pe 312 Heat Transfer Heat Transfer Definitions: 1. First law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation of eneray pri 2. Heat is the form of energy that is transferred between two system: temperature difference BY Vite a 3. Heat is energy in transition. 4. Aprocess during which there is no heat transfer is called an Adabatc oc, 5. Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of g substance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a result of intera the particles. ton beta 6. Thermal conductivity of the material is a measure of the ability of a ‘conduct heat. oe need 7. Fourier’s law indicates that the rate of heat conduction in a direction is proportional to the temperature gradient in that direction. 8. Heat is conducted in the direction of decreasing temperature. 9. Temperature gradient becomes negative when temperature decreases with increasit jail thickness. 10. Conduction is the mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent liquid or gas which is in motion, and it involves combine effects of ‘conduction and fluid motion. 11. The faster the fluid motion, the greater the convection heat transfer. 12. Forced convection if the fluid is forced to flow in a tube or over a surface by extemal means. 13. Free convection or natural convection if the motion is caused by barker forces which are induced by the density differences due to the vibration temperature in the fluid. i 14. The rate of heat transfer by convection is determined from Newton's Lawl cooling. magnet ve 15. Radiation is the energy emitted by matter in the form of electror roms o as a result of the changes in the electronic configurations of the molecules, uation in 3 pecause 16. Energy transfer by radiation is fastest and it suffers no atte 17. Thermal radiation which the form of radiation emitted by bodiesHeat Transfer 313 temperature, 48. Radiation is usually considered as surface phenomenon. 49. The maximum rate of radiation which can be emitted from a surface at an absolute temperature is given by Stefan-Boltzmann law 20. All bodies at a temperature above absolute zero emit thermal radiation. 21. Kirchhof's law of radiation states that the emmisivity and the absorptivity of a surface are equal at the same temperature and wavelength 22, The idealized surface that emits radiation at this maximum rate is called a blackbody. 23. Heat Exchangers - any device which effects a transfer of heat from one substance to another. 24. Absorptivity - the fraction of radiant energy incident on a surface that is absorbed by the surface. 25. Reflectance - the fraction of radiant heat that is reflected 26. Transmittance - the fraction of radiant heat that is transmitted 27. Gray Body - actual body that radiates less heat than a black body. 28. Emissivity - is the ratio of radiation from an actual body to the radiation from a black body Modes of Heat Transfer: 1. Conduction 2. Convection 8. Radiation FORMULAS: 1. Conduction Through Plane Walls: = RAC =t,) Hot cold Q : ota side Where: Q=heat transmitted, W heat transfer area, m? fy = Surface temperature on hot side Surface temperature on cold side le +| x thickness of wall k= thermal Conductivity, W/m-°C. 2, : Conduction Through Composite Plane Wall314 Heat Transfer = Aly =) o-sth Hot aa Qa walls yet Q kk : . N : where: ky = thermal conductivity of 1st layer ke = thermal conductivity of 2nd layer Kee A = heat transfer area common to both wall 3. Conduction from Fluid to Fluid hie @ QSnAER) = Aarts) Q=wAtet hy- Alice) where: 2 hi = surface film conductance on the hot side, W /m?-°C. urface film conductance on cold side, W/m*-°C. Es A(ty-t) A ee Kfar Q=UAAt where: U = overall conductance or overall coefficient of heat transfer, Wim*.°C A= area, m?=mr At = temperature difference, °C 4. Conduction Through Pipe ga 2tKL It, - i) 2xkL "where: L = pipe length| Heat Transfer 5, conduction through composite pipe. 6, Conduction Fluid to Fluid Through Pipe Q=h A(t =t) Q=he Ae (te- te) i= surface conductance on inside surface ho = surface conductance on outside surface Av=inside surface area =2nrL Ao = outside surface area = 2nreL Ea Qe eS Ab,” 2rk,L ” 2nk,L ” Agh QEUAAtnoan © Q= Us Aa Almean 7. Mean Temperature Difference @ PARALLEL FLOW 315316 Heat Transfer b. COUNTER FLOW ty tr ty Ata = ty Ate = t-te t tl ey. Jae ta tr 8. Mean Temperature Difference Length At, + At, a. Arithmetic Mean At = es b. Logarithmic(true) Mean Temp. Difference At, — Aty LogMeanat = —A——8 In(at, /tg) 9. Radiation Qa = Heat Transmitted by Radiation Qa = 20,408.4 x 10° Fe(Ts*= To"), um?shr Qa = 20,408.4x 10° Fe A (Ts*= Te‘), J/hr where: Fe = emissivity factor ; T, = absolute temperature of surface radiating the heat, K. Te = absolute, temperature of surface receiving the heat, K A = area, m 10 Convection Heat Transfer Fluid to Fluid Qc =m cp (te- th) 11. Surface Convection Q=heA (tr - te)Heat Transfer 317 jet ork wall has a thermal conductivity of § Wim-°K. If inside A ct . surface temperature of the wall are 200°C and 30°C, Wy. Determine the heat transmitted, erecta ‘5.67 KWim, C. 8.87 KWim? 6 4.68 KWim? “D. 6.87 KWim? OLUTION: kA(t, — ty) = 5(200 ~ 30) 0.15 ay A QA = 5666.67 Wim? QA = 5.6667 KWim? Heat Transfer - 2 Two walls of cold storage plant are composed of an insulating material (k = 0.25 Kilnr-m-°C), 100 mm thick at the outer layer and material (k = 3.5 KJ/hr-m-°C), 15, ‘om thick at inner layer. If the surface temperature at the cold side is 30°C and hot 'side is 250°C, find the heat transmitted per ‘Square meter. A. 0.138 KWim? c. 0.025 KWim? B. 0.450 KW/m? D. 0.065 KW/m? LUTION: a el a= A= t) ts os ta= 30% QA 250 - 30 © (0.1573.5) + (0.1/0.25) foal inex QA = 496.77KJ/ hr - m? QA = 0.188 KWim? Transfer = 3 ater tng enters a condenser at 27°C and leaves at 37°C. re Sse is 45°C, what is the log mean temperature difference? C. 37.82°C 8 rasaec D. 80.54°C318 Heat Transfer SOLUTION: Ata Ata Ate Ata Atmean = Atmoan = In18/8 Atmean = 12.33°C Heat Transfer - 4 Determine the thermal conductivity of a material that is use a 2 m? test pang, % mm thick with a temperature difference of 10.8 °F between the surfaces. During ty 5 hours test period, the heat transmitted is 200 KJ. A. 0.045 Wim-°K C. 0.023 Wim-°K B. 0.560 Wim-°K D. 0.370 Wim-°K SOLUTION: A°C/ AF = 5/9 A°C/10.8 = 5/9 arc = 6C — Ala = ty) # x 200 _ k(2)(6) 5x3600 0.025 k = 2.3148 x 10° KWim-°C 0.028148 Wim-"C Heat Transfer - 5 ; A steam pipe having a surface temperature of 200°C passes through 2% the temperature is 27°C. The outside diameter of pipe is 80 mm and em! is 0.8. Calculate the radiated heat loss for 3 m pipe length. A. 1434.47 W C. 2756.57 W B. 3746.35 W D. 3546.45 W ~ “0 SOLUTION: : J 200 Ao = nDL ‘ 7tF we room ity wo ‘Ao = 7(0.08)(3) 2Heat Transfer 319 Ao = 0.7539 m* solving for heat due 0 radiation: Qn = 20,408.4 x 10° ASF e(T4 = T2'), nr Ty = 200+273 Ty = 473°K Te = 27 +273 Te = 300°K 20,408.4 x 10°(0.8)(0.7539) [(473)* - (300)4) 5164079.866 Whr x 1hr/3600sec Qa = 1434.47 W teat Transfer - 6 ‘Acounter flow heat exchanger is designed to heat fuel oil from 30°C to 90°C while the heating fluid enters at 140°C and leaves at 105°C. Determine the arithmetic mean temperature difference. A. 725°C C. 455°C B. 62.5°C D.67.5°C SOLUTION: Ata = 105-30 Ata = 75°C ts = 140-90 50°C At, ~ At, At In—A At, 75 - 50 at = tome = 1975750 Almean = 61.66°C. Heat Transfer -7 heat exchanger has an overall coefficient of heat transfer of 0.50 KWim?.°C. Heat fe, 11 KW and the mean temperature difference is 15°C. What is the heat area in ft°? A. 51.80 ft? C. 56.80 ft? 8. 37.30 tt? D. 15.80 ft SOLUTION: Q=Auat 1 = A(0.5)(15) A = 1.467 m?x3.281H/1m? A= 15.79 m?320 Heat Transfer Heat Transfer - 8 Brine enters a circulating brine cooler at the rate of 60 mY/hrat 49% at -16°C. Specific heat of brine is 1.072 Ku/kg-°K and specific gra I Neags Determine the tons of refrigeration. Mity of ty A. 53.5 TR C. 33.5 TR B, 65.3TR D. 44.5 TR SOLUTION: Density of brine = 1.1(1000 kg/m") Density of brine = 1100 kg/m: 1100(60) 3600 18.33 kg/sec m Cp At 18.33(1.072) [-10 -(-16)] 117.92 KW 117.92/3.516 33.54 Tons of refrigeration Heat Transfer -9 ‘A heat exchanger has,a hot gas temperature of 300°C and surface conductance an hot side is 200 Wim*.°K. If heat transmitted is 1000 Wim?, what is the suraze temperature on the wall at hot side? A. 295°C C. 234°C B. 465°C D. 354°C SOLUTION: Q = A(ho)(At) = (ho)(At) 1000 = 200 (300 -f) = 295°C Heat Transfer - 10 (ME Bd. Oct. 1986) A heat exchanger is to be designed for the following specifications: Hot gas temperature, 1145°C Cold gas temperature, 45°C F Unit surface conductance on the hot side, 230 Wim"-"K Unit surface conductance on the cold side, 290 Wim'-°K ‘Thermal conductivity of the metal wall, 115 Wim-°K cold 985” Find the maximum thickness of metal wall between the hot gas and the that the maximum temperature of the wall does not exceed 545°C.Heat Transfer 321 A. 10mm C. 20mm B. 30mm D. 40 mm Hot Cold side side Qa tr=1148% t2= 45°C kl i - (1145 - 45) ‘ 198,000 = (730) + (x/ 118) + (47 200) } We 0.020115 m 20.115 mm Heat Transfer - 11 (ME Bd, Oct. 1985) An uningulated steam pipe passes through a room in which the air and walls are at 25°C. The outside diameter of the pipe is 70 mm, and its surface temperature and omissivity are 200°C and 0.80, respectively. If the coefficient associated with free Convection heat transfer from the surface to the air is 15 W/m’-°K, what is the rate of heat loss from the surface per unit length of pipe? ‘A. 998 wim? C. 762 wim? B. 872 wim? D. 422 wim? _ Solution: \eat transmitted by convection Qe = he Ao (th = te) Qe = 15{x (0.07) LI(200 - 25) L = 577.268 Wim heat transmitted by radiation in Om = 20,408.4 x 10° Ao Fe(Ti*- Te’), d/nr where: Ao = x(0.07)L + = 2004273 Ths 473°K Te = 254273 Te = 298° t Qa = 20,408.4 x 10° (x(0.07)L](0.8){(473)* - (298)*] Qh = 1,514,032 ur x 1/3600 | 20.564 W/m i322 Heat Transfer Heat Transfer - 12 (ME B L Oct 1981) A turbo-charged, 16 cylinder, Vee-type diesel engine has an air oy 3,000 kgihr per cylinder at rated load and speed. This alr is drawn in grea len by a centrifugal compressor directly connected to the exhaust gag 1 temperature of the air from the compressor is 145°C and a counter qu O"®: Ty reduces the air temperature to 45°C before it goes to the engine 'ow air, Cooling water enters air cooler at 30°C and leaves at 38°C. Caleta ten teal hain! temperature difference. 409 meen * c. 34°C B. 87°C D. 65°C SOLUTION: Ata = Ata = Ate = Ate = Atmean Atmean = In(107 715) Atmesn = 46.82°C Heat Transfer - 13 (ME Bd. Oct. 1981) ad A turbo-charged, 16 cylinder, Vee-type diesel engine has an air consump 3,000 kg/hr per cylinder at rated load and speed. This air is drawn in through afl by a centrifugal compressor directly connected to the exhaust gas turbine. temperature of the air from the compressor is 145°C and a counter flow ai reduces the air temperature to 45°C before it goes to the engine suction he Cooling water enters air cooler at 30°C and leaves at 38°C. Calculate the ie ng cooling water in m’/hr required to cool the total air requirements of the © rated load and speed. AL 144 Cc. 123 B. 136 D. 165 SOLUTION: Heat gained by water = heat lost by air (Mm cp Atwater = (M Cp At)arHeat Transfer 323 (4.187)(98 - 30) = 48,000(1.0)(145 - 45) mul. kg/hr i = 143,301 Kgl ave. temp of water = (30 + 38)/2 average temperature = 34°C steam table, f tae = 0,0010056 m°/kg Volume flow 143,801 (0.001056) Volume flow dhe 44.1 m’ feat Transfer - 14 (ME Bd. Apr. 1983) - An oil heater heats 100 kg per minute of oil from 35°C to 100°C in a counter flow heat exchanger. The average specific heat of the oll is 2.5 KW/kg-°C. Exhaust gases used for heating enter the heater with an average specific heat of 1 Ki/kg-"C, a mass flow rate of 250 kg/min and an initial temperature of 200°C. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 75 W/m*-°C. Determine heating surface in square meters : Cc. 40 B. 63 D. 36 SOLUTION: Heat gained by oil = Heat lost by gas (Mcp At)oa = (mm Cp At)gas 100(2.5)(100 - 35) = 250(1)(200 - ts) te = 135°C A Heat transferred = Heat transferred = Ate = 135 - 95 At = 100°C Ate = 200 - 100 dts = 100°C (100/60)(2.5)(100 - 35) 270.83 KW Since Ate = ats, use the average value Ay = 100+ 100 2 Atm = 100°¢ Q = UA Ata 270.83 = lor: A = 96 442975) (A) (100) face 5 (ME Bad. Apr. 1983) scat stogn“enser serving a ee KW steam turbo-generator unit receives Water for t the rate of 196,000 kg/hr. Vacuum in condenser is 702 mm Hg. s manoeind enters at 29.5°C and leaves at 37.5°C. For steam turbine nufacturers consider 950 Btulb of steam turbine condensed as heat324 Heat Transfer given up to cooling water. Calculate logarithmic mean temperature di a ditterencg , B. 14 D. 16 SOLUTION: Condenser pressure = 101.325 - (702 x 101.325/760) Condenser pressure = 7.733 Kpa From steam table, at 0.007733 Mpa, tsst = 40.86°C At, = 40.86 - 29.5 Ata = 11.36°C Ats = 40.86 - 37.5 Ats = 3.36°C t = 11.96 - 3.36 in(11.36 73.36) tnean = 6.56°C x 1.8 trwan = 11.82°C Heat Transfer - 16 (ME Bd. Apr. 1983) ‘A surface condenser serving a 50,000 KW steam turbo-generator unit receives exhaust steam at the rate of 196,000 kg/hr. Vacuum in condenser is 702 mm Hy. Sea water for cooling enters at 29.5°C and leaves at 37.5°C. For steam turin condenser design,’ manufacturers consider 950: Btu/lb of steam turbine condensed as heat given up to cooling water. Calculate the required quantity of cooling waerin cubic meters per hour. A. 10,374 C. 11,345 B. 12,445 D. 13,509 SOLUTION: Heat absorbed by cooling water = 950(196,000)(2.205) Heat absorbed by cooling water = 410,571,000 Btu/hr Average SG of sea water is 1.03 and cp of gas is 0.93 Btu/lb-°F mM Gp At = 410,571,000 m(0.93)(37.5 - 29.5)(1.8) = 410,571,000 m = 30,657,930.11 Ibs/nr 30,657,980.11/(62.5)(1.03) 477,003 ft’/hr 477,003/35.31 13,509 m°/hr <<<< nwud Heat Transfer - 17 (ME Bd. Oct. 1994) Calculate the energy transfer rate across 6” wall of fi differences across the wall of 50°C. The thermal conductivity Btu/hr-ft-°F at the temperature interest. rick with a temper, Ne of the firebrHeat Transfer 325 5 Wim? C. 112 Wim? e ope Wien? D. 429 Wim? OLUTION: ta-ty = 50(9/5) tate = 90°F x _ 0.65(90) 17 Btuhr-f? 17 Btufhr-ft? x 1055J/Btu x 1hr/3600sec x 10.7687/m? 369 Wim" Water is flowing in a pipe with radius of 25.4 cm at a velocity of § misec at the temperature in the pipe. The density and viscosity of the water are as follows: density = 997.9kg/sec viscosity = 1.131 Pa-s. What is the Reynolds Number for this situation? A. 2241 C. 3100 B. 96.2 D. 1140 SOLUTION: , | Heat Transfer - 18 (ME Bd. Oct. 1994) | | where: velocity 5 m/sec kinematic viscosity = 1.131/997.9 = 0.0011334 m*/sec 0.508(5) 0.0011334 Na = 2041 Neat Transte r- 19 (ME Bd. Oct. 1995) m t ne ba Combustion gases of a fumace are separated from the ambient air and its untling, which are at 25°C, by a brick wall 0.15 m thick. The brick has a thermal ctity of 1.2 Wim-*K and surface emissivity of 0.8. Under steady state326 Heat Transfer conditions and outer surface temperature of 100°C is measured. F; heat transfer to tho, ait adjoining this surface is characterized by ¢ C™&tn costicient of 20 Wim?-"K. What is the brick inner surface temperature in sGy "Sn, A. 623.7 C. 461.4 B. 352.5 D. 256.3 SOLUTION: Q. = convection heat transfer Qe = Alo (th ~ te) Qc/A = 20(100 ; 25) Q. = 1500 Wim? 20,408.4 x 10° Fe (Ti* - Te!) , Jéhr-m? 20,408.4 x 10° (0.8){(100+273)* - (25+273)*] 1,872,793 J/hr-m? x (1/3600) Q, = radiated heat loss Q = 1500+ 520 Q = 2020 Wim? a ‘) ta = 352.5°C Heat Transfer - 20 (ME Bd. Oct. 1996) Steam initially saturated at 2.05 Mpa, passes through a 10.10 cm standard steel pbs fora total distance of 152 m. The steam line is insulated with a 5.08 cm thicknessal 85% magnesia. For an ambient temperature of 22°C, what is the quality ofthe sean which arises at its destination if the mass flow rate is 0.125 kg steam per second? Properties of steam: Pressure Temperature Enthalpy 2.05 213.67 hy =914.52 hig = 18855 hg = 2800.0 k for 85% magnesia = 0.069 W/m- fo for still air = 9.36 W/m-°K A. 93% C. 84% B. 98% D. 76% SOLUTION: to=2dege 49 ele hi 150m —_— Ay = 2n(0.1013)(152)Heat Transfer | 327 | Ac = 96.746 m* fg Hite) | 7 Inte, /) 1 | ~BrkL” AGh, (213.67 ~ 22) i Q = 35(0.10137 0.0505) : 7 | 2n(0.069)(152)” 96.746(9.36) | 6,427.4 W Q = 16.427 KW Q = math: - he) 16.4274 = 0.125(2800 - hz) he = 2668.6 h= hy + xhg 2668.6 = 914.52 + x(1885.5) x = 93% Heat Transfer - 21(ME Bd. Apr. 1999) Compute the amount of condensate form during 10 minutes warm-up of 150 meter pipe conveys the saturated steam with enthalpy vaporization hig = 1,947.8 Likkg. ‘The minimum external temperature of pipe is 2°C. The final temperature of pipe is 195°C. The specific heat of pipe material is 0.6 KJ/kg-"C. The specific weight is 28 A, 249.69 kg C. 204.54 kg B. 982.45 kg D. 423.45 kg SOLUTION: mp = mass of pipe 8(150) M, = 4200 kg Heat loss by steam = Heat loss from pipe Ms (hg - hi) = Mp Cp (te - th) m4(1947.8) = (4200)(0.6)(195 - 2) Ms = 249.69 kg teat Transfer - 22 (ME Bd. Oct. 1998) ‘i ‘nei 's the heat transfer in the glass surface area of 0.7 m° having an inside Tmperature (room) of 25°C and 13°C outside temperature (sureunding). The 1888 of glass surface is 0.007 m. The thermal conductivity is 1,8 W/m- A. 5.8 kw C. 6.2kw B. 3.6 kw D. 2.34 kw328 Heat Transfer SOLUTION: __ KAlty = ty) (1.8)(0.70)(25 - 13) 0.007 t1= 25 oO W 2160 watts 2.16 kw