Reasons for Studying Concept of
Programming Language
1. Increased Capacity to Express
Ideas
2. Improved Background for
Choosing Appropriate Languages
3. Increased Ability to Learn New
Languages
4. Better Understanding of the
Significance of Implementation
5. Better Use of Languages that
are already known
6. Overall Advancement of
Computing
Areas and Industries of Programming
Language Application
In General Categorization:
● Scientific Applications
● Business Applications
● Artificial Intelligence
● Systems Programming
● Web Software
In specific Industries:
● Automotivve - C/C++ - Widely
used Coding Languages for Car
Manufacturers
● CyberSecurity - JavaScript - Solid
Foundation of Software Engineers
● E-Commerce - Java - Powerful on
finding fixes and debugging\
● Engineering - Objective-C - Object
based
■ (MATLAB close
runner-up
for engineers)
● Finance/Healthcare - Python (Can
be used in Conjunction with
frameworks like DJANGO)
● IT & Cloud-Based Solutions: SQL
used for Cloud Computing/Data
Management
● Marketing SQL - great for data
analysis
● Science MATLAB - Built to
Compute with added functionality
Programmer - code a program using
subprog, statements, condition,
declaration
Translator - Programming language as
collection of symbols made up of
thousands of characters
Programming Language Syntax
Syntax - Structure of programs without
any consideration of their meaning
Key Criteria Concerning Syntax:
● Readability - Algorithm and data
are apparent in inspection
● Write-ability - easy to write
program
● Verifiability - Ability to prove
program correctness
● Translatability - Ease of
translation the program into
executable form
● Lack of Ambiguity - Avoiding
ambiguous structures
Basic Syntactic Concepts:
Character Set - symbols, letters, and
digits
Identifiers - strings of letters or digits
Operator Symbols = + / - *
Keywords or Reserved Words - part of
the syntax of the programming language
Noise Words - can be inserted into
statements to improve readability and
comprehension
Comments - used to improve the
readability/For Documentation
Blanks/Whitespace - Significant in literal
strings
Delimiters - used to denote the
beginning and the end of syntactic
constructs.
Expressions - functions that access data
objects in a program and return a value.
Statements - describe a task to be
performed
Overall Program/Subprogram Structures:
1. Separate subprogram definitions: C
and C++. You write the code for different
parts of the program in separate files,
and then put them together to create the
final program.
2. Separate data definitions: OOP. You
can use the object and its methods (the
things it can do) without knowing how it
works internally.
3. Nested subprogram definitions:
Pascal. You can build up the program in
layers, using different subprograms for
different parts.
4. Separate interface definitions: C and
C++. The header files contain the
instructions for how to use a particular
library or module.
5. Data descriptions separated from
executable statements: COBOL. The data
is organized in a separate section so it's
easier to find and use.
6. Un-separated subprogram definitions:
BASIC. The code for the main program
and the subprograms is all mixed up
together, making it harder to read and
understand.
Stages in Translation
Lexical Analysis (Scanning) Identifying
the tokens of programming language
Syntactic and Semantic Analysis
Syntactic Analysis (Parsing) -
Determining the structure of program as
defined by language grammar
Semantic Analysis - Assigning meaning
to the syntactic structures.
Synthesis of the Object Program:
Three Main Steps:
Optimization - Removing redundant
Statements
Code Generation - Generating assembler
commands
Linking and Loading - Resolve the
address and obtain the executable code
of program
Bootstrapping - Compiler, can be written
in the same language
Translates some internal
Translated into Assembler and then into
Machine Language
History of Java Programming
Originally design for interactive TV
James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, Patrick
Naughton - Initiated the language in June
1991
It was design for small, embedded
systems
It was called "Greentalk by James
Gosling, file extension was .gt
After that it was called "Oak" and
developed as part of the Green Project
1995 Oak renamed as "Java" since it was
already a trademark by Oak Industries
Java - Island in Indonesia where first
coffee produce (Java Coffee)
1995 - TM called Java as one of the "10
Best Products of 1995
JDK 1.0 released on Jan 23 1996
Java - Used in Windows App, Web App,
Enterprise app, Mobile app, cards, etc
Features of Java Programming
Language
Primary objective is to make it portable,
simple, and secure
Features of java is also known as "Java
Buzzwords"
Simple - Easy to learn, syntax is simple,
clean, and easy to understand
Object-oriented - Organize software as a
combination of different types of objects
Platform Independent - Write once, run
anywhere language
Secured - Java known for its Security
- No explicit pointer
- Run inside a virtual machine
sandbox
- Classloader - part of the JRE
used to load java classes into Java
Virtual Machine
- Bytecode Verifier - checks the
code fragments for illegal code
- Security Manager - determines
what resources a class can access
Robust - English meaning of Robust is
Strong
- Uses strong memory management
- lack of pointers
- Provides automatic garbage
collection
Architecture-Neutral - No implementation
dependent features
Portable - Carries the Java bytecode to
any platform
High-Performance -Faster than other
Interpreted programming lang., since
Java Bytecode is "close to native code"
Distributed
Facilitates users to create distributed
application in Java
RMI/EJB used to create distributed
applications (This makes us able to
access files)
Multi-Threaded - Write Java programs
that deal with many task at once
Dynamic - Classes are loaded on
demand, also supports functions from
its native languages i.e., C and C++
public class
● initial class of the program
● basic unit of every java program
{}
● class is delimited by braces
public static void main(String[] args)
● method inside a class
● first to run in every execution
Comments - for reader not for the
compile
Special Symbols:
 ● Mathematical Symbols
● Punctuation Marks
● Token - made up of two
characters but regarded as a
single symbol
Reserved Words:
int, float, double, char, void, public,
static, throw, return
● Also called keywords
● Always in lowercase
● Considered a single symbol
● Cannot be redefined
● Cannot be used for anything than
their intended to use
Identifiers:
Third Category of token that could be
name of Variables, Methods etc.
Data Types - Set of values together
Primitive Data Types:
Fundamental Data Types:
Integral - deals with integers and
numbers
● char 2(16 bits)
● byte 1 (8 bits)
● short 2 (16 bits)
● int 4 (32 bits)
● long 8(64 bits)
int Data type - do not require + sign in
front
no commas are used for separating
items
char Data type - single character
Floating point - Deals with decimals
- floating-point notation
Boolean - Deals with logical values (True
or False)
Java represent decimal numbers using
Float and Double
Float - memory 4 bytes
max values is 6 or 7
Double - memory 8 bytes
max values is 15
Arithmetic Operators
● Addition
● Subtraction
● Multiplication
● Division
● Mod
Order of precedence - left to right
Input - must be loaded into main memory
before it can be manipulated
Storing Data in the Computer's memory:
1. Instruct the computer
2. Include statements
Named Constant - not allowed to change
during execution
Putting Data into Variables:
1. Assignment Statement
2. Use input (Read) statement
Output - Using the standard output
object system.out
System.out - print/println
Packages - collections of libraries and
related classes
Classes - used to group a set of related
operation
- allow users to create their own
data type
Control Structures - provide alternatives
to sequential program execution
- alter flow of execution
Most common control structures are
selection and repetition
Selection - executes particular statement
depending on one or more condition
Branch - Altering the flow of execution
by making a selection/choice
Repetition - Repeat particular statement
depending on one or more condition
Loop - Altering the flow of execution by
repetition of statements(s)
One-way Selection - Incorporate using
the if statement
Two-way Selection - choose between two
alternatives: if and else
Multiple Selection Nested if
Implementing more than two
alternatives, else if
Conditional Operator (?:) - ternary
operator which takes three arguments
Switch Structures - 3rd Selection
structure which does not require the
evaluation of a logical expression
Reserved words in Java: switch, case,
break, default
Expression is usually an identifier
Why Repetition needed? - It enhance the
capabilities of the programs by allowing
to repeatedly execute instructions
Java Three repetition/Looping
Structures:
1. While
2. For
3. Do While
While Loop - be either a simple or
compound statement
Counter-controlled While Loops - while
loop assumes the form of a
counter-controlled while loop
Sentinel-Controlled while Loops - The
statements need to be executed until a
special values are met. This special
value is called a sentinel.
Flag-Controlled while Loops - uses a
boolean variable to control the loop.
EOF-Controlled While Loops - Since
programmers sometimes do not know
what sentinel is. you can use an EOF
(End Of File)-controlled while loop.
Expression-Controlled while Loops:
for Looping (Repetition) Structure -
general form of the for statement is:
for (initial expression; logical
expression; update expression
statement)
In Java, for is a reserved word. The
logical expression is called the loop
condition.
For loop - used to implement
counter-controlled loops.
- typically called a count or
indexed for loop.
In Java, do is a reserved word. As with
the other repetition structures the
do...while statement can be either a
simple or compound statement
If a compound statement, enclose it
between braces.
Choosing the right Looping Structure:
● For loop - If you know the
program can determine in
advance
● While loop - If you do not know,
and the program cannot
determine in advance,
● do...while loop - If you do not
know, and the program cannot
determine in advance, the number
of repetitions needed, and it is at
least one
Nested Control Structures
Looping Flow Control -The break and
continue statements alter the flow of
control in a program
- The break and continue
statements alter the flow of
control in program
break statement is typically used for two
purposes:
● To exit early from a loop
● To skip the remainder of the
switch structure
After the break statement executes, the
program continues to execute
starting at the first statement after the
structure.
The use of a break statement in a loop
can eliminate the use of certain Boolean
variables.
File Input/Output Operation - If the
amount of input data is large, it is
inefficient to type
● Sending output to the screen
works well if the amount of data is
small
● use an alternate form of input and
output: files.
file is defined as follows:
File - An area in secondary storage used
to hold information.
● Reading data from a file
we use the class FileReader as follows:
● The class FileReader is contained
in the package java.io. Suppose
that the input data is stored in a
file, say, prog.dat.
● Storing (Writing) Output to a File -
To send the output to a file, you
use
● the class PrintWriter. This class is
contained in the package java.io
Java file I/O is a four-step process:
1. Import classes from java.util
and java.io packages
2. Create objects and associate
them with input/output sources
 3. Use appropriate methods to
input/output the data
4. Close the files.
Use PrintWriter to send output to
a file
● The index specifies the position
of the element in the array.
● In Java, array indices start at 0,
and the [] operator is used for
array subscripting.

Array Utilizing Arras on Data Types

● fixed-size collection of variables Java Arrays can be utilized on the
all of the same data type following Data Types:
● Array elements are stored in ● Integer Array
contiguous memory locations ● Java Double Array
● One-dimensional arrays have ● Byte Array
elements arranged in a list ● Boolean Array
● Character Array
A. Advantages of arrays: ● Java Array Of Strings
● Code optimization for efficient ● Empty Array In Java
retrieval and sorting of data
● Random access to data by index
position

B. Disadvantages of arrays:
● Limited size, cannot grow at
runtime
● Collection framework is used to
solve this problem

C. Types of arrays:
● Single-dimensional array
● Multidimensional array

D. Examples
The statement:
int[] num = new int[5];

E. Alternate ways to declare Arrays

Java allows you to declare arrays as
follows:
int list[]; //Line 1

F. Accessing Array Elements

● Array elements are accessed
using an index, which is a
non-negative integer less than the
size of the array.