part-1 | 179 Meastires of Dispersion = 95+ ch pase 95eB as95-1 41s=409815 uD ean—Mode 5-165 “The distribution is positively skewed, i. skewed tothe right, @ oi Meet 0s 0 15S gous 2429 | 67-58 (iv) Ty | Here n= Ef =1000 . Now Median group = The yh class’ =.>0 = The dissin is posvely showed ie, shoved t right, = Tre Pn class =The S00" class. > Q3+Q,-2Median 80-2x30 ) Sk, = FOE AMedlan — o40= ian = ese : oa a Median = 1+i(@-c)=s85 = 495) 20 2040(0, -@,) = 20 0-0, = 2% «50 3395+ xb0395+2L 23959001068 #0(Q3 -Q,) b-Gr TG 39.54 pxS = 95+ = 395 0.1064 = 39.6064 =0;-0,=50 (9 ox» MeN 30845-2908 buts +0, =60 com adding (1) and (2), we get 2.Q,=130 . a 130 | 6.8445 aa eles - | fe | Now Qj group =The (Syth class Now puting this value in (2), we get 65+0, = 80 a | = The 28) class= The 2508 class Example 36: | Calculate coeff. of skewness by (i) Karl Pearson's first formula Qala Gro 295 Pearson's second formal, (ii) Bowley's formals. ae ico Seo wea ae ae 2295+ 512002 295+ 10 29.545672-=360872 = nc 28 218 (Gujranwala 1998, Multan 1994 Sargodha 1999) | Q5 group = The em ‘class = The en class. Solution: i: TT <# = = The 750 class Cmees | SS | Boundaries | * | we we few 130 aaase830-130 |e B_ psms_ | ae aoe Sep areaet a ee = nts Lanes +O nat 10463= 44963 Septet see tr % Satta arf a ; Q:+05~2Med, 449634340872 249.6064 eae wees a ii) Ske ee 50st 4 wares = = Q5-O : ae 34.0872 fete = rp0s0n~792198 01 : 22S. 49 Mean = §=PM.+ Ei =37+ 8h xs=37 +2485 39.445 nowss“Toarsa O01" Ef, - | Example 37: The S.D. of a symmetrical distribution is 5. What must be the con aa sale of m, So that the istibution be: Se ix Se = 00 Goon” | meso-kurtic (i) _platy-Kurtic . 3000" Jepto-kurtic 0-0 = xi 3689 = 68445 Solution: vintose 28-27 ag We are given that S= Vis = 5 fmf) Em ta) GS-E + OS-2H,80. Rahiver Federal Statistics Part-1 80 Raber tera Stites Part = m=, > mines my Now ben? : oe (@) —Formeso-kunie distribution ty=3 = 3 = ibution me < 1875. For lepto-kurtic distribution m, > 1875, eS Numberot [0 | 1 3)4]5]6 misprints _| | Number of 2 | 13 | 08 | 03 | OF pages wving are the number of flowers on different branches of & tree Compre ange and its coeicient [ Numberof ] 1] 2])3]4] 5 |__“fowers (eiber or wees 7 1 ‘Ams._4,0.67 34a) Compute the values of range and coefficient frequency disn. showin, of range for the following TSA | ETE | ee i I J three quartiles, QD. and coeff. of QD. for the following 14] 12] 10708 [06 [oa] 02 15 | 24 | 33 | 20 | 13 | o7 | os =0.78,Q; =1.027,Q; =1.275,QD.=0.25, Q coeff. of QD. = 0.242; (©) Compute inter quartile range, semi inter quartile range (Q.D.) an its coef from the following data 181 == [S.E, Lahore 1981, 1983, AJK 1984, Multan 1992) ‘Ans.Q; =1058.0; QR =099,QD.=0.495,Coeff of QD.= 0.085 5. Compute M.D. from mean, median and mode from the following data and show that the M.D. from medi 28, 16, 4, 36, 60, 48, 28, 36, 28, | ams. 9.38, 9.33, 10.22 | Ans. following data: 6.88, 6.13, 8.04, 6.01, 7.79, 8.46, 5.13, 7.18, 9.12, 5.23, 7.40, 6.86, 5.54, 5.91 Med =6.8; 15, Coeff. of M.D.= 0, 8,17, 13, 12, ‘Ans, Mode = 12, M.D = 2.5, Coeff. of M.D. = 0.21 Q.7. For the following frequency table, calculate the mean deviation about median » and its coeff. apt | TS nie | OP Ef al SBT Eye MD. = 1.825, Coeff. of MD. = 0035 {BALS.E Sargodha 1994) Caleulate S.D. taking deviatiqas from A.M. and from any assumed P.M, and compare the results: 23,25, 27, 23, 28, 39, 34, 37, Qs. 41, and 45, {B.LS.E. Gujranwala 1992} SD.=7.61 and SD. = 7.61 Given below-are the times (in minutes) taken by 15 workers to complete @ task 2,10, 4,3, 8 5, 6, 8:7, 6, Find the mean, median ané Find the S.D. Construct the interval mean 3 2S.D. and count the number of measurements {B.LS.E. Rawalpindi 1993) = 64, Med, = 7, Mode = 7 (i) $= 2.33 05; 15 fine §.D. and give its merits and de-merits. ‘The breaking strength of 20 test pieces of a cer 95, 103, 97, 130, 96, 73, 78, 95, 89, 68, 82. nas under: 8, 94, 87, 93,Ans. 3 = Q.11.4a) Find A, ‘40, 40, 50, 60, 70, 70, 80, 80, 90 ‘Also find A.M. and S.D after increasing the observations by ({) 10 unit 52 = 70898: CCaleulate the Mean and variance of after: ‘adding 5 to each number ‘subtracting 5 from each number ing each number by 2 ‘each number by 2 s}=32 Find combined variance. 14, 16, 18, 20, and 22. Using these rest ai Multiplying each number by 2.and then adding. fean and variance of marks of section “A” is 62 and 16, that of section | is 69 and 25, While the number of students are 30 and 40 respect Measures of Dispersion “Given that n= 20, EX? =2000,S =6, EX=? and the SD. Calculate © Fesxeaszs | Ans 160 (© Giventhar X=9, EX=45, EX? = 415, find S*=7 Ans G15. During the frst 10 weeks ofa session the mais of two stadens X and Y (BASE, Rawlings 1992} <1s]=]o1= 6 «[2[51@ [2] ¥ [56 e7 | eo] 7817 5 | 66 | 48 | 5erformance. Jculate the mean’ and variance | yng: Which of the student showed @ more consis SE. AJK 1979, Rawalpindi 1990) iste] ram [ei rd a ee Ans. SD.=3.28 QA7 The values of the A. ‘continuous variabl | (BASE. Sargodha 1993) IM, and S.D. of the following frequency distribution of @ fe derived from,the use of working origin and scale are {35.3 and 9.6 respectively. Determine the actual class-intervas 3\2 ojif2]3} [ula CIs 1095-1155, 1996} | 05 | 08 | 18 | 22 {BISE. Gujanwala-1999) income of 100 households in-@ as Tents ® weer [3039 [soe | 9 [ost] 59 [es] | io = | 18 was misread whereas the correct ember | 13 | 15 | 17 | a | & | 05 | ‘a eb ack =| | | ae ieee er eee | a chois in Uferet oval B basa mean weekly nome of Rs 1.13. A distribution consists of three components with frequencies in ‘ ina different locality B has 2 mean weely income oO Hitt atm comes rem 20 4p rs cde a respectively. Show that the mean of the combined distribution is 16 and its bere SD. is 7.2 approximately. Also find its CV ‘Ans, CV, =1658,CNp.=9.50 Ans. CV. = Q.19(a) Define moments about an arbitrary @rigin and about the mean. Give the ee eae Defoe momen shu i en abe ein tes of ‘and the sum of squares of these deviations is 257. Find the C. ‘Ans. 41.13. BLS Gujranawala 200) ‘moments about provisional mean. {BISE, Sargodha-41999)ot Rahber Federal Statistics Par 185 Measures of Dispersion, (©) The first three moments of a distribution about the value 2 ofa variable (Q.25 Find the first four moments about the mean for the dala given below taking ah 46 and -40. Show that the mean is 3, variance 15 and my = -66, peXB Median - Qi (c) Q; ~ Median < Median — Q, (d) Q; ~ median > Median - Q, “The lack of uniformity is called. (a) Skewness(b) ¥ Dispersion (c) Symmetry (d) Kurtosis “Wen bs < 3, then the distribution is called first moment about origin is: }) Zero (b) One (c) VM The degree of peakedness is Griv) ©) QD. ) V Inter Quartiie Range (d) Semi-Inter Quartile Range If variance of 12, 14, 16, 18, 20s 8, then variance of 10, 12,14, 16, 18 is (a) 6 (6) ¥8 (©) 10 (@) Zero wo moments about 5 of a variable are 1 and 14, then variance (@) 12) 13 (©) 14 (@) 15 189 Measures of Dispersion, (xg) he first moment about mean is: \ (a) ¥Zero (b) One (c) Variance (@) $.D. @-5 Ys oO ‘y= 3x47 and 0, = second moment about mean” ays true (c) sometimes true, (d) None of these (a) never true (6) ¥ iu) Whe variance of 7,7, &)7@) oF (a0) Mau a (a) Yes then 8.D. (6) More then SD. (e) Equal to SD. @) eee eee (8) 68.26% (b) 95.45% (c) 99.73% (4) 90% * i) Ina normal distribution 99.73% observations les between the ange: a) FS (b) KF 28 (6) W FF38(A) FEOTAS - symmetrical distribution Q;=4,Q3 =12 then median is iS Ysi4 (16 (Zero (axix)) The value of third moment about mean is zero therefore the distribution is: (a) Negatively skewed (b) Positively skewed, (c) ¥ symmetrical (2) None of these None ofthese ibution is ly skewed distribution is of @— 8, >0 ) poxphtne $a calculated from: - 2) Mean (b) Median (c) Mode. ii) The sum of squares of de (2)¥ Mean (b) Median (c) Mode (d) Combined mean \ocxxiv) If ¥= 2048? = 25, then the C.Y. is: (a) ¥ 25% (b) 125% (c) 80% (d) 500% leap itee ar (y) =9, then var 2x+y) is: » 7) > (Q, =20, Medi = 30 then the 2.33, then S.D. of the values 4, 33 foxxvil